Open Source Ecology - User contributions [en]

Talk:Knitting Machine

2018-02-24T22:21:19Z

4ndy: update

=Development Strategy=

==linear vs circular==
the linear machine went closed source after some early development. there is a github page but the design is frozen in beta mode.
https://github.com/g3rard/OpenKnit

It seems linear machines are usually used for intricate designs in the fabric, but also to change the weave on the fly. I think the complexity of the machine vs the limited utility make circular machines more favorable.

Machines that make denim are a whole different beast
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i_G0YtXeLlY

It appears most industrial machines that are used to make larger pieces of fabric use circular machines.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aHDY-QxANVk
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=simzE7S-8o8

The CircularKnitic machine is a small format machine sized to make sock diameter output. It uses a simple 1 spool of thread at a time feed. It also uses the same style needles typically used in hobby linear machines. There are a handful of hobby circular machines for sale that are in this size category.
https://github.com/var-mar/circular_knitic
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ri9l0QdsUXA

I dont know anything about the different types of weaving/knitting but the industrial circular machines are fed from many spools at the same time. They also use much smaller gauged needles for a finer weave. Later the circle of fabric is typically cut lengthwise to be used as a simple flat piece to make shirts etc.

I think the best short term path forward is to increase the size of the CircularKnitic. Perhaps sized to be a diameter able to be mounted on a piece of standard ply wood. If all goes well, it should create large pieces of fabric at a slow speed. I think the utility of a full sized piece of fabric is appealing for a variety of uses. Perhaps later, the speed could be increased, then maybe refine the design for smaller thread and finer gauge needles. To change the style of weaving/knitting and increase the number of spools fed into the machine would be much more of a challenge.

--[[User:Dorkmo|Dorkmo]] ([[User talk:Dorkmo|talk]]) 22:55, 24 February 2018 (CET)

Thanks Dorkmo! I'd been meaning to update this since CircularKnitic came out, but it seems I plain forgot around that time and have been very busy of late. I'll probably have time to get on that in a week. --[[User:4ndy|4ndy]] ([[User talk:4ndy|talk]]) 23:18, 24 February 2018 (CET)
Also forgot to mention I grabbed a bunch of those steel needles to have a go at building one, but need to modify the design to do so. --[[User:4ndy|4ndy]] ([[User talk:4ndy|talk]]) 23:21, 24 February 2018 (CET)

Talk:Knitting Machine

2018-02-24T22:18:55Z

4ndy: /* linear vs circular */ reply to dorkmo

User:4ndy

2016-03-15T03:32:46Z

4ndy: Updated status, shortened fingerprint

Andrew Drummond, BEng: a mechanical engineering graduate and permaculture student living on the north coast of Scotland.
Running a modified Sells-Mendel RepRap 3D Printer for rapid prototyping of designs, and helping a local group to set up a hackerspace.

Main open-source-hardware projects:
* [[Injection Moulder]] and other [http://www.preciousplastic.com/ Plastic Recycling Machines]
* [http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:8605 Rotary Hydroponics Unit]
* [[Knitting Machine]]
* [[Shrouded wind turbine]] ([http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:27791 Design]), ([https://groups.google.com/forum/?hl=en&fromgroups=#!topic/ose-europe/oWP-7kAHeVU OSEE alternator design discussion])

Blog:
http://engineeringourfreedom.blogspot.co.uk/

Diaspora account:
https://joindiaspora.com/u/4ndy

PGP public key:
Search pgp.mit.edu for 0x45D8225E

User:4ndy

2015-02-01T18:44:29Z

4ndy: Removed Catamaran from main projects list as it is very much on hiatus, changed emphasis on turbine links

Andrew Drummond, BEng: a mechanical engineering graduate and permaculture student living on the north coast of Scotland.
Running a modified Sells-Mendel RepRap 3D Printer for rapid prototyping of designs, and growing a food forest from the ground up.

Main open-source-hardware projects:
* [[Injection Moulder]] and other [http://www.preciousplastic.com/ Plastic Recycling Machines]
* [http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:8605 Rotary Hydroponics Unit]
* [[Knitting Machine]]
* [[Shrouded wind turbine]] ([http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:27791 Design]), ([https://groups.google.com/forum/?hl=en&fromgroups=#!topic/ose-europe/oWP-7kAHeVU OSEE alternator design discussion])

Blog:
http://engineeringourfreedom.blogspot.co.uk/

Diaspora account:
https://joindiaspora.com/u/4ndy

PGP public key:
Search pgp.mit.edu for 0x4c6bbd7745d8225e - check this page's edit history first.

User:4ndy

2015-01-24T19:29:28Z

4ndy: Added public key ID

Andrew Drummond, BEng: a mechanical engineering graduate and permaculture student living on the north coast of Scotland.
Running a modified Sells-Mendel RepRap 3D Printer for rapid prototyping of designs, and growing a food forest from the ground up.

Main open-source-hardware projects:
* [[Injection Moulder]] and other [http://www.preciousplastic.com/ Plastic Recycling Machines]
* [http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:8605 Rotary Hydroponics Unit]
* [[Knitting Machine]]
* [http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:27791 Shrouded Wind Turbine],([[Shrouded wind turbine |wiki]]), ([https://groups.google.com/forum/?hl=en&fromgroups=#!topic/ose-europe/oWP-7kAHeVU OSEE alternator design discussion])
* [http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:28631 Catamaran]

Blog:
http://engineeringourfreedom.blogspot.co.uk/

Diaspora account:
https://joindiaspora.com/u/4ndy

PGP public key:
Search pgp.mit.edu for 0x4c6bbd7745d8225e - check this page's edit history first.

Injection Molder/Research Development

2015-01-24T16:07:41Z

4ndy:

==Integrated Frame==

===Narrow Steel Rod, Drilled Aluminium Block design===
See [http://rick.sparber.org/Articles/gpi.pdf Rick Sparber's modified Gingery] system. Steel rods can easily be salvaged from (sadly abundant) broken-down inkjet printers from scrap yards. If a thick plate/ingot of aluminium cannot be found, a barrel/chamber can be cast out of small scraps of aluminium (pending a 3D-printed form for ideal shape).

===Thick Steel Rod and Pipe design===
Dave Hakkens has put together [http://www.preciousplastic.com/machines/injection/ an initial prototype] for an all-steel injection moulder. A solid design using a wide square-tube frame and a long piece of 30mm steel rod for the piston, this thing would not be easy to transport.

==Drill Stand Accessory==
Having recently got hold of a cheap [http://www.ebay.co.uk/sch/i.html?_nkw=power+drill+stand&_sop=15 power drill stand] from LIDL (£13, brand 'Powerfix') that could be used to kickstart development of this, by focusing on designing a modular piston & chamber system that could be mounted in any such [[drill press]], instead of one integrated into a frame like the Gingery design, I have been looking into options: [[User:4ndy|4ndy]] ([[User talk:4ndy|talk]]) 21:57, 3 December 2014 (CET)

'''Limitation''': the drill only traverses up to 60mm vertically when the lever is swung, though the whole carriage can be positioned anywhere on the top half-or-so of a 500mm post. Consequently, the piston should only need to press up to 60mm in order to inject the plastic, so a short & wide barrel is needed, rather than the long, narrow option of Gingery's steel rod in a drilled-out aluminium block.

Possible resulting problem: the piston will need a much higher force on it in order to deliver the same pressure out the nozzle, and hoop stress on a pipe used for the barrel may be an issue (need verification from those who have tested this before). Will the 4mmx20mm steel bar lever in this stand provide enough leverage to press such a piston down without warping? Moments: the press-bar mounting point is 80mm from the pivot/fulcrum, the handle extends 260mm beyond that, for a total of up to 340mm leverage distance.

Alternative solution: instead of using the drill stand's lever, a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadscrew leadscrew] could be mounted in a hammer drill in order to drive a piston into the injection barrel. For instance, [http://www.techkits.com/model_20/home.html LNS Technologies' PIM drill-press accessory] appears to use such a system. This requires an appropriate (e.g. ACME thread) nut to be fastened onto the piston somehow, and for the drill's bearing to be capable of withstanding the corresponding pressure without damage (not to mention that the clamp holding it must not slip). So that the leadscrew does not need to pass through the piston itself, the corresponding nut needs to be fastened well above the piston, ideally to the internal length of the barrel.

===Wide-barrel design===

====Standardised Parts design====
Drive an [http://www.ebay.co.uk/itm/Piston-Rings-Kit-Assembly-40-mm-fit-for-STIHL-023-MS-230-/191260014091?pt=UK_Home_Garden_GardenPowerTools_CA&hash=item2c87fc360b aluminium compressor piston] down a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Standard_Pipe#Pipe_thread_sizes 1½ inch steel pipe], with a bespoke con-rod made out of whatever (a wooden board should do here for compressive strength, but steel plate or rod is preferable), use a [http://www.ebay.co.uk/itm/Male-x-Male-Hex-Nipple-Threaded-Reducer-Pipe-Fitting-Stainless-Steel-304-BSP-/251513956597?pt=UK_DIY_Materials_Plumbing_MJ&var=&hash=item3a8f6668f5 1½" to ½" reducer nipple] and tap a corresponding threaded hole into the mould gate for a perfect seal between nozzle & plates.

Problem: a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Standard_Pipe#Pipe_thread_sizes 1½" BSP pipe] is supposed to have a 'nominal' diameter of 40mm. Does this mean inside diameter, and how close do they actually come? Will a 40mm piston have a loose fit or interference fit, and so do we need a larger/smaller piston with silicone o-rings to seal it properly? Why do we still use imperial pipe sizes when everything else is already metric??

====Reusing Unintended Parts design====
Just get an [http://www.ebay.co.uk/itm/Vintage-3Ring-Medical-Doctor-Dentist-Vet-Stainless-Steel-Chrome-Brass-Syringe-/161489747182?pt=UK_Collectables_Scientific_MJ&hash=item259989fcee old stainless steel medical syringe] and stick a heat-sink on it. Done. Piston is guaranteed to fit the barrel perfectly. I am seriously considering getting a cheap second-hand one of these right now to start adapting.

Problem: will the wall thickness be too thin and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylinder_stress cause a split?] We need to know necessary injection pressure for small moulds for this.

Afterthought: In order to be used with a leadscrew, perhaps an ACME threaded nut could be welded or clamped onto the side of the shaft of one of these syringes, near the thumb-ring at the top. However, this would leave the driving force offset from the piston's longitudinal axis, and could result in the driving rod being bent through buckling force. Alternatively, a nut could be held inside something that fits into the thumb-ring itself, and the guiding plate left in place at the top.

===Narrow-barrel design===
Using a leadscrew to drive the piston in a drill stand/press instead of its leverage allows a longer, narrower barrel to be used, such as a 1" pipe/nipple. It should be feasible to turn a piston to fit the barrel out of aluminium cast into the rough shape needed. A nut holder / guide for the leadscrew could then be bolted onto the piston via some cast shape, holes drilled into the piston, or welded onto a steel rod piston if one could be found that fit the barrel.

===Mould plates===
Though cylinder pressure is unknown, clamping force for plates in commercial machines [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injection_moulding#Equipment has been given] (reliable?) as requiring a few tons. For lost-PLA cast aluminium plates, the top end of the plates could have smooth/threaded holes through each side to clamp them together with a pair of hexagonal-cap bolts, while the work-piece vice of the drill stand can hold the bottom end. This itself may be unnecessary, as [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uD-kCf8amHk this video] shows a drill stand vice providing sufficient clamping force for small moulds. The bolts would make good locating pins however, making it easier to align the plates.

Injection Molder/Research Development

2015-01-24T15:26:52Z

4ndy: Added notes about leadscrew drives obviating the problem of limited drill press displacement, linked to WP writing about clamping force

==Integrated Frame==

===Narrow Steel Rod, Drilled Aluminium Block design===
See [http://rick.sparber.org/Articles/gpi.pdf Rick Sparber's modified Gingery] system. Steel rods can easily be salvaged from (sadly abundant) broken-down inkjet printers from scrap yards. If a thick plate/ingot of aluminium cannot be found, a barrel/chamber can be cast out of small scraps of aluminium (pending a 3D-printed form for ideal shape).

===Thick Steel Rod and Pipe design===
Dave Hakkens has put together [http://www.preciousplastic.com/machines/injection/ an initial prototype] for an all-steel injection moulder. A solid design using a wide square-tube frame and a long piece of 30mm steel rod for the piston, this thing would not be easy to transport.

==Drill Stand Accessory==
Having recently got hold of a cheap [http://www.ebay.co.uk/sch/i.html?_nkw=power+drill+stand&_sop=15 power drill stand] from LIDL (£13, brand 'Powerfix') that could be used to kickstart development of this, by focusing on designing a modular piston & chamber system that could be mounted in any such [[drill press]], instead of one integrated into a frame like the Gingery design, I have been looking into options: [[User:4ndy|4ndy]] ([[User talk:4ndy|talk]]) 21:57, 3 December 2014 (CET)

'''Limitation''': the drill only traverses up to 60mm vertically when the lever is swung, though the whole carriage can be positioned anywhere on the top half-or-so of a 500mm post. Consequently, the piston should only need to press up to 60mm in order to inject the plastic, so a short & wide barrel is needed, rather than the long, narrow option of Gingery's steel rod in a drilled-out aluminium block.

Possible resulting problem: the piston will need a much higher force on it in order to deliver the same pressure out the nozzle, and hoop stress on a pipe used for the barrel may be an issue (need verification from those who have tested this before). Will the 4mmx20mm steel bar lever in this stand provide enough leverage to press such a piston down without warping? Moments: the press-bar mounting point is 80mm from the pivot/fulcrum, the handle extends 260mm beyond that, for a total of up to 340mm leverage distance.

Alternative solution: instead of using the drill stand's lever, a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadscrew leadscrew] could be mounted in a hammer drill in order to drive a piston into the injection barrel. For instance, [http://www.techkits.com/model_20/home.html LNS Technologies' PIM drill-press accessory] appears to use such a system. This requires an appropriate (e.g. ACME thread) nut to be fastened onto the piston somehow, and for the drill's bearing to be capable of withstanding the corresponding pressure without damage (not to mention that the clamp holding it must not slip). So that the leadscrew does not need to pass through the piston itself, the corresponding nut needs to be fastened well above the piston, ideally to the internal length of the barrel.

===Wide-barrel design===

====Standardised Parts design====
Drive an [http://www.ebay.co.uk/itm/Piston-Rings-Kit-Assembly-40-mm-fit-for-STIHL-023-MS-230-/191260014091?pt=UK_Home_Garden_GardenPowerTools_CA&hash=item2c87fc360b aluminium compressor piston] down a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Standard_Pipe#Pipe_thread_sizes 1½ inch steel pipe], with a bespoke con-rod made out of whatever (a wooden board should do here for compressive strength, but steel plate or rod is preferable), use a [http://www.ebay.co.uk/itm/Male-x-Male-Hex-Nipple-Threaded-Reducer-Pipe-Fitting-Stainless-Steel-304-BSP-/251513956597?pt=UK_DIY_Materials_Plumbing_MJ&var=&hash=item3a8f6668f5 1½" to ½" reducer nipple] and tap a corresponding threaded hole into the mould gate for a perfect seal between nozzle & plates.

Problem: a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Standard_Pipe#Pipe_thread_sizes 1½" BSP pipe] is supposed to have a 'nominal' diameter of 40mm. Does this mean inside diameter, and how close do they actually come? Will a 40mm piston have a loose fit or interference fit, and so do we need a larger/smaller piston with silicone o-rings to seal it properly? Why do we still use imperial pipe sizes when everything else is already metric??

====Reusing Unintended Parts design====
Just get an [http://www.ebay.co.uk/itm/Vintage-3Ring-Medical-Doctor-Dentist-Vet-Stainless-Steel-Chrome-Brass-Syringe-/161489747182?pt=UK_Collectables_Scientific_MJ&hash=item259989fcee old stainless steel medical syringe] and stick a heat-sink on it. Done. Piston is guaranteed to fit the barrel perfectly. I am seriously considering getting a cheap second-hand one of these right now to start adapting.

Problem: will the wall thickness be too thin and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylinder_stress cause a split?] We need to know necessary injection pressure for small moulds for this.

Afterthought: In order to be used with a leadscrew, perhaps an ACME threaded nut could be welded or clamped onto the side of the shaft of one of these syringes, near the thumb-ring at the top. However, this would leave the driving force offset from the piston's longitudinal axis, and could result in the driving rod being bent through buckling force. Alternatively, a nut could be held inside something that fits into the thumb-ring itself, and the guiding plate left in place at the top.

===Mould plates===
Though cylinder pressure is unknown, clamping force for plates in commercial machines [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injection_moulding#Equipment has been given] (reliable?) as requiring a few tons. For lost-PLA cast aluminium plates, the top end of the plates could have smooth/threaded holes through each side to clamp them together with a pair of hexagonal-cap bolts, while the work-piece vice of the drill stand can hold the bottom end. This itself may be unnecessary, as [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uD-kCf8amHk this video] shows a drill stand vice providing sufficient clamping force for small moulds. The bolts would make good locating pins however, making it easier to align the plates.

Injection Molder/Research Development

2015-01-24T14:55:48Z

4ndy: Altered headings, lobotomised sense of humour that might be lost in translation, and moved integrated design to top

==Integrated Frame==

===Narrow Steel Rod, Drilled Aluminium Block design===
See [http://rick.sparber.org/Articles/gpi.pdf Rick Sparber's modified Gingery] system. Steel rods can easily be salvaged from (sadly abundant) broken-down inkjet printers from scrap yards. If a thick plate/ingot of aluminium cannot be found, a barrel/chamber can be cast out of small scraps of aluminium (pending a 3D-printed form for ideal shape).

===Thick Steel Rod and Pipe design===
Dave Hakkens has put together [http://www.preciousplastic.com/machines/injection/ an initial prototype] for an all-steel injection moulder. A solid design using a wide square-tube frame and a long piece of 30mm steel rod for the piston, this thing would not be easy to transport.

==Drill Stand Accessory==
Having recently got hold of a cheap [http://www.ebay.co.uk/sch/i.html?_nkw=power+drill+stand&_sop=15 power drill stand] from LIDL (£13, brand 'Powerfix') that could be used to kickstart development of this, by focusing on designing a modular piston & chamber system that could be mounted in any such [[drill press]], instead of one integrated into a frame like the Gingery design, I have been looking into options: [[User:4ndy|4ndy]] ([[User talk:4ndy|talk]]) 21:57, 3 December 2014 (CET)

'''Limitation''': the drill only traverses up to 60mm vertically when the lever is swung, though the whole carriage can be positioned anywhere on the top half-or-so of a 500mm post. Consequently, the piston should only need to press up to 60mm in order to inject the plastic, so a short & wide barrel is needed, rather than the long, narrow option of Gingery's steel rod in a drilled-out aluminium block.

Possible resulting problem: the piston will need a much higher force on it in order to deliver the same pressure out the nozzle, and hoop stress on a pipe used for the barrel may be an issue (need verification from those who have tested this before). Will the 4mmx20mm steel bar lever in this stand provide enough leverage to press such a piston down without warping? Moments: the press-bar mounting point is 80mm from the pivot/fulcrum, the handle extends 260mm beyond that, for a total of up to 340mm leverage distance.

===Wide-barrel design===

====Standardised Parts design====
Drive an [http://www.ebay.co.uk/itm/Piston-Rings-Kit-Assembly-40-mm-fit-for-STIHL-023-MS-230-/191260014091?pt=UK_Home_Garden_GardenPowerTools_CA&hash=item2c87fc360b aluminium compressor piston] down a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Standard_Pipe#Pipe_thread_sizes 1½ inch steel pipe], with a bespoke con-rod made out of whatever (a wooden board should do here for compressive strength, but steel plate or rod is preferable), use a [http://www.ebay.co.uk/itm/Male-x-Male-Hex-Nipple-Threaded-Reducer-Pipe-Fitting-Stainless-Steel-304-BSP-/251513956597?pt=UK_DIY_Materials_Plumbing_MJ&var=&hash=item3a8f6668f5 1½" to ½" reducer nipple] and tap a corresponding threaded hole into the mould gate for a perfect seal between nozzle & plates.

Problem: a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Standard_Pipe#Pipe_thread_sizes 1½" BSP pipe] is supposed to have a 'nominal' diameter of 40mm. Does this mean inside diameter, and how close do they actually come? Will a 40mm piston have a loose fit or interference fit, and so do we need a larger/smaller piston with silicone o-rings to seal it properly? Why do we still use imperial pipe sizes when everything else is already metric??

====Reusing Unintended Parts design====
Just get an [http://www.ebay.co.uk/itm/Vintage-3Ring-Medical-Doctor-Dentist-Vet-Stainless-Steel-Chrome-Brass-Syringe-/161489747182?pt=UK_Collectables_Scientific_MJ&hash=item259989fcee old stainless steel medical syringe] and stick a heat-sink on it. Done. Piston is guaranteed to fit the barrel perfectly.

Problem: will the wall thickness be too thin and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylinder_stress cause a split?] We need to know necessary injection pressure for small moulds for this.

I am seriously considering getting a cheap second-hand one of these right now to start adapting.

===Mould plates===
Though cylinder pressure is unknown, clamping force for plates in commercial machines is commonly given as requiring a few tons. For lost-PLA cast aluminium plates, the top end of the plates could have smooth/threaded holes through each side to clamp them together with a pair of hexagonal-cap bolts, while the work-piece vice of the drill stand can hold the bottom end. This itself may be unnecessary, as [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uD-kCf8amHk this video] shows a drill stand vice providing sufficient clamping force for small moulds. The bolts would make good locating pins however, making it easier to align the plates.

User:4ndy

2014-12-31T22:52:31Z

4ndy: added injection moulder and knitting machine to project list

Andrew Drummond, BEng: a mechanical engineering graduate and permaculture student living on the north coast of Scotland.
Running a modified Sells-Mendel RepRap 3D Printer for rapid prototyping of designs, and growing a food forest from the ground up.

Main open-source-hardware projects:
* [[Injection Moulder]] and other [http://www.preciousplastic.com/ Plastic Recycling Machines]
* [http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:8605 Rotary Hydroponics Unit]
* [[Knitting Machine]]
* [http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:27791 Shrouded Wind Turbine],([[Shrouded wind turbine |wiki]]), ([https://groups.google.com/forum/?hl=en&fromgroups=#!topic/ose-europe/oWP-7kAHeVU OSEE alternator design discussion])
* [http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:28631 Catamaran]

Blog:
http://engineeringourfreedom.blogspot.co.uk/

Diaspora account:
https://joindiaspora.com/u/4ndy

Injection Molder/Research Development

2014-12-17T18:36:54Z

4ndy: /* Mould plates */ clarification

==Drill Stand Accessory==
Having recently got hold of a cheap [http://www.ebay.co.uk/sch/i.html?_nkw=power+drill+stand&_sop=15 power drill stand] from LIDL (£13, brand 'Powerfix') that could be used to kickstart development of this, by focusing on designing a modular piston & chamber system that could be mounted in any such [[drill press]], instead of one integrated into a frame like the Gingery design, I have been looking into options: [[User:4ndy|4ndy]] ([[User talk:4ndy|talk]]) 21:57, 3 December 2014 (CET)

'''Limitation''': the drill only traverses up to 60mm vertically when the lever is swung, though the whole carriage can be positioned anywhere on the top half-or-so of a 500mm post. Consequently, the piston should only need to press up to 60mm in order to inject the plastic, so a short & wide barrel is needed, rather than the long, narrow option of Gingery's steel rod in a drilled-out aluminium block.

Possible resulting problem: the piston will need a much higher force on it in order to deliver the same pressure out the nozzle, and hoop stress on a pipe used for the barrel may be an issue (need verification from those who have tested this before). Will the 4mmx20mm steel bar lever in this stand provide enough leverage to press such a piston down without warping? Moments: the press-bar mounting point is 80mm from the pivot/fulcrum, the handle extends 260mm beyond that, for a total of up to 340mm leverage distance.

===Standardised Parts Overkill design===
Drive an [http://www.ebay.co.uk/itm/Piston-Rings-Kit-Assembly-40-mm-fit-for-STIHL-023-MS-230-/191260014091?pt=UK_Home_Garden_GardenPowerTools_CA&hash=item2c87fc360b aluminium compressor piston] down a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Standard_Pipe#Pipe_thread_sizes 1½ inch steel pipe], with a bespoke con-rod made out of whatever (a wooden board should do here for compressive strength, but steel plate or rod is preferable), use a [http://www.ebay.co.uk/itm/Male-x-Male-Hex-Nipple-Threaded-Reducer-Pipe-Fitting-Stainless-Steel-304-BSP-/251513956597?pt=UK_DIY_Materials_Plumbing_MJ&var=&hash=item3a8f6668f5 1½" to ½" reducer nipple] and tap a corresponding threaded hole into the mould gate for a perfect seal between nozzle & plates.

Problem: a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Standard_Pipe#Pipe_thread_sizes 1½" BSP pipe] is supposed to have a 'nominal' diameter of 40mm. Does this mean inside diameter, and how close do they actually come? Will a 40mm piston have a loose fit or interference fit, and so do we need a larger/smaller piston with silicone o-rings to seal it properly? ''Why do we still use imperial pipe sizes when everything else is already metric??'' Bloody plumbers...

===Reusing Unintended Parts design===
Just get an [http://www.ebay.co.uk/itm/Vintage-3Ring-Medical-Doctor-Dentist-Vet-Stainless-Steel-Chrome-Brass-Syringe-/161489747182?pt=UK_Collectables_Scientific_MJ&hash=item259989fcee old stainless steel medical syringe] and stick a heat-sink on it. Done. Piston is guaranteed to fit the barrel perfectly.

Problem: will the wall thickness be too thin and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylinder_stress cause a split?] We need to know necessary injection pressure for small moulds for this.

I am seriously considering getting a cheap second-hand one of these right now to start adapting.

===Mould plates===
Though cylinder pressure is unknown, clamping force for plates in commercial machines is commonly given as requiring a few tons. For lost-PLA cast aluminium plates, the top end of the plates could have smooth/threaded holes through each side to clamp them together with a pair of hexagonal-cap bolts, while the work-piece vice of the drill stand can hold the bottom end. This itself may be unnecessary, as [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uD-kCf8amHk this video] shows a drill stand vice providing sufficient clamping force for small moulds. The bolts would make good locating pins however, making it easier to align the plates.

==Integrated Frame==

===Narrow Steel Rod, Drilled Aluminium Block design===
See [http://rick.sparber.org/Articles/gpi.pdf Rick Sparber's modified Gingery] system. Steel rods can easily be salvaged from (sadly abundant) broken-down inkjet printers from scrap yards. If a thick plate/ingot of aluminium cannot be found, a barrel/chamber can be cast out of small scraps of aluminium (pending a 3D-printed form for ideal shape).

===Overkill Steel Rod and Pipe design===
Dave Hakkens has put together [http://www.preciousplastic.com/machines/injection/ an initial prototype] for an all-steel injection moulder. A solid design using a wide square-tube frame and a long piece of 30mm steel rod for the piston, this thing would not be easy to transport.

Injection Molder/Research Development

2014-12-03T22:00:12Z

4ndy: Added notes on integrated frame designs.

==Drill Stand Accessory==
Having recently got hold of a cheap [http://www.ebay.co.uk/sch/i.html?_nkw=power+drill+stand&_sop=15 power drill stand] from LIDL (£13, brand 'Powerfix') that could be used to kickstart development of this, by focusing on designing a modular piston & chamber system that could be mounted in any such [[drill press]], instead of one integrated into a frame like the Gingery design, I have been looking into options: [[User:4ndy|4ndy]] ([[User talk:4ndy|talk]]) 21:57, 3 December 2014 (CET)

'''Limitation''': the drill only traverses up to 60mm vertically when the lever is swung, though the whole carriage can be positioned anywhere on the top half-or-so of a 500mm post. Consequently, the piston should only need to press up to 60mm in order to inject the plastic, so a short & wide barrel is needed, rather than the long, narrow option of Gingery's steel rod in a drilled-out aluminium block.

Possible resulting problem: the piston will need a much higher force on it in order to deliver the same pressure out the nozzle, and hoop stress on a pipe used for the barrel may be an issue (need verification from those who have tested this before). Will the 4mmx20mm steel bar lever in this stand provide enough leverage to press such a piston down without warping? Moments: the press-bar mounting point is 80mm from the pivot/fulcrum, the handle extends 260mm beyond that, for a total of up to 340mm leverage distance.

===Standardised Parts Overkill design===
Drive an [http://www.ebay.co.uk/itm/Piston-Rings-Kit-Assembly-40-mm-fit-for-STIHL-023-MS-230-/191260014091?pt=UK_Home_Garden_GardenPowerTools_CA&hash=item2c87fc360b aluminium compressor piston] down a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Standard_Pipe#Pipe_thread_sizes 1½ inch steel pipe], with a bespoke con-rod made out of whatever (a wooden board should do here for compressive strength, but steel plate or rod is preferable), use a [http://www.ebay.co.uk/itm/Male-x-Male-Hex-Nipple-Threaded-Reducer-Pipe-Fitting-Stainless-Steel-304-BSP-/251513956597?pt=UK_DIY_Materials_Plumbing_MJ&var=&hash=item3a8f6668f5 1½" to ½" reducer nipple] and tap a corresponding threaded hole into the mould gate for a perfect seal between nozzle & plates.

Problem: a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Standard_Pipe#Pipe_thread_sizes 1½" BSP pipe] is supposed to have a 'nominal' diameter of 40mm. Does this mean inside diameter, and how close do they actually come? Will a 40mm piston have a loose fit or interference fit, and so do we need a larger/smaller piston with silicone o-rings to seal it properly? ''Why do we still use imperial pipe sizes when everything else is already metric??'' Bloody plumbers...

===Reusing Unintended Parts design===
Just get an [http://www.ebay.co.uk/itm/Vintage-3Ring-Medical-Doctor-Dentist-Vet-Stainless-Steel-Chrome-Brass-Syringe-/161489747182?pt=UK_Collectables_Scientific_MJ&hash=item259989fcee old stainless steel medical syringe] and stick a heat-sink on it. Done. Piston is guaranteed to fit the barrel perfectly.

Problem: will the wall thickness be too thin and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylinder_stress cause a split?] We need to know necessary injection pressure for small moulds for this.

I am seriously considering getting a cheap second-hand one of these right now to start adapting.

===Mould plates===
Though cylinder pressure is unknown, clamping force for the plates is commonly given as requiring a few tons. For lost-PLA cast aluminium plates, the top end of the plates could have smooth/threaded holes through each side to clamp them together with a pair of hexagonal-cap bolts, while the work-piece vice of the drill stand can hold the bottom end. This itself may be unnecessary, as [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uD-kCf8amHk this video] shows a drill stand vice providing sufficient clamping force for small moulds. The bolts would make good locating pins however, making it easier to align the plates.

==Integrated Frame==

===Narrow Steel Rod, Drilled Aluminium Block design===
See [http://rick.sparber.org/Articles/gpi.pdf Rick Sparber's modified Gingery] system. Steel rods can easily be salvaged from (sadly abundant) broken-down inkjet printers from scrap yards. If a thick plate/ingot of aluminium cannot be found, a barrel/chamber can be cast out of small scraps of aluminium (pending a 3D-printed form for ideal shape).

===Overkill Steel Rod and Pipe design===
Dave Hakkens has put together [http://www.preciousplastic.com/machines/injection/ an initial prototype] for an all-steel injection moulder. A solid design using a wide square-tube frame and a long piece of 30mm steel rod for the piston, this thing would not be easy to transport.

Injection Molder

2014-12-03T21:21:35Z

4ndy: Moved bibliographic links from See Also into References. Added a torrent link for Gingery's two-decades-old books. Fuck da police. Open Source Everything.

{{GVCS Header}}

==Overview==

[[Image:Modified_Gingery_IM.png|thumb|Rick Sparber's Modified Gingery Injection Molder]]

The Injection Moulder enables fast production of highly repetitive/homogeneous parts such as plugs, switches, knobs, handles, etc.

The embodied energy + wear & tear of milling a set of metal mould plates for production has historically limited this process to parts produced on a scale of many thousands or even millions, however, using a [[3D Printer]] and a [[Foundry]] it may be possible to cast cheap recycled-aluminium moulds in order to produce repetitive parts on the order of hundreds or more, which would otherwise cause excessive wear on a 3D Printer.

With a [[Shredder]], the injection moulder is a core component for recycling old thermoplastics that would not be suitable for Fused Filament Fabrication type 3D Printing, such as polyethene and polypropene, which form a majority of waste plastic flows.

{{Video}}

<html>
<iframe width="420" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/uD-kCf8amHk" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>
</html>

==Detailed Description==

The Injection Moulder consists of a melt-chamber fed with chipped recycled plastic and/or pellets of virgin plastic feedstock, heated to a controlled temperature by a heater cartridge, heating resistor or some wound nichrome wire, and forced through a nozzle into a mould by a piston fitting the melt-chamber. For large moulds requiring high pressure, a piston can be driven by a motor using a leadscrew, but for small batches/parts a hand-operated lever is fine.

A simple Arduino-programmed ATMega microcontroller with a potentiometer (analogue knob) or 7-segment display & tactile switches (digital) input driving a high-voltage relay with low-frequency PID, would easily suffice for temperature control.

The melt chamber/cylinder can be made from a smooth steel pipe if you have a piston to fit it (e.g. the one shown in the video above), or from a block of aluminium with hole drilled through it using a drill press (e.g. the one in Gingery's book, and shown in Rick's document) with a 1cm thick steel rod for a piston (as can be salvaged from many discarded inkjet printers). The latter could be made with greater heating efficiency and lower material use by casting aluminium into a desired rounded shape and then reaming the melt-chamber hole to a smooth bore.

Nozzle production follows much the same theory as any RepRap 'hot-end' - having a lathe makes this much easier.

Almost any structural materials could be used for the injection moulder's frame, from recycled lumber to welded steel sections. As noted in Rick Sparber's document, attention needs to be paid to properly constraining the piston in a hand-operated lever system, so as to avoid any out-of-axis force bending the piston out of shape.

==Product Ecology==
{{Product Ecology

|Product={{Injection Molder}}

|From=
*[[Drill Press]]
*[[Lathe]]
*[[Foundry]]

|Uses=
*[[Electricity]]
*[[Plastic]]

|Creates=
*Plastic Parts

|Enables=
*Buttons, widgets, handles for machine tools...
*Replaceable-part scaffold designs, e.g. [http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:8605 this Rotary Hydroponics unit]
*Bootleg Lego ;)

|Components=
*Piston
*Cylinder
*Heater
*Controller
*Nozzle
*Lever or Leadscrew
*Moulds

}}

==OSE Project Status/Schedule==

The injection moulder project is currently in research phase. Subject matter experts are encouraged to contact us.

==See Also==
*[[Bioplastic Extruder]], for producing continuous forms such as pipes, and for very high-pressure moulds.

==References==
*The Secrets of Building a Plastic Injection Molding Machine - Vince Gingery [http://www.amazon.com/Secrets-Building-Plastic-Injection-Molding/dp/1878087193 Amazon US], [https://www.amazon.co.uk/Secrets-Building-Plastic-Injection-Molding/dp/1878087193 Amazon UK], [http://www.btmon.com/Gingery_Books.rar.torrent.html BTMon]
*[http://rick.sparber.org/Articles/gpi.pdf A Modified Vince Gingery Plastic Injection Molding Machine] - Rick Sparber, 2010

{{GVCS Footer}}

Injection Molder/Research Development

2014-12-03T20:57:16Z

4ndy: Creation: added details on drill stand accessory type design. You know you're on Diaspora/Reddit too much when you hit 'show preview' only to find that you used some Markdown links out of habit.

==Drill Stand Accessory==
Having recently got hold of a cheap [http://www.ebay.co.uk/sch/i.html?_nkw=power+drill+stand&_sop=15 power drill stand] from LIDL (£13, brand 'Powerfix') that could be used to kickstart development of this, by focusing on designing a modular piston & chamber system that could be mounted in any such [[drill press]], instead of one integrated into a frame like the Gingery design, I have been looking into options: [[User:4ndy|4ndy]] ([[User talk:4ndy|talk]]) 21:57, 3 December 2014 (CET)

'''Limitation''': the drill only traverses up to 60mm vertically when the lever is swung, though the whole carriage can be positioned anywhere on the top half-or-so of a 500mm post. Consequently, the piston should only need to press up to 60mm in order to inject the plastic, so a short & wide barrel is needed, rather than the long, narrow option of Gingery's steel rod in a drilled-out aluminium block.

Possible resulting problem: the piston will need a much higher force on it in order to deliver the same pressure out the nozzle, and hoop stress on a pipe used for the barrel may be an issue (need verification from those who have tested this before). Will the 4mmx20mm steel bar lever in this stand provide enough leverage to press such a piston down without warping? Moments: the press-bar mounting point is 80mm from the pivot/fulcrum, the handle extends 260mm beyond that, for a total of up to 340mm leverage distance.

===Standardised Parts Overkill design===
Drive an [http://www.ebay.co.uk/itm/Piston-Rings-Kit-Assembly-40-mm-fit-for-STIHL-023-MS-230-/191260014091?pt=UK_Home_Garden_GardenPowerTools_CA&hash=item2c87fc360b aluminium compressor piston] down a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Standard_Pipe#Pipe_thread_sizes 1½ inch steel pipe], with a bespoke con-rod made out of whatever (a wooden board should do here for compressive strength, but steel plate or rod is preferable), use a [http://www.ebay.co.uk/itm/Male-x-Male-Hex-Nipple-Threaded-Reducer-Pipe-Fitting-Stainless-Steel-304-BSP-/251513956597?pt=UK_DIY_Materials_Plumbing_MJ&var=&hash=item3a8f6668f5 1½" to ½" reducer nipple] and tap a corresponding threaded hole into the mould gate for a perfect seal between nozzle & plates.

Problem: a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Standard_Pipe#Pipe_thread_sizes 1½" BSP pipe] is supposed to have a 'nominal' diameter of 40mm. Does this mean inside diameter, and how close do they actually come? Will a 40mm piston have a loose fit or interference fit, and so do we need a larger/smaller piston with silicone o-rings to seal it properly? ''Why do we still use imperial pipe sizes when everything else is already metric??'' Bloody plumbers...

===Reusing Unintended Parts design===
Just get an [http://www.ebay.co.uk/itm/Vintage-3Ring-Medical-Doctor-Dentist-Vet-Stainless-Steel-Chrome-Brass-Syringe-/161489747182?pt=UK_Collectables_Scientific_MJ&hash=item259989fcee old stainless steel medical syringe] and stick a heat-sink on it. Done. Piston is guaranteed to fit the barrel perfectly.

Problem: will the wall thickness be too thin and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylinder_stress cause a split?] We need to know necessary injection pressure for small moulds for this.

I am seriously considering getting a cheap second-hand one of these right now to start adapting.

===Mould plates===
Though cylinder pressure is unknown, clamping force for the plates is commonly given as requiring a few tons. For lost-PLA cast aluminium plates, the top end of the plates could have smooth/threaded holes through each side to clamp them together with a pair of hexagonal-cap bolts, while the work-piece vice of the drill stand can hold the bottom end. This itself may be overkill, as [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uD-kCf8amHk this video] shows a drill stand vice providing sufficient clamping force for small moulds. The bolts would make good locating pins however, making it easier to align the plates.

Knitting Machine

2014-10-26T03:49:04Z

4ndy: /* Linear Knitting Machines */ broken link has been fixed on GitHub's end

Knitting machines were developed throughout the 20th century in order to speed up what was otherwise a very time-consuming process for producing clothing. Initially they improved upon an operation ostentibly involving two knitting needles, by using moving carriages past a row of small moveable hooks, and then allowed for those pins to be selected by a computer program. Each step represented an order of magnitude decrease in human labour-time needed to make a given garment.

==Linear Knitting Machines==
These are best suited for producing garments with large surface areas, especially with chiefly rectangular surfaces. For example, scarves are easily made in one job, sections can be sewn together to produce sweaters, or complex digital patterns can even produce one such garment in a single run (see below).

Thanks to the efforts of [http://www.knitic.com/ Knitic], who were [http://yearofopensource.net/the-wonderful-wooly-world-of-hacked-knitting-machines/ hacking on old floppy-disc-controlled Brother linear knitting machines], some [https://github.com/mcanet/knitic free software was created] to enable general programming of this type of machine. Since then, the [http://openknit.org/ OpenKnit] project has gone ahead and created a completely [https://github.com/g3rard/OpenKnit open hardware design for a mostly-3D-printable machine].

<html>
<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed//GhnTSWMMtdU" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>
<iframe src="//player.vimeo.com/video/86987828" width="500" height="281" frameborder="0" webkitallowfullscreen mozallowfullscreen allowfullscreen></iframe>
</html>

==Circular Knitting Machines==
These are more appropriate for producing garments that involve tube sections where a seam sewn along its length can cause discomfort, e.g. socks, stockings, winter hats and sleeves for other garments. Their utility, while arguably narrow, is very powerful since they can produce socks in minutes with a skilled operator, and socks/hosiery are generally the type of garments that wear out fastest.

<html>
<iframe width="420" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed//-cGKZm2esTY" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>
<iframe width="420" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed//xQQ9ug0-RJo" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>
</html>

[[Image:Circ_Knit_Needle_Motion_Sketch.jpg|thumb|Theory of operation of a plastic circular knitting machine (click for details)]]

[http://etcetorize.blogspot.ca/2010/11/spool-knitting.html Their theory of operation is relatively simple], but as far as I know there are no CNC designs in the public domain, although there is [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=sock+knitting+machine&btnG=&hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5 a lot of information] to search through and [http://www.oldtymestockings.com/sock_machines_english.html many images] of actual machines with long-expired patents.

While the 100-year-old steel machines look like they could be very difficult to replicate in a basic fab-lab due to their intricate construction, the existence of more recent 'toy'/'hobby' versions, constructed with chunky plastic, seems to indicate that this could be possible on your average RepRap Prusa-Mendel, so long as small size is not an initial requirement.

As far as I have seen from these modern plastic versions, their hooks are not designed to be locked in place (as in the 8.5minute sock video, when turning a heel), so some modification may be needed to add that functionality. After that, it may be possible to add digital control of individual hooks as with the above linear machines. In the near term, it would be very helpful to see the internals of one of these machines (preferably a high-end one), so am appealing for anyone out there to keep an eye out for any broken-down Addi Express machines, so that we can avoid 'reinventing the wheel' from scratch. - [[User:4ndy|Andy D]]

==Product Ecology==

{{Product Ecology

|Product = [[Knitting Machine]]

|From=
* [[Spinning Machine]]

|Uses=
* [[Yarn]]
* [[Bioplastic]]
* [[Metal]]

|Creates=
* [[Clothing]]
* [[Insulation]]
* Curtains
* Protective Sleeves for Electronics

|Enables=
* [[LifeTrac]] Seat Cushions
* Doing Stuff in Winter
* Tea Cosy :)

|Components=
* [[Motors]]
* [[Controller]]
* Spindle

}}

==Links==
* [http://www.knitic.com/ Knitic - Open hardware knitting machine]
* [http://www.valentina-project.org Valentina] Open source cross-platform patternmaking program which allows designers to create & model patterns of clothing
==Videos==
<html>
<iframe src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/53502895?badge=0" width="500" height="281" frameborder="0" webkitAllowFullScreen mozallowfullscreen allowFullScreen></iframe>
<iframe src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/52541217?badge=0" width="500" height="281" frameborder="0" webkitAllowFullScreen mozallowfullscreen allowFullScreen></iframe>
<iframe src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/5466977?badge=0" width="500" height="288" frameborder="0" webkitAllowFullScreen mozallowfullscreen allowFullScreen></iframe>
</html>

Knitting Machine

2014-10-24T02:30:28Z

4ndy: Moved one relevant video into Circular section

Knitting machines were developed throughout the 20th century in order to speed up what was otherwise a very time-consuming process for producing clothing. Initially they improved upon an operation ostentibly involving two knitting needles, by using moving carriages past a row of small moveable hooks, and then allowed for those pins to be selected by a computer program. Each step represented an order of magnitude decrease in human labour-time needed to make a given garment.

==Linear Knitting Machines==
These are best suited for producing garments with large surface areas, especially with chiefly rectangular surfaces. For example, scarves are easily made in one job, sections can be sewn together to produce sweaters, or complex digital patterns can even produce one such garment in a single run (see below).

Thanks to the efforts of [http://www.knitic.com/ Knitic], who were [http://yearofopensource.net/the-wonderful-wooly-world-of-hacked-knitting-machines/ hacking on old floppy-disc-controlled Brother linear knitting machines], some [https://github.com/mcanet/knitic free software was created] to enable general programming of this type of machine. Since then, the [http://openknit.org/ OpenKnit] project has gone ahead and created a completely [https://github.com/g3rard/OpenKnit open hardware design for a mostly-3D-printable machine] ('''broken link!''' can someone please find another source for this design).

<html>
<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed//GhnTSWMMtdU" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>
<iframe src="//player.vimeo.com/video/86987828" width="500" height="281" frameborder="0" webkitallowfullscreen mozallowfullscreen allowfullscreen></iframe>
</html>

==Circular Knitting Machines==
These are more appropriate for producing garments that involve tube sections where a seam sewn along its length can cause discomfort, e.g. socks, stockings, winter hats and sleeves for other garments. Their utility, while arguably narrow, is very powerful since they can produce socks in minutes with a skilled operator, and socks/hosiery are generally the type of garments that wear out fastest.

<html>
<iframe width="420" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed//-cGKZm2esTY" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>
<iframe width="420" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed//xQQ9ug0-RJo" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>
</html>

[[Image:Circ_Knit_Needle_Motion_Sketch.jpg|thumb|Theory of operation of a plastic circular knitting machine (click for details)]]

[http://etcetorize.blogspot.ca/2010/11/spool-knitting.html Their theory of operation is relatively simple], but as far as I know there are no CNC designs in the public domain, although there is [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=sock+knitting+machine&btnG=&hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5 a lot of information] to search through and [http://www.oldtymestockings.com/sock_machines_english.html many images] of actual machines with long-expired patents.

While the 100-year-old steel machines look like they could be very difficult to replicate in a basic fab-lab due to their intricate construction, the existence of more recent 'toy'/'hobby' versions, constructed with chunky plastic, seems to indicate that this could be possible on your average RepRap Prusa-Mendel, so long as small size is not an initial requirement.

As far as I have seen from these modern plastic versions, their hooks are not designed to be locked in place (as in the 8.5minute sock video, when turning a heel), so some modification may be needed to add that functionality. After that, it may be possible to add digital control of individual hooks as with the above linear machines. In the near term, it would be very helpful to see the internals of one of these machines (preferably a high-end one), so am appealing for anyone out there to keep an eye out for any broken-down Addi Express machines, so that we can avoid 'reinventing the wheel' from scratch. - [[User:4ndy|Andy D]]

==Product Ecology==

{{Product Ecology

|Product = [[Knitting Machine]]

|From=
* [[Spinning Machine]]

|Uses=
* [[Yarn]]
* [[Bioplastic]]
* [[Metal]]

|Creates=
* [[Clothing]]
* [[Insulation]]
* Curtains
* Protective Sleeves for Electronics

|Enables=
* [[LifeTrac]] Seat Cushions
* Doing Stuff in Winter
* Tea Cosy :)

|Components=
* [[Motors]]
* [[Controller]]
* Spindle

}}

==Links==
* [http://www.knitic.com/ Knitic - Open hardware knitting machine]

==Videos==
<html>
<iframe src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/53502895?badge=0" width="500" height="281" frameborder="0" webkitAllowFullScreen mozallowfullscreen allowFullScreen></iframe>
<iframe src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/52541217?badge=0" width="500" height="281" frameborder="0" webkitAllowFullScreen mozallowfullscreen allowFullScreen></iframe>
<iframe src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/5466977?badge=0" width="500" height="288" frameborder="0" webkitAllowFullScreen mozallowfullscreen allowFullScreen></iframe>
</html>

Knitting Machine

2014-10-24T02:27:55Z

4ndy: /* Circular Knitting Machines */ Updated end note about reverse-engineering.

Knitting machines were developed throughout the 20th century in order to speed up what was otherwise a very time-consuming process for producing clothing. Initially they improved upon an operation ostentibly involving two knitting needles, by using moving carriages past a row of small moveable hooks, and then allowed for those pins to be selected by a computer program. Each step represented an order of magnitude decrease in human labour-time needed to make a given garment.

==Linear Knitting Machines==
These are best suited for producing garments with large surface areas, especially with chiefly rectangular surfaces. For example, scarves are easily made in one job, sections can be sewn together to produce sweaters, or complex digital patterns can even produce one such garment in a single run (see below).

Thanks to the efforts of [http://www.knitic.com/ Knitic], who were [http://yearofopensource.net/the-wonderful-wooly-world-of-hacked-knitting-machines/ hacking on old floppy-disc-controlled Brother linear knitting machines], some [https://github.com/mcanet/knitic free software was created] to enable general programming of this type of machine. Since then, the [http://openknit.org/ OpenKnit] project has gone ahead and created a completely [https://github.com/g3rard/OpenKnit open hardware design for a mostly-3D-printable machine] ('''broken link!''' can someone please find another source for this design).

<html>
<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed//GhnTSWMMtdU" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>
<iframe src="//player.vimeo.com/video/86987828" width="500" height="281" frameborder="0" webkitallowfullscreen mozallowfullscreen allowfullscreen></iframe>
</html>

==Circular Knitting Machines==
These are more appropriate for producing garments that involve tube sections where a seam sewn along its length can cause discomfort, e.g. socks, stockings, winter hats and sleeves for other garments. Their utility, while arguably narrow, is very powerful since they can produce socks in minutes with a skilled operator, and socks/hosiery are generally the type of garments that wear out fastest.

<html>
<iframe width="420" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed//-cGKZm2esTY" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>
</html>

[[Image:Circ_Knit_Needle_Motion_Sketch.jpg|thumb|Theory of operation of a plastic circular knitting machine (click for details)]]

[http://etcetorize.blogspot.ca/2010/11/spool-knitting.html Their theory of operation is relatively simple], but as far as I know there are no CNC designs in the public domain, although there is [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=sock+knitting+machine&btnG=&hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5 a lot of information] to search through and [http://www.oldtymestockings.com/sock_machines_english.html many images] of actual machines with long-expired patents.

While the 100-year-old steel machines look like they could be very difficult to replicate in a basic fab-lab due to their intricate construction, the existence of more recent 'toy'/'hobby' versions, constructed with chunky plastic, seems to indicate that this could be possible on your average RepRap Prusa-Mendel, so long as small size is not an initial requirement.

As far as I have seen from these modern plastic versions, their hooks are not designed to be locked in place (as in the 8.5minute sock video, when turning a heel), so some modification may be needed to add that functionality. After that, it may be possible to add digital control of individual hooks as with the above linear machines. In the near term, it would be very helpful to see the internals of one of these machines (preferably a high-end one), so am appealing for anyone out there to keep an eye out for any broken-down Addi Express machines, so that we can avoid 'reinventing the wheel' from scratch. - [[User:4ndy|Andy D]]

==Product Ecology==

{{Product Ecology

|Product = [[Knitting Machine]]

|From=
* [[Spinning Machine]]

|Uses=
* [[Yarn]]
* [[Bioplastic]]
* [[Metal]]

|Creates=
* [[Clothing]]
* [[Insulation]]
* Curtains
* Protective Sleeves for Electronics

|Enables=
* [[LifeTrac]] Seat Cushions
* Doing Stuff in Winter
* Tea Cosy :)

|Components=
* [[Motors]]
* [[Controller]]
* Spindle

}}

==Links==
* [http://www.knitic.com/ Knitic - Open hardware knitting machine]

==Videos==
<html>
<iframe src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/53502895?badge=0" width="500" height="281" frameborder="0" webkitAllowFullScreen mozallowfullscreen allowFullScreen></iframe>
<iframe src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/52541217?badge=0" width="500" height="281" frameborder="0" webkitAllowFullScreen mozallowfullscreen allowFullScreen></iframe>
<iframe src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/5466977?badge=0" width="500" height="288" frameborder="0" webkitAllowFullScreen mozallowfullscreen allowFullScreen></iframe>
<iframe width="420" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed//xQQ9ug0-RJo" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>
</html>

Knitting Machine

2014-10-24T02:20:15Z

4ndy: Added update about the OpenKnit project. Note: link to Gerard's repo led to a 404 error at the time of editing.

Knitting machines were developed throughout the 20th century in order to speed up what was otherwise a very time-consuming process for producing clothing. Initially they improved upon an operation ostentibly involving two knitting needles, by using moving carriages past a row of small moveable hooks, and then allowed for those pins to be selected by a computer program. Each step represented an order of magnitude decrease in human labour-time needed to make a given garment.

==Linear Knitting Machines==
These are best suited for producing garments with large surface areas, especially with chiefly rectangular surfaces. For example, scarves are easily made in one job, sections can be sewn together to produce sweaters, or complex digital patterns can even produce one such garment in a single run (see below).

Thanks to the efforts of [http://www.knitic.com/ Knitic], who were [http://yearofopensource.net/the-wonderful-wooly-world-of-hacked-knitting-machines/ hacking on old floppy-disc-controlled Brother linear knitting machines], some [https://github.com/mcanet/knitic free software was created] to enable general programming of this type of machine. Since then, the [http://openknit.org/ OpenKnit] project has gone ahead and created a completely [https://github.com/g3rard/OpenKnit open hardware design for a mostly-3D-printable machine] ('''broken link!''' can someone please find another source for this design).

<html>
<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed//GhnTSWMMtdU" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>
<iframe src="//player.vimeo.com/video/86987828" width="500" height="281" frameborder="0" webkitallowfullscreen mozallowfullscreen allowfullscreen></iframe>
</html>

==Circular Knitting Machines==
These are more appropriate for producing garments that involve tube sections where a seam sewn along its length can cause discomfort, e.g. socks, stockings, winter hats and sleeves for other garments. Their utility, while arguably narrow, is very powerful since they can produce socks in minutes with a skilled operator, and socks/hosiery are generally the type of garments that wear out fastest.

<html>
<iframe width="420" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed//-cGKZm2esTY" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>
</html>

[[Image:Circ_Knit_Needle_Motion_Sketch.jpg|thumb|Theory of operation of a plastic circular knitting machine (click for details)]]

[http://etcetorize.blogspot.ca/2010/11/spool-knitting.html Their theory of operation is relatively simple], but as far as I know there are no CNC designs in the public domain, although there is [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=sock+knitting+machine&btnG=&hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5 a lot of information] to search through and [http://www.oldtymestockings.com/sock_machines_english.html many images] of actual machines with long-expired patents.

While the 100-year-old steel machines look like they could be very difficult to replicate in a basic fab-lab due to their intricate construction, the existence of more recent 'toy'/'hobby' versions, constructed with chunky plastic, seems to indicate that this could be possible on your average RepRap Prusa-Mendel, so long as small size is not an initial requirement. Getting hold of one to take apart and reverse-engineer may be a good short-term goal. - [[User:4ndy|Andy D]]

==Product Ecology==

{{Product Ecology

|Product = [[Knitting Machine]]

|From=
* [[Spinning Machine]]

|Uses=
* [[Yarn]]
* [[Bioplastic]]
* [[Metal]]

|Creates=
* [[Clothing]]
* [[Insulation]]
* Curtains
* Protective Sleeves for Electronics

|Enables=
* [[LifeTrac]] Seat Cushions
* Doing Stuff in Winter
* Tea Cosy :)

|Components=
* [[Motors]]
* [[Controller]]
* Spindle

}}

==Links==
* [http://www.knitic.com/ Knitic - Open hardware knitting machine]

==Videos==
<html>
<iframe src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/53502895?badge=0" width="500" height="281" frameborder="0" webkitAllowFullScreen mozallowfullscreen allowFullScreen></iframe>
<iframe src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/52541217?badge=0" width="500" height="281" frameborder="0" webkitAllowFullScreen mozallowfullscreen allowFullScreen></iframe>
<iframe src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/5466977?badge=0" width="500" height="288" frameborder="0" webkitAllowFullScreen mozallowfullscreen allowFullScreen></iframe>
<iframe width="420" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed//xQQ9ug0-RJo" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>
</html>

Injection Molder

2014-06-07T11:29:46Z

4ndy: Improved piston sentence

{{GVCS Header}}

==Overview==

[[Image:Modified_Gingery_IM.png|thumb|Rick Sparber's Modified Gingery Injection Molder]]

The Injection Moulder enables fast production of highly repetitive/homogeneous parts such as plugs, switches, knobs, handles, etc.

The embodied energy + wear & tear of milling a set of metal mould plates for production has historically limited this process to parts produced on a scale of many thousands or even millions, however, using a [[3D Printer]] and a [[Foundry]] it may be possible to cast cheap recycled-aluminium moulds in order to produce repetitive parts on the order of hundreds or more, which would otherwise cause excessive wear on a 3D Printer.

With a [[Shredder]], the injection moulder is a core component for recycling old thermoplastics that would not be suitable for Fused Filament Fabrication type 3D Printing, such as polyethene and polypropene, which form a majority of waste plastic flows.

{{Video}}

<html>
<iframe width="420" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/uD-kCf8amHk" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>
</html>

==Detailed Description==

The Injection Moulder consists of a melt-chamber fed with chipped recycled plastic and/or pellets of virgin plastic feedstock, heated to a controlled temperature by a heater cartridge, heating resistor or some wound nichrome wire, and forced through a nozzle into a mould by a piston fitting the melt-chamber. For large moulds requiring high pressure, a piston can be driven by a motor using a leadscrew, but for small batches/parts a hand-operated lever is fine.

A simple Arduino-programmed ATMega microcontroller with a potentiometer (analogue knob) or 7-segment display & tactile switches (digital) input driving a high-voltage relay with low-frequency PID, would easily suffice for temperature control.

The melt chamber/cylinder can be made from a smooth steel pipe if you have a piston to fit it (e.g. the one shown in the video above), or from a block of aluminium with hole drilled through it using a drill press (e.g. the one in Gingery's book, and shown in Rick's document) with a 1cm thick steel rod for a piston (as can be salvaged from many discarded inkjet printers). The latter could be made with greater heating efficiency and lower material use by casting aluminium into a desired rounded shape and then reaming the melt-chamber hole to a smooth bore.

Nozzle production follows much the same theory as any RepRap 'hot-end' - having a lathe makes this much easier.

Almost any structural materials could be used for the injection moulder's frame, from recycled lumber to welded steel sections. As noted in Rick Sparber's document, attention needs to be paid to properly constraining the piston in a hand-operated lever system, so as to avoid any out-of-axis force bending the piston out of shape.

==Product Ecology==
{{Product Ecology

|Product={{Injection Molder}}

|From=
*[[Drill Press]]
*[[Lathe]]
*[[Foundry]]

|Uses=
*[[Electricity]]
*[[Plastic]]

|Creates=
*Plastic Parts

|Enables=
*Buttons, widgets, handles for machine tools...
*Replaceable-part scaffold designs, e.g. [http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:8605 this Rotary Hydroponics unit]
*Bootleg Lego ;)

|Components=
*Piston
*Cylinder
*Heater
*Controller
*Nozzle
*Lever or Leadscrew
*Moulds

}}

==OSE Project Status/Schedule==

The injection moulder project is currently in research phase. Subject matter experts are encouraged to contact us.

==See Also==
*[[Bioplastic Extruder]], for producing continuous forms such as pipes, and for very high-pressure moulds.
*The Secrets of Building a Plastic Injection Molding Machine - Vince Gingery [http://www.amazon.com/Secrets-Building-Plastic-Injection-Molding/dp/1878087193 Amazon US], [https://www.amazon.co.uk/Secrets-Building-Plastic-Injection-Molding/dp/1878087193 Amazon UK]
*[http://rick.sparber.org/Articles/gpi.pdf A Modified Vince Gingery Plastic Injection Molding Machine] - Rick Sparber, 2010

{{GVCS Footer}}

Injection Molder

2014-06-07T11:22:54Z

4ndy: Clarified that milling was the main starting cost of conventional injection moulding.

{{GVCS Header}}

==Overview==

[[Image:Modified_Gingery_IM.png|thumb|Rick Sparber's Modified Gingery Injection Molder]]

The Injection Moulder enables fast production of highly repetitive/homogeneous parts such as plugs, switches, knobs, handles, etc.

The embodied energy + wear & tear of milling a set of metal mould plates for production has historically limited this process to parts produced on a scale of many thousands or even millions, however, using a [[3D Printer]] and a [[Foundry]] it may be possible to cast cheap recycled-aluminium moulds in order to produce repetitive parts on the order of hundreds or more, which would otherwise cause excessive wear on a 3D Printer.

With a [[Shredder]], the injection moulder is a core component for recycling old thermoplastics that would not be suitable for Fused Filament Fabrication type 3D Printing, such as polyethene and polypropene, which form a majority of waste plastic flows.

{{Video}}

<html>
<iframe width="420" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/uD-kCf8amHk" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>
</html>

==Detailed Description==

The Injection Moulder consists of a melt-chamber fed with chipped recycled plastic and/or pellets of virgin plastic feedstock, heated to a controlled temperature by a heater cartridge, heating resistor or some wound nichrome wire, and forced through a nozzle into a mould by a piston fitting the melt-chamber. For large moulds requiring high pressure, the piston is often driven by a motor using a leadscrew, but for small batches/parts a hand-operated lever is fine.

A simple Arduino-programmed ATMega microcontroller with a potentiometer (analogue knob) or 7-segment display & tactile switches (digital) input driving a high-voltage relay with low-frequency PID, would easily suffice for temperature control.

The melt chamber/cylinder can be made from a smooth steel pipe if you have a piston to fit it (e.g. the one shown in the video above), or from a block of aluminium with hole drilled through it using a drill press (e.g. the one in Gingery's book, and shown in Rick's document) with a 1cm thick steel rod for a piston (as can be salvaged from many discarded inkjet printers). The latter could be made with greater heating efficiency and lower material use by casting aluminium into a desired rounded shape and then reaming the melt-chamber hole to a smooth bore.

Nozzle production follows much the same theory as any RepRap 'hot-end' - having a lathe makes this much easier.

Almost any structural materials could be used for the injection moulder's frame, from recycled lumber to welded steel sections. As noted in Rick Sparber's document, attention needs to be paid to properly constraining the piston in a hand-operated lever system, so as to avoid any out-of-axis force bending the piston out of shape.

==Product Ecology==
{{Product Ecology

|Product={{Injection Molder}}

|From=
*[[Drill Press]]
*[[Lathe]]
*[[Foundry]]

|Uses=
*[[Electricity]]
*[[Plastic]]

|Creates=
*Plastic Parts

|Enables=
*Buttons, widgets, handles for machine tools...
*Replaceable-part scaffold designs, e.g. [http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:8605 this Rotary Hydroponics unit]
*Bootleg Lego ;)

|Components=
*Piston
*Cylinder
*Heater
*Controller
*Nozzle
*Lever or Leadscrew
*Moulds

}}

==OSE Project Status/Schedule==

The injection moulder project is currently in research phase. Subject matter experts are encouraged to contact us.

==See Also==
*[[Bioplastic Extruder]], for producing continuous forms such as pipes, and for very high-pressure moulds.
*The Secrets of Building a Plastic Injection Molding Machine - Vince Gingery [http://www.amazon.com/Secrets-Building-Plastic-Injection-Molding/dp/1878087193 Amazon US], [https://www.amazon.co.uk/Secrets-Building-Plastic-Injection-Molding/dp/1878087193 Amazon UK]
*[http://rick.sparber.org/Articles/gpi.pdf A Modified Vince Gingery Plastic Injection Molding Machine] - Rick Sparber, 2010

{{GVCS Footer}}

Shredder

2014-06-07T11:16:32Z

4ndy: Added note about plastic-recycling mini shredder

Recycling, particularly of metal scrap, will require an industrial-strength shredder. If you haven't seen one of these awesome machines in action, what are you waiting for?

[http://www.ssiworld.com/watch/ Watch it shred!]

Scrap metal is anything that's [http://www.montgomerycountymd.gov/apps/dep/solidwaste/collectionservices/material_detail.asp?categoryID=3 "51% metal."]

* First, sort things for shredding.
* Second, put them in the shredder.
* Third, take the bits of metal and process them in a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_mill#Mini_mill mini-mill.]

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrous_metal_recycling Recycling] ferrous metal is waaay more efficient than mining and refining it.

A small or light-duty shredder can be extremely useful for recycling waste plastic for use in [[Injection Molder|moulding]], [[Bioplastic Extruder|extruding]] or [[3D Printer|3D Printing]]. [http://grabcad.com/library/mini-shredder--1 This open-hardware one] has been published on GrabCAD, but the tooling is a bit intensive (e.g. cutting threads onto each end of a tool-steel hexagonal bar), so I'm working on an even cheaper one. [[User:4ndy|4ndy]] ([[User talk:4ndy|talk]]) 13:16, 7 June 2014 (CEST)

=Commercial=
* [http://www.komarindustries.com/equipment/shredders.php Komar]
* [http://www.globalrecyclingequipment.com/shredding-systems-with-industrial-shredders/scrap-metal-recycling-line Global Recycling Equipment] says "anyone" can have a shredder for $250K.
* [http://www.shred-tech.com/reduction-recycling/metals-reduction#Case+Studies Shred-Tech] provides some case studies.

Injection Molder

2014-06-07T10:28:46Z

4ndy: Realised 'shredder' was a more standard term for the machine I was thinking of, not chipper.

{{GVCS Header}}

==Overview==

[[Image:Modified_Gingery_IM.png|thumb|Rick Sparber's Modified Gingery Injection Molder]]

The Injection Moulder enables fast production of highly repetitive/homogeneous parts such as plugs, switches, knobs, handles, etc.

The embodied energy + wear & tear of creating a set of mould plates for production has historically limited this process to parts produced on a scale of many thousands or even millions, however, using a [[3D Printer]] and a [[Foundry]] it may be possible to cast cheap recycled-aluminium moulds in order to produce repetitive parts on the order of hundreds or more, which would otherwise cause excessive wear on a 3D Printer.

With a [[Shredder]], the injection moulder is a core component for recycling old thermoplastics that would not be suitable for Fused Filament Fabrication type 3D Printing, such as polyethene and polypropene, which form a majority of waste plastic flows.

{{Video}}

<html>
<iframe width="420" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/uD-kCf8amHk" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>
</html>

==Detailed Description==

The Injection Moulder consists of a melt-chamber fed with chipped recycled plastic and/or pellets of virgin plastic feedstock, heated to a controlled temperature by a heater cartridge, heating resistor or some wound nichrome wire, and forced through a nozzle into a mould by a piston fitting the melt-chamber. For large moulds requiring high pressure, the piston is often driven by a motor using a leadscrew, but for small batches/parts a hand-operated lever is fine.

A simple Arduino-programmed ATMega microcontroller with a potentiometer (analogue knob) or 7-segment display & tactile switches (digital) input driving a high-voltage relay with low-frequency PID, would easily suffice for temperature control.

The melt chamber/cylinder can be made from a smooth steel pipe if you have a piston to fit it (e.g. the one shown in the video above), or from a block of aluminium with hole drilled through it using a drill press (e.g. the one in Gingery's book, and shown in Rick's document) with a 1cm thick steel rod for a piston (as can be salvaged from many discarded inkjet printers). The latter could be made with greater heating efficiency and lower material use by casting aluminium into a desired rounded shape and then reaming the melt-chamber hole to a smooth bore.

Nozzle production follows much the same theory as any RepRap 'hot-end' - having a lathe makes this much easier.

Almost any structural materials could be used for the injection moulder's frame, from recycled lumber to welded steel sections. As noted in Rick Sparber's document, attention needs to be paid to properly constraining the piston in a hand-operated lever system, so as to avoid any out-of-axis force bending the piston out of shape.

==Product Ecology==
{{Product Ecology

|Product={{Injection Molder}}

|From=
*[[Drill Press]]
*[[Lathe]]
*[[Foundry]]

|Uses=
*[[Electricity]]
*[[Plastic]]

|Creates=
*Plastic Parts

|Enables=
*Buttons, widgets, handles for machine tools...
*Replaceable-part scaffold designs, e.g. [http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:8605 this Rotary Hydroponics unit]
*Bootleg Lego ;)

|Components=
*Piston
*Cylinder
*Heater
*Controller
*Nozzle
*Lever or Leadscrew
*Moulds

}}

==OSE Project Status/Schedule==

The injection moulder project is currently in research phase. Subject matter experts are encouraged to contact us.

==See Also==
*[[Bioplastic Extruder]], for producing continuous forms such as pipes, and for very high-pressure moulds.
*The Secrets of Building a Plastic Injection Molding Machine - Vince Gingery [http://www.amazon.com/Secrets-Building-Plastic-Injection-Molding/dp/1878087193 Amazon US], [https://www.amazon.co.uk/Secrets-Building-Plastic-Injection-Molding/dp/1878087193 Amazon UK]
*[http://rick.sparber.org/Articles/gpi.pdf A Modified Vince Gingery Plastic Injection Molding Machine] - Rick Sparber, 2010

{{GVCS Footer}}

Chipper Hammermill/Research Development

2014-06-07T10:26:35Z

4ndy: Added detailed description on screenless hammer mill

{{GVCS Header}}

==Overview==

==Research==

===Operation===
The basic principle is straightforward. A hammermill is essentially a steel drum containing a vertical or horizontal rotating shaft or drum on which hammers are mounted. The hammers are free to swing on the ends of the cross, or fixed to the central rotor. The rotor is spun at a high speed inside the drum while material is fed into a feed hopper. The material is impacted by the hammer bars and is thereby shredded and expelled through screens in the drum of a selected size.

Small grain hammermills can be operated on household current. Large automobile shredders can use one or more 2000 horsepower (1.5 MW) diesel engines to power the hammermill.(Taken from Wikipedia.)--[[User:Dennis|Dennis]] 15:24, 12 March 2009 (UTC)

A '''screenless hammer mill''' uses air flow to separate flour from grain, is cheaper and easier to produce, and saves the long-term cost of replacing fragile drums/filters - [http://web.mit.edu/sp753/www/sen-pix.html See Amy Smith's photos & description of one.] It is essentially a centrifugal fan/compressor, axis perpendicular to gravity, with a grain hopper feeding onto that axis opposite the motor, turning a lawnmower-like blade, and an outlet between the motor axis and the outer rim. Placing the outlet inwards from the rim prevents grit from being thrown out with the flour, as it would with a typical centrifugal fan design. However, having a closable outlet at the bottom allows some grit to be removed when needed.

----
Hammer Mill (HM) - it appears that CEB walls, wood rafters, and green roofs thrown on top of a roof by a hammer mill are a great method for building with 100% onsite material. Straw or branches are chopped by a hammer mill - and these have a strong ejection port that may throw such biomass on top of a roof to decompose into a green roof. The hammer mill may chop straw or newspaper for straw-clay insulation. The hammer mill is the great aid for any organic farming - with any type of compost chopped for facilitating decay. Critical to soil fertility if enhanced soil building is required. The hammer mill can also chop a large variety of other items, perhaps plastic for recycling. We are using one currently to make mulch for [[Organoponic Raised Bed Gardening]] and to mulch our orchard. May be applicable to mulching wood for making compressed wood gas.
----
Desert Harvesters: Mesquite trees represent one of the most promising forms of resilient, decentralized, and drought resistant food crops in the American Desert Southwest (and other arid climates). Desert Harvesters [http://www.desertharvesters.org/], a non-profit organization in Tucson, Arizona, is currently using a trailer-mounted hammer mill to facilitate decentralized mesquite bean processing (into highly nutritious mesquite flour) in southern Arizona. This organization may be an excellent partner for development of an open-source hammer mill, and their work demonstrates the value and potential for hammer mill deployment.

==See Also==

{{GVCS Footer}}

Knitting Machine

2014-05-24T00:29:57Z

4ndy: Fixed a typo and remembered to sign a comment.

Knitting machines were developed throughout the 20th century in order to speed up what was otherwise a very time-consuming process for producing clothing. Initially they improved upon an operation ostentibly involving two knitting needles, by using moving carriages past a row of small moveable hooks, and then allowed for those pins to be selected by a computer program. Each step represented an order of magnitude decrease in human labour-time needed to make a given garment.

==Linear Knitting Machines==
These are best suited for producing garments with large surface areas, especially with chiefly rectangular surfaces. For example, scarves are easily made in one job, and sections can be sewn together to produce sweaters.

Recently people have been [http://yearofopensource.net/the-wonderful-wooly-world-of-hacked-knitting-machines/ hacking this type of knitting machine], on ones that were produced in the latter 20th century for use with early desktop computers, in order to make them programmable with modern computer hardware.

<html>
<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed//GhnTSWMMtdU" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>
</html>

==Circular Knitting Machines==
These are more appropriate for producing garments that involve tube sections where a seam sewn along its length can cause discomfort, e.g. socks, stockings, winter hats and sleeves for other garments. Their utility, while arguably narrow, is very powerful since they can produce socks in minutes with a skilled operator, and socks/hosiery are generally the type of garments that wear out fastest.

<html>
<iframe width="420" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed//-cGKZm2esTY" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>
</html>

[[Image:Circ_Knit_Needle_Motion_Sketch.jpg|thumb|Theory of operation of a plastic circular knitting machine (click for details)]]

[http://etcetorize.blogspot.ca/2010/11/spool-knitting.html Their theory of operation is relatively simple], but as far as I know there are no CNC designs in the public domain, although there is [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=sock+knitting+machine&btnG=&hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5 a lot of information] to search through and [http://www.oldtymestockings.com/sock_machines_english.html many images] of actual machines with long-expired patents.

While the 100-year-old steel machines look like they could be very difficult to replicate in a basic fab-lab due to their intricate construction, the existence of more recent 'toy'/'hobby' versions, constructed with chunky plastic, seems to indicate that this could be possible on your average RepRap Prusa-Mendel, so long as small size is not an initial requirement. Getting hold of one to take apart and reverse-engineer may be a good short-term goal. - [[User:4ndy|Andy D]]

==Product Ecology==

{{Product Ecology

|Product = [[Knitting Machine]]

|From=
* [[Spinning Machine]]

|Uses=
* [[Yarn]]
* [[Bioplastic]]
* [[Metal]]

|Creates=
* [[Clothing]]
* [[Insulation]]
* Curtains
* Protective Sleeves for Electronics

|Enables=
* [[LifeTrac]] Seat Cushions
* Doing Stuff in Winter
* Tea Cosy :)

|Components=
* [[Motors]]
* [[Controller]]
* Spindle

}}

==Links==
* [http://www.knitic.com/ Knitic - Open hardware knitting machine]

==Videos==
<html>
<iframe src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/53502895?badge=0" width="500" height="281" frameborder="0" webkitAllowFullScreen mozallowfullscreen allowFullScreen></iframe>
<iframe src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/52541217?badge=0" width="500" height="281" frameborder="0" webkitAllowFullScreen mozallowfullscreen allowFullScreen></iframe>
<iframe src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/5466977?badge=0" width="500" height="288" frameborder="0" webkitAllowFullScreen mozallowfullscreen allowFullScreen></iframe>
<iframe width="420" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed//xQQ9ug0-RJo" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>
</html>

Knitting Machine

2014-05-24T00:21:59Z

4ndy: Added a long-overdue photo of an explanatory sketch that I made well over a year ago.

Knitting machines were developed throughout the 20th century in order to speed up what was otherwise a very time-consuming process for producing clothing. Initially they improved upon an operation ostentibly involving two knitting needles, by using moving carriages past a row of small moveable hooks, and then allowed for those pins to be selected by a computer program. Each step represented an order of magnitude decrease in human labour-time needed to make a given garment.

==Linear Knitting Machines==
These are best suited for producing garments with large surface areas, especially with chiefly rectangular surfaces. For example, scarves are easily made in one job, and sections can be sewn together to produce sweaters.

Recently people have been [http://yearofopensource.net/the-wonderful-wooly-world-of-hacked-knitting-machines/ hacking this type of knitting machine], one ones that were produced in the latter 20th century for use with early desktop computers, in order to make them programmable with modern computer hardware.

<html>
<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed//GhnTSWMMtdU" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>
</html>

==Circular Knitting Machines==
These are more appropriate for producing garments that involve tube sections where a seam sewn along its length can cause discomfort, e.g. socks, stockings, winter hats and sleeves for other garments. Their utility, while arguably narrow, is very powerful since they can produce socks in minutes with a skilled operator, and socks/hosiery are generally the type of garments that wear out fastest.

<html>
<iframe width="420" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed//-cGKZm2esTY" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>
</html>

[[Image:Circ_Knit_Needle_Motion_Sketch.jpg|thumb|Theory of operation of a plastic circular knitting machine (click for details)]]

[http://etcetorize.blogspot.ca/2010/11/spool-knitting.html Their theory of operation is relatively simple], but as far as I know there are no CNC designs in the public domain, although there is [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=sock+knitting+machine&btnG=&hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5 a lot of information] to search through and [http://www.oldtymestockings.com/sock_machines_english.html many images] of actual machines with long-expired patents.

While the 100-year-old steel machines look like they could be very difficult to replicate in a basic fab-lab due to their intricate construction, the existence of more recent 'toy'/'hobby' versions, constructed with chunky plastic, seems to indicate that this could be possible on your average RepRap Prusa-Mendel, so long as small size is not an initial requirement. Getting hold of one to take apart and reverse-engineer may be a good short-term goal.

==Product Ecology==

{{Product Ecology

|Product = [[Knitting Machine]]

|From=
* [[Spinning Machine]]

|Uses=
* [[Yarn]]
* [[Bioplastic]]
* [[Metal]]

|Creates=
* [[Clothing]]
* [[Insulation]]
* Curtains
* Protective Sleeves for Electronics

|Enables=
* [[LifeTrac]] Seat Cushions
* Doing Stuff in Winter
* Tea Cosy :)

|Components=
* [[Motors]]
* [[Controller]]
* Spindle

}}

==Links==
* [http://www.knitic.com/ Knitic - Open hardware knitting machine]

==Videos==
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<iframe src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/53502895?badge=0" width="500" height="281" frameborder="0" webkitAllowFullScreen mozallowfullscreen allowFullScreen></iframe>
<iframe src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/52541217?badge=0" width="500" height="281" frameborder="0" webkitAllowFullScreen mozallowfullscreen allowFullScreen></iframe>
<iframe src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/5466977?badge=0" width="500" height="288" frameborder="0" webkitAllowFullScreen mozallowfullscreen allowFullScreen></iframe>
<iframe width="420" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed//xQQ9ug0-RJo" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>
</html>

File:Circ Knit Needle Motion Sketch.jpg

2014-05-24T00:16:02Z

4ndy: A rough sketch that I made around the end of 2012, of the operation of a plastic Circular Knitting Machine, after painstakingly examining photos and frame-by-frame [https://www.youtube.com/embed//xQQ9ug0-RJo video footage of an Addi Express machine]..

A rough sketch that I made around the end of 2012, of the operation of a plastic [[Circular Knitting Machine]], after painstakingly examining photos and frame-by-frame [https://www.youtube.com/embed//xQQ9ug0-RJo video footage of an Addi Express machine].

Anticlockwise from top-right (showing two stages, as needles move from left-to-right past the yarn feed):
1. Needle picks up a new line of yarn from the feed, its hooked top pulling the yarn down away from the two fixed pins as it drops.
2. The next needle pushes a previous line of yarn up and onto/around its two fixed pins, as the yarn rolls over a ridge in the needle's profile as it rises.
3. That previous line of yarn is dropped behind this needle (towards the inside of the cylinder and the workpiece) - the yarn switches position on each needle.
4. That previous line of yarn is hooked in front of this needle, below its two fixed pins, as the first needle is about to do.
5. Same as (4).
6. Same as (3).
7. This is like (1), except the new line is now being pulled inside of a previous line hooked around the pins in (2).
8. Same as (1).
9. On rising up on the third pass, this needle encounters a line of yarn already around its two pins/pegs, and the point of its hook picks them up off the pins, dropping them behind it as into position (3).

Circular Knitting Machine

2014-05-23T23:38:14Z

4ndy: Handy redirect

#REDIRECT [[Knitting_Machine#Circular_Knitting_Machines]]

Injection Moulder

2014-05-23T23:17:45Z

4ndy: Created English re-direct

#REDIRECT [[Injection Molder]]

Injection Molder

2014-05-23T23:16:41Z

4ndy: I know one of you septics are going to edit this with your beloved alternative spellings, but at least I had my moment of tranquillity. ;)

{{GVCS Header}}

==Overview==

[[Image:Modified_Gingery_IM.png|thumb|Rick Sparber's Modified Gingery Injection Molder]]

The Injection Moulder enables fast production of highly repetitive/homogeneous parts such as plugs, switches, knobs, handles, etc.

The embodied energy + wear & tear of creating a set of mould plates for production has historically limited this process to parts produced on a scale of many thousands or even millions, however, using a [[3D Printer]] and a [[Foundry]] it may be possible to cast cheap recycled-aluminium moulds in order to produce repetitive parts on the order of hundreds or more, which would otherwise cause excessive wear on a 3D Printer.

With a [[Chipper]], the injection moulder is a core component for recycling old thermoplastics that would not be suitable for Fused Filament Fabrication type 3D Printing, such as polyethene and polypropene, which form a majority of waste plastic flows.

{{Video}}

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<iframe width="420" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/uD-kCf8amHk" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>
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==Detailed Description==

The Injection Moulder consists of a melt-chamber fed with chipped recycled plastic and/or pellets of virgin plastic feedstock, heated to a controlled temperature by a heater cartridge, heating resistor or some wound nichrome wire, and forced through a nozzle into a mould by a piston fitting the melt-chamber. For large moulds requiring high pressure, the piston is often driven by a motor using a leadscrew, but for small batches/parts a hand-operated lever is fine.

A simple Arduino-programmed ATMega microcontroller with a potentiometer (analogue knob) or 7-segment display & tactile switches (digital) input driving a high-voltage relay with low-frequency PID, would easily suffice for temperature control.

The melt chamber/cylinder can be made from a smooth steel pipe if you have a piston to fit it (e.g. the one shown in the video above), or from a block of aluminium with hole drilled through it using a drill press (e.g. the one in Gingery's book, and shown in Rick's document) with a 1cm thick steel rod for a piston (as can be salvaged from many discarded inkjet printers). The latter could be made with greater heating efficiency and lower material use by casting aluminium into a desired rounded shape and then reaming the melt-chamber hole to a smooth bore.

Nozzle production follows much the same theory as any RepRap 'hot-end' - having a lathe makes this much easier.

Almost any structural materials could be used for the injection moulder's frame, from recycled lumber to welded steel sections. As noted in Rick Sparber's document, attention needs to be paid to properly constraining the piston in a hand-operated lever system, so as to avoid any out-of-axis force bending the piston out of shape.

==Product Ecology==
{{Product Ecology

|Product={{Injection Molder}}

|From=
*[[Drill Press]]
*[[Lathe]]
*[[Foundry]]

|Uses=
*[[Electricity]]
*[[Plastic]]

|Creates=
*Plastic Parts

|Enables=
*Buttons, widgets, handles for machine tools...
*Replaceable-part scaffold designs, e.g. [http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:8605 this Rotary Hydroponics unit]
*Bootleg Lego ;)

|Components=
*Piston
*Cylinder
*Heater
*Controller
*Nozzle
*Lever or Leadscrew
*Moulds

}}

==OSE Project Status/Schedule==

The injection moulder project is currently in research phase. Subject matter experts are encouraged to contact us.

==See Also==
*[[Bioplastic Extruder]], for producing continuous forms such as pipes, and for very high-pressure moulds.
*The Secrets of Building a Plastic Injection Molding Machine - Vince Gingery [http://www.amazon.com/Secrets-Building-Plastic-Injection-Molding/dp/1878087193 Amazon US], [https://www.amazon.co.uk/Secrets-Building-Plastic-Injection-Molding/dp/1878087193 Amazon UK]
*[http://rick.sparber.org/Articles/gpi.pdf A Modified Vince Gingery Plastic Injection Molding Machine] - Rick Sparber, 2010

{{GVCS Footer}}

File:Modified Gingery IM.png

2014-05-23T22:19:21Z

4ndy: A (poor) screenshot of the first photo in Rick Sparber's "[http://rick.sparber.org/Articles/gpi.pdf A Modified Vince Gingery Plastic Injection Molding Machine]" document, as a placeholder for the Injection Molder article until we have a CAD sketch ...

A (poor) screenshot of the first photo in Rick Sparber's "[http://rick.sparber.org/Articles/gpi.pdf A Modified Vince Gingery Plastic Injection Molding Machine]" document, as a placeholder for the [[Injection Molder]] article until we have a CAD sketch or rendering to replace it.

This may not be perfectly in line with Rick's included request to redistribute his document without changing it, but I doubt he will mind.

Knitting Machine

2012-11-28T16:21:36Z

4ndy: added info & video about plastic circular knitting machines

Knitting machines were developed throughout the 20th century in order to speed up what was otherwise a very time-consuming process for producing clothing. Initially they improved upon an operation ostentibly involving two knitting needles, by using moving carriages past a row of small moveable hooks, and then allowed for those pins to be selected by a computer program. Each step represented an order of magnitude decrease in human labour-time needed to make a given garment.

==Linear Knitting Machines==
These are best suited for producing garments with large surface areas, especially with chiefly rectangular surfaces. For example, scarves are easily made in one job, and sections can be sewn together to produce sweaters.

Recently people have been [http://yearofopensource.net/the-wonderful-wooly-world-of-hacked-knitting-machines/ hacking this type of knitting machine], one ones that were produced in the latter 20th century for use with early desktop computers, in order to make them programmable with modern computer hardware.

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==Circular Knitting Machines==
These are more appropriate for producing garments that involve tube sections where a seam sewn along its length can cause discomfort, e.g. socks, stockings, winter hats and sleeves for other garments. Their utility, while arguably narrow, is very powerful since they can produce socks in minutes with a skilled operator, and socks/hosiery are generally the type of garments that wear out fastest.

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[http://etcetorize.blogspot.ca/2010/11/spool-knitting.html Their theory of operation is relatively simple], but as far as I know there are no CNC designs in the public domain, although there is [http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=sock+knitting+machine&btnG=&hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5 a lot of information] to search through and [http://www.oldtymestockings.com/sock_machines_english.html many images] of actual machines with long-expired patents.

While the 100-year-old steel machines look like they could be very difficult to replicate in a basic fab-lab due to their intricate construction, the existence of more recent 'toy'/'hobby' versions, constructed with chunky plastic, seems to indicate that this could be possible on your average RepRap Prusa-Mendel, so long as small size is not an initial requirement. Getting hold of one to take apart and reverse-engineer may be a good short-term goal.

==Product Ecology==

{{Product Ecology

|Product = [[Knitting Machine]]

|From=
* [[Spinning Machine]]

|Uses=
* [[Yarn]]
* [[Bioplastic]]
* [[Metal]]

|Creates=
* [[Clothing]]
* [[Insulation]]
* Curtains
* Protective Sleeves for Electronics

|Enables=
* [[LifeTrac]] Seat Cushions
* Doing Stuff in Winter
* Tea Cosy :)

|Components=
* [[Motors]]
* [[Controller]]
* Spindle

}}

==Links==
* [http://www.knitic.com/ Knitic - Open hardware knitting machine]

==Videos==
<html>
<iframe src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/53502895?badge=0" width="500" height="281" frameborder="0" webkitAllowFullScreen mozallowfullscreen allowFullScreen></iframe>
<iframe src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/52541217?badge=0" width="500" height="281" frameborder="0" webkitAllowFullScreen mozallowfullscreen allowFullScreen></iframe>
<iframe src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/5466977?badge=0" width="500" height="288" frameborder="0" webkitAllowFullScreen mozallowfullscreen allowFullScreen></iframe>
<iframe width="420" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed//xQQ9ug0-RJo" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>
</html>

Knitting Machine

2012-11-28T01:31:34Z

4ndy: Added external open-hardware project link and some videos

Knitting Machine

2012-11-28T01:23:01Z

4ndy: embedded video of a CKM/CSM in operation, fixed spool knitting link

Knitting Machine

2012-11-28T01:00:42Z

4ndy: Added product ecology

Knitting Machine

2012-11-28T00:55:47Z

4ndy: Initial description, split into sections on linear and circular knitting machines

Welding Skills

2012-10-10T22:31:17Z

4ndy: Created page, added link to spot welder construction and aluminium spot-welding tip

List of welding skills.

==Arc Welding==
This needs some content, should be split up into Stick, MIG, TIG, SMA...

==Spot Welding==
* [http://hackaday.com/2009/06/23/how-to-build-your-own-spot-welder/ Building a spot welder from a recycled microwave oven transformer.]
* [http://www.youtube.com/v/gcgC3V3mkcw Spot welding aluminium] - usually very difficult, here the demonstrator shows how it can be done by sandwiching two aluminium plates between a couple of steel plates, welding through the whole sandwich, then pulling the steel plates away again after each weld (they don't stick very strongly to the aluminium).

[[Category: Skills]]

User:4ndy

2012-10-08T18:11:04Z

4ndy: Put 'real name' in first line, fixed list and added a link

Andrew Drummond, BEng: a mechanical engineering graduate and permaculture student living on the north coast of Scotland.
Running a modified Sells-Mendel RepRap 3D Printer for rapid prototyping of designs, and growing a food forest from the ground up.

Main open-source-hardware projects:
* [http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:8605 Rotary Hydroponics Unit]
* [http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:27791 Shrouded Wind Turbine],([[Shrouded wind turbine |wiki]]), ([https://groups.google.com/forum/?hl=en&fromgroups=#!topic/ose-europe/oWP-7kAHeVU OSEE alternator design discussion])
* [http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:28631 Catamaran]

Blog:
http://engineeringourfreedom.blogspot.co.uk/

Diaspora:
https://joindiaspora.com/u/4ndy

Shrouded wind turbine

2012-09-23T21:39:13Z

4ndy: Added link to image of japanese wind-lens turbines in operation

A 'shrouded', '[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowling cowled]', '[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducted_fan ducted]' or '[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_lens wind lens]' turbine is one that is housed in a ring-shaped aerofoil that increases airflow through the turbine blades' swept area by generating a localised [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vortex_ring ring vortex].

Such systems can increase the power of a [[Wind_Turbine/Research_Development#Horizontal-axis_wind_turbines|Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbine]] by 2-5 times<ref name="wind lens energies study">[http://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/3/4/634 A Shrouded Wind Turbine Generating High Output Power with Wind-lens Technology - Yuji Ohya and Takashi Karasudani, Energies, volume 3 issue 4] (open access, PDF, has diagrams of duct profiles tested)</ref>, for a given blade diameter and windspeed. While the use of an engine duct in aircraft design is considered a trade-off of additional weight for efficiency, the weight that it adds to ground-based wind turbine systems is of negligible importance, and a carefully designed diffuser can not only increase power output, but also cut out downstream turbulence and noise by inhibiting or removing [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wingtip_vortices blade-tip vortices] and by inducing rapid mixing of the high and low-speed air flows behind the turbine<ref>Elements of Gas Turbine Propulsion - Jack D. Mattingly, McGraw Hill International Editions, 1996, pp.804, Figure 10-56.</ref><ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WB5CawKfE2M FloDesign wind turbine] - might as well mute the video, since the narration is full of 'marketing'.</ref><ref name="patent US8021100B2">[http://www.google.com/patents?hl=en&lr=&vid=USPAT8021100&id=IAPwAQAAEBAJ&oi=fnd&dq=US+6877960+B1&printsec=abstract ''Wind turbine with mixers and ejectors''] -
Walter M. Presz, Jr. et al, US Patent number: 8021100, Filing date: Mar 24, 2008, Issue date: Sep 20, 2011, Application number: 12/054,050</ref>

==Design Considerations==
A wind lens must be supported around the turbine somehow, which implies a highly rigid (in order to prevent blade-tip collision) framework within the shroud, held from below, or radial members spanning from the turbine's axis to the inner surface of the shroud.
Using fixed radial support members necessitates that they be streamlined with aerofoils/fairings in order to reduce drag and turbulence that could otherwise interfere with the turbine's operation.

Once a system is installed with radial aerofoils around the rotor shaft, it becomes possible to use them to induce an initial rotation in the airflow, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axial_compressor#Description as do stator blades] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbine#Theory_of_operation in gas turbine engines], which can improve turbine blade performance characteristics, however as the turbine blades cut through regions of higher & lower pressure, created by stator camber and/or angle of attack, at high speeds this can result in generation of additional noise, and so inclining stator blades may not always be desirable.

It is typically preferable to use differing numbers of stator & rotor blades, especially prime numbers, in order to reduce resonant vibrations that could otherwise decrease service life of parts.

The development of static aerofoils, for use in a shroud and stator blades, lends itself well to the use of rapid-prototyping or additive manufacturing methods such as [[3D Printer|3D-Printing]]. One design exploiting this fact is the [http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:27791 Open Wind Lens].

High-rotational-velocity HAWTs with their rotor blades mounted in upwind of their post/tower run a risk of the blade tips colliding with their tower at high wind-speeds, and so are typically constructed with a moving tail vane that furls upwards in high winds, causing such a turbine to yaw to one side of the approaching wind, which limits the danger that blades pose to the tower and decreases their top speed<ref>''A Wind Turbine Recipe Book - The Axial Flux Windmill Plans'' - Hugh Piggott, January 2009, Metric Edition, page 9, where he says "''In very turbulent and wild conditions the gyroscopic forces on the blades have been known to push them back into contact with the tower so that they break. This is a very rare but persistent problem. In this 2008 book I have changed the direetion of furliag of the turbines so that the gyro forces push the blade tips out from the tower as the machine moves into furl. This is the yaw movement where the blades tend to be racing fastest. This change should reduce or even prevent the contact of blades with tower from now on''"
Incidentally, on the very same page he makes a sweeping statement dismissing ducted turbines "''It simply isn't worth all the extra material involved in building a duct like that. The wind tends to divert around it so you don't gain as much as you would think. It is actually more effective to build a conventional blade rotor with larger diameter, than to make a duct. Some big companies have spent a lot of their investors' money finding this out''"; statement 1 is his conclusion, 2 is a mix of incorrect and meaningless depending on what "you would think", 3 depends on your specification, and 4 reflects some failings prior to japanese research.</ref>, while increasing wear on the blades as some of them run backwards as they turn away from the approaching wind.
Downwind turbines do not run any risk of colliding with their tower, but due to being pulled into line with the wind (especially with a duct), they are more subject to extremely high rotational velocities during storms, and so their blades must be constructed thick enough to withstand the resulting stresses, and alternators must have a way of keeping cool enough so that they are not damaged by overheating. While powering a dump load in order to slow blades down can help, some form of air-cooled heat sink next to stator coils may be needed to achieve enough cooling.

Longer ducts have shown to induce a stronger vortex effect, and so increase power, but are more difficult to construct and mount.<ref name="wind lens energies study"/>

==External Links==
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Windlens1.jpg Downwind radially-mounted wind lens turbines at Kyushu University Ito campus - Image on Wikipedia]. Kyushu is a coastal town and so likely gets strong winds; it would be good to know how these turbines manage heat dissipation in such weather.

==References==
{{reflist}}

Friendly Organizations

2012-09-23T21:37:26Z

4ndy: Updated tzm point

<noinclude>{{breadcrumb|Organizations}}</noinclude>

Feel free to edit this page or discuss your ideas related to possible partnerships in [http://openfarmtech.org/weblog/forum/partnerships/ our forum].

You can also create a page and add it to the [[:Category: Collaboration Discussions]]

For related wikis, see [[:Category: Related Wikis]]

__TOC__

==Misc.==
*Juliet Schor - discusses us in her book, Plenitude: The New Economics of True Wealth. See [http://openfarmtech.org/weblog/?p=2081 blog].
*Kevin Carson - [http://www.amazon.com/Homebrew-Industrial-Revolution-Low-Overhead-Manifesto/dp/1439266999 The Homebrew Industrial Revolution] - large section of chapter on OSE
*[http://www.communityfortomorrow.org/ASoundSolution.htm Community for Tomorrow]
*John Robb's [http://globalguerrillas.typepad.com/globalguerrillas/2010/04/starters-universal-mechanical-power-sources.html?cid=6a00d83451576d69e2013485b06f06970c Global Guerillas]
*[http://www.transitionnetwork.org/ Transition Network] - Provides general information on Transition Towns and includes a global directory of initiatives.
*[http://globalguerrillas.typepad.com/ Global Guerrillas] - John Robb's website on "networked tribes, systems disruption, and the emerging bazaar of violence. Resilient Communities, decentralized platforms, and self-organizing futures."
* Jan. 2011 - [http://shareable.net/blog/the-next-net Shareable]
* [http://www.communityfortomorrow.org/ Community of tomorrow]
*[http://www.oceanarks.org/ OceanArks] - Promoting several sustainable technologies, like using plants to clean up polluted water, urban agriculture etc.
*7.25.08 - [http://fabuntu.org/ Fabuntu]
*The Nature of Order - [http://books.google.com/books?id=kZtZ57_nz-UC&printsec=frontcover&dq=strong+centers&source=gbs_summary_r&cad=0*PPA8,M1]
*6.1.08 - [http://madconomist.com/what-if-us-collapses-soviet-collapse-lessons-every-american-needs-to-know Collapse of US Empire]
*6.1.08 - [http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=3340274697167011147&hl=en Non Peak Oil]
*5.30.08 - [http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bljefferson.htm Early OpenFarmTech]
*5.30.08 - [http://www.bloglines.com/ BlogLines]
*5.29.08 - [http://www.plantsciences.ucdavis.edu/ltras/itech/ Open Farm Hardware]
*5.29.08 - [http://algalturfscrubber.com/ Algal Turf Scrubber]
*5.24.08 - [http://www.ted.com/talks/view/id/258 TED talk with Paul Stamets on mycelium]
*5.24.08 - [http://rodaleinstitute.org/about_us Rodale Institute]
*AIDG Business Incubation - http://www.aidg.org/incubation.htm
*Personal Sovereignty Foundation - http://EcoComics.org/personal%20sovereignty%20foundation.html
*Ripple peer money system - http://ripple.sourceforge.net/
*Euclides Mance - Brazil peer economy movement - http://www.solidarius.com.br/mance/index.php?lng=en
*Global directory of environmental technologies - http://www.eco-web.com/
*Project management - http://www.edwardtufte.com/bboard/q-and-a-fetch-msg?msg_id=000076&topic_id=1&topic=Ask%20E%2eT%2e
*Design for Disassembly - http://www.co-design.co.uk/design.htm
*Open Circuit Design - http://opencircuitdesign.com/
*Lakota secede from the Union - http://blogs.usatoday.com/ondeadline/2007/12/lakota-withdraw.html
*The Story of Stuff - http://www.storyofstuff.com/
*Relocalization Network - http://www.relocalize.net/groups
*Jeff Budderer blog on us - http://blog.onevillage.tv/wp/?p=483
*RMI on Factor 10 cost reduction- http://10xe.com/subpages/tunnel.html
*Wired mag on emergency shelter: http://www.wired.com/culture/lifestyle/multimedia/2007/10/gallery_instant_housing?slide=8&slideView=8
*o.design - http://www4.autistici.org/o.design/modules/news/
*Freedom Force - http://www.freedom-force.org/
*[http://freeconferencecalls.com Free conference calls]
*http://omni.mcn.org/electriliteb/ - Electric Vehicle, to be developed in the open source
*[http://www.ilsr.org/pubs/pubsalist.html Institute for Local Self Reliance]
*Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility - http://www.cpsr.org/about
*Constitution.org on invisible contracts - http://www.constitution.org/mercier/incon.htm
*Anxiety Culture - http://www.anxietyculture.com/contents.htm
*Critical Path primer - http://www.anxietyculture.com/criticalpath.htm
*Mindfully.org- http://www.mindfully.org/About-Mindfully_org.htm
*On distraction - http://www.anxietyculture.com/distract.htm
*Gupta Option - http://guptaoption.com/3.future_islam.php
*http://www.farmcatalog.com/1%60books/voices.aspx
*China is not doing so well, either: http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/ID18Ad01.html + http://www.opendemocracy.net/democracy-climate_change_debate/article_2407.jsp
*http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-Term_Capital_Management
*Sunvention - http://www.bsrsolar.com/
*Anil Gupta - http://www.iimahd.ernet.in/~anilg/
*National Innovation Foundation, India - http://nifindia.org/
*State-in-a-Box governance - http://vinay.howtolivewiki.com/blog/hexayurt/my-state-in-a-box-identity-services-architecture-paper-is-now-online-290
*Hacks in all areas- http://www.hackaday.com/2006/11/07/siamese-electric-motors/
*Adam Kumpf @ MIT - http://web.mit.edu/kumpf/www/index.html + [http://web.mit.edu/kumpf/www/kumpf-links.html Inventing Sites]
*Will O'Brien - http://biobug.org/articles/
*Stanford: Entrepreneurial Design for Extreme Affordability - http://extreme.stanford.edu/index.html
*book "Handy Farm Devices and How to Make Them" (1909) http://www.journeytoforever.org/farm_library/device/devicesToC.html[http://www.republicoflakotah.com/about-us/faq/ Republic of Lakotah]
*[http://www.lowtechmagazine.com/ Low Tech Magazine] and [http://www.notechmagazine.com/ No Tech Magazine]

==Fabrication, makers and hackers==
*[http://vermeulen.ca/product-hacking.html Product hacking]
*OS metal depository, transaction system http://pktp.co.cc/
*FabFolk - http://www.fabfolk.com/
*Mobile Fab Lab - http://mobilefablab.blogspot.com/
*www.fablabinnova.blogspot.com
*Fab Lab Forum 4 - http://cba.mit.edu/events/07.08.fab/
*[http://fablab.no/ Norway FabLab]
*Fab@Home - http://www.fabathome.org/wiki/index.php?title=Fab%40Home:Overview
*The Multimachine - http://opensourcemachine.org/
*[http://ng.cba.mit.edu/dist/PV.mp4 Fab Lab promo commercial]
*[http://blog.cowtowncomputercongress.org/ Cowtown Computer Congress] - Local Kansas City hackerspace.
*[http://hackerspaces.org/wiki/ Hackerspaces] - Provides general information and a directory of hackerspaces around the world.
*Smari McCarthy, Iceland Fab Lab leader - http://smari.yaxic.org/blag/2007/10/16/an-offer-you-cant-refuse/
*Make Blog - http://blog.makezine.com/
*Instructibles - http://www.instructables.com/
*DIY Life - http://www.diylife.com/
*Ready Made Blog - http://readymade.com/blogs/rmblog
*[http://www.finkbuilt.com/blog/ Finkbuilt], a tinkerer's blog
*[http://www.humblefactory.com/ HumbleFactory] - very innovative ideas for open hardware

==Food==
*[http://growingpower.org/ Growing Power], based in Chicago and Milwaukee. Educating people about local food systems. Aquaponics, beekeeping, wormeries.
*[http://arkfab.org/ ArkFab]. This seems to have an identical vision to OSE: to create a post-scarcity world thru open-source development of local food systems and digital fabrication.
*[http://cd3wd.com/cd3wd_40/cd3wd/index.htm cd3wd]. 13 gigabytes of information on development for the 3rd world
*Dasagavya: organic growth promoter for plants - http://www.hindu.com/seta/2006/05/18/stories/2006051801921800.htm
* [[Refarm the city]]
* http://www.permaculture.com
* [http://ooooby.ning.com/ Ooooby]
*5.25.08 - [http://permacultureinstitute.pbwiki.com/ Chaordic Permaculture Institute]
*Organic Hydroponic Lettuce Production - http://www.organitech.com/index.php?goto=bep
*[http://www.fao.org/corp/knowledgeforum/en/ FAO knowledge forum]. Huge online collexion of knowledge on farming. [http://www.fao.org/sard/en/init/1574/2225/1846/index.html SARD initiative] focuses on educating people about sustainable agriculture
*[http://carbon.org/ Institute for Simplified Hydroponics]
*[http://www.growingedge.com/magazine/ Growing Edge]

==Appropriate technology & development==
*[http://www.thefullbellyproject.org/ The Full Belly Project], open-source appropriate technology. Inventors of the universal nut sheller
*[[Appropedia:|Appropedia]], open-content encyclopedia of appropriate technology
*[http://www.tinytechindia.com/ Tiny Tech India], tools for small-scale rural development

==Building==
*[http://earthship.com/ Earthship Biotecture] - With a background of 40 years of research and development of self-sufficient housing made from recycled materials, Earthship Biotecture focuses on development of Earth friendly and people friendly community living concepts that require little or no mortgage payment and no utility bills.
*[http://hexayurt.com/ Vinay Gupta's Hexayurt]
*[http://www.jeffvail.net/2007/04/mefab-open-architecture-project.html Open Architecture Network]
*Geiger Research Institute of Sustainable Building - http://grisb.org/
*[http://oikos.com/ OIKOS Green Building Sources]
*[http://www.calearth.org/ Cal-Earth] promotes 'superadobe' building
*[http://www.dwell.com/ Dwell Magazine]
*[http://www.domusweb.it/en/op-ed/open-source-architecture-osarc-/ Open Source Architecture manifesto]

==Open culture==
*P2P Foundation blog on the open economy - http://blog.p2pfoundation.net/what-kind-of-economy-are-we-moving-to-1-overview-of-attention-economy-concepts/2007/10/03
*Open Product Design from Christian Fiebig, Germany - http://opensourceproductdesign.org/
*6.15.08 - [http://hcsoftware.sourceforge.net/jason-rohrer/freeDistribution.html Model beyond copyright]
*Open Source development theory - http://www.guptaoption.com/5.open_source_development.php
*6.15.08 - [http://www.engr.uconn.edu/msl/paper/holonic/paper1.html Holonic Management]
*6.4.08 - [http://givebank.org/projects.html Give Bank Open Source Product Design]
*6.4.08 - [http://onthecommons.org/content.php?id=1942 peer economy emergence - threat or boon?]
*Berkeley Center for Open Innovation - http://openinnovation.haas.berkeley.edu/Home_COI.html
* P2P Foundation [http://p2pfoundation.net/ wiki] and [http://blog.p2pfoundation.net/ blog]
*P2P Economy for business - http://p2peconomy.com/
*Hot off the press (Oct. '07) on physical production - http://www.peerconomy.org/wiki/Main_Page by [http://siefkes.net/ Christian Siefkes, Ph.D.]
*4.9.08 - OS is antidote to planned obsolescence - [[http://www.theinquirer.net/en/inquirer/news/2007/03/28/open-source-the-only-weapon-against-planned-obsolescence]]
*4.9.08 - Design Club - http://opendesignclub.com/index.php/About.html
*Feb. 2011 - Open MythSource: http://openmythsource.com/ - interviewed on the [http://agroinnovations.com/index.php/en_us/multimedia/blogs/podcast/2011/02/episode-121-state-banks-opensource-mythology-and-viralized-transgenics/ Agroinnovations Podcast]
*5.5.2011 - Cultural Creatives: http://culturalcreatives.cc/the-revolution-movie

==Ecovillages, ashrams and resilient communities==
*[http://money.cnn.com/2007/09/26/technology/village_saving_planet.biz2/index.htm Gaviotas revisited]
*[http://www.powerfromthesun.net/jtlylecenter.html J.T. Lyle Center for Regenerative Studies] - an experiment in sustainable living in California
*[http://gen.ecovillage.org/ Global Ecovillage Network] - "The Global Ecovillage Network (GEN) is a growing network of sustainable communities and initiatives that bridge different cultures, countries, and continents. GEN serves as umbrella organization for ecovillages, transition town initiatives, intentional communities, and ecologically-minded individuals worldwide."
*The Farm - http://www.thefarm.org/lifestyle/index.html
*Vigyan Ashram - new education - http://vigyanashram.com/ - vapabal@gmail.com
*[http://www.auroville.org/ Auroville], see [[Auroville Earth Institute]]
*http://www.twinoaks.org/
*[http://www.arcosanti.org/ Arcosanti]
*[http://www.thenzp.com/1_3.aspx The New Z-Land Project] - "The New Z-Land Project's mission is to create a prototype circular city and sustainable community in New Zealand which will subscribe to a Resource Sharing Society."
*[http://resilientcommunities.org/ Resilient Communities] - Blog run by Bob Stilger that focuses on healthy and resilient communities.
*[http://www.nyhistory.com/central/oneida.htm Oneida]
*[http://mtbest.net/ Mt Best], a homestead in Australia. Website has some innovative ideas on energy efficiency etc.
*[http://ecosustainablevillage.com.ip01-web23.net/Village_Maps.htm Eco Sustainable Village], consultants for building sustainable communities
*[http://villageforum.com/ Village Forum] - A website helping people create small communities
*[http://www.tamera.org/index.php?id=66&L=0 Tamera] - "Tamera’s aim is to develop an example of a model for a nonviolent co-existence of people and between people and nature."
*[http://www.berkana.org/ Berkana] - "Berkana and our partners share the clarity that whatever the problem, community is the answer. We prepare for an unknown future by creating strong and sustainable relationships, by wisely stewarding the earth’s resources, and by building resilient communities."
*[http://www.atlasinitiativegroup.org/ Atlas Initiative Group] - "The mission of the Atlas Initiative Group is to design, plan and build Atlas City in America, providing a peaceful transition model from a monetary based system economy to a resource based system economy demonstrated through an advanced city which will maximize automation and provide the highest standard of living for its participants."
*7.17.08 - A new country - http://wiki.aardsource.org/Main_Page
*7.1.08 - [http://seasteading.org/seastead.org/ephemerisle/index.html Ephemerisle] - a festival held at sea to get people thinking about the possibilities of living at sea. Now discontinued.

==Support==
*[http://bfi.org/ Buckminster Fuller Institute]
*[http://unreasonableinstitute.org/ Unreasonable Institute] - "At Unreasonable Institute we give high-impact social entrepreneurs wings. We are an international accelerator and investor in early stage social ventures and we seek out 25 of the world's most brilliant and bold social entrepreneurs to attend our annual 6 week Institute. There we will unite these entrepreneurs (deemed Unreasonable Fellows) and pair them with personal and entrepreneurial skill training, daily guidance from over 50 expert mentors, as well as opportunities and access to the seed capital their ventures need to take flight. " (Nikolay: not sure whether this one can be of direct help, but is here just for the record).
*[http://awesomefoundation.org/ The Awesome Foundation], founded to increase the amount of awesomeness in the world. Members of each local chapter pool together $1000 a month and give it to whoever has an idea for doing something awesome.
*1000 True Fans - http://www.kk.org/thetechnium/archives/2008/03/1000_true_fans.php

==Energy==
* Feb. 2011 - All Power Labs: Gasifier Experimenters Kit: http://www.gekgasifier.com/
*6.2.08 - [http://www.stanford.edu/~hydrobay/lookat/mkii.html another Tesla turbine thingy]
*6.2.08 - [http://kimmelsteampower.com/gallery.html Kimmel Steam Power]
*Boundary Layer Turbines - http://freeenergynews.com/Directory/Devices/TeslaTurbine/index.html
*[http://uk.youtube.com/watch?v=ugAivXAusus Flash steam Babington oil buner] on Youtube
*Ken Boak's oil and wood power - http://www.geocities.com/kenboak/wastewatts.html
*[http://www.green-trust.org/2000/biofuel/babington/default.htm Page from Green Trust site on vegetable oil burner]
*[http://www.biofab.org/ The BIOFAB]: International Open Facility Advancing Biotechnology (BIOFAB) was founded in December 2009 as the world's first biological design-build facility. This professionally staffed public-benefit facility was initiated by a grant from the National Science Foundation (NSF) and is led by bioengineers from UC Berkeley and Stanford University. The BIOFAB is operated in partnership with Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), the BioBricks Foundation (BBF), and the Synthetic Biology Engineering Research Center (SynBERC).
*[http://gasifiers.bioenergylists.org/smallchp%20 List of Bioenergy companies]
*[http://jnaudin.free.fr/ JLN Labs] - Free-Energy solutions and new generation of space-propulsion systems.
*[http://bingofuel.online.fr/bingofuel BingoFuel] - Alternative Fuels researches.

==Economics and abundance==
*[http://www.michaeljournal.org/plenty.htm In This Age of Plenty] from Louis Even.
*Open protocols and standards to exchange new units of value : http://open-udc.org.
*Futurism - http://thevenusproject.com/resource_eco.htm.
*Chris Anderson on [http://www.netvision.de/uk/dispatching/?event_id=5bb1b5e95afabb2e62d2b148ded47706&portal_id=369401748e8249f142a700d8098a3473 post scarcity economics]
*[http://www.rbose.org/ Research Based Open Source Environment] - "A collaboration platform for the development of open sourced solutions based on resource management and implementing them in our daily lives."
*[http://www.thezeitgeistmovement.com The Zeitgeist Movement] - A global movement dedicated to promoting and educating about sustainable development.
*[http://www.p-ced.com/1/ People-Centered Economic Development] - Advocacy for an alternate economic paradigm measured in human terms.

==Who might be interested in open source ecology? who has the same vision?==

* [http://www.sristi.org/cms/en/our_network Honey Bee Network] (which has a link to http://www.techpedia.in/)
* [http://www.hackerspaces.org Hackerspaces]
* [http://www.debian.net Debian], http://planet.debian.net
* [http://www.ubuntu.com Ubuntu], http://planet.ubuntu.com
* [http://www.openp2pdesign.org openp2pdesign.org], [http://www.openp2pdesign.org/twitter/ twitter news]
* [http://www.welserver.com/ Web Energy Logger], with a live map of US data.

[[Category: Collaboration]]

Zeitgeist Promotional

2012-09-23T21:36:14Z

4ndy: Article re-named for clarity

#REDIRECT [[Zeitgeist movement]]

Zeitgeist

2012-09-23T21:35:43Z

4ndy: Redirected page to Zeitgeist movement

#REDIRECT [[Zeitgeist movement]]

Zeitgeist

2012-09-23T21:35:09Z

4ndy: Article re-named for clarity

#REDIRECT [[Zeitgeist Movement]]

Zeitgeist movement

2012-09-23T21:34:48Z

4ndy: Added basic description, moving some of what little was in 'Zeitgeist' before

[http://www.thezeitgeistmovement.com/ The Zeitgeist Movement] is an international social & activism movement that aims to accelerate a transition into a sustainable resource-based economy by changing the present 'Zeitgeist' (cultural atmosphere of an era, a Deutsche loan-word, literally 'spirit of the time'). The movement advocates using "the scientific method for social concern", by applying the best in clean technology to its greatest extent, in order to free humanity from menial toil and manage resources sustainably.

While its official activism and events are typically focused on media and education, TZM is a [[True Fans|major supporter]] of OSE and Open-Source projects worldwide since they allow for uninhibited advancement of science and technology, independent of constraints posed by institutions of patenting and capitalist investment.

==External Links==
* [http://www.thezeitgeistmovement.com/ The Zeitgeist Movement official website]
* [http://blog.thezeitgeistmovement.com/ TZM official blog]
* [http://www.zeitnews.org/ ZeitNews - Positive Sci & Tech News-aggregate project]
* [http://zeitgeistmediaproject.com/main/ The Zeitgeist Media Project]

===Videos===
* [http://vimeo.com/13770061 Zeitgeist Addendum] - Peter Joseph, October 2008
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cAjFBsp__aE Awakening] - Douglas Mallette, February 2010
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Z9WVZddH9w Zeitgeist Moving Forward] - Peter Joseph, January 2011
* [http://vimeo.com/21486577 The Innovation War] - Ben McLeish, London Z-Day, March 2011
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ag2OI_xpIhU Arriving at a Resource-Based Economy] - Peter Joseph, TEDxO'Porto, March 2011
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KnpEyRSWncU Transition to a resource-based economy pitch] - Oskar Gonzalez, March 2011
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4qKAse8388k The Big Question] - Peter Joseph, TEDx Ojai, February 2012

[http://dotsub.com/view/user/tzmofficial Multi-Language Official Subtitles]

[[Category: Organizations]]

Shrouded wind turbine

2012-09-21T10:01:16Z

4ndy: Fixed some links

User:4ndy

2012-09-12T19:51:16Z

4ndy: Internal link to shrouded wind turbine and link to D* profile added

An engineering graduate and permaculture student living on the north coast of Scotland.
Running a modified Sells-Mendel RepRap 3D Printer for rapid prototyping of designs, and growing a food forest from the ground up.

Main open-source-hardware projects:
[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:8605 Rotary Hydroponics Unit]
[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:27791 Shrouded Wind Turbine]([[Shrouded wind turbine |wiki]])
[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:28631 Catamaran]

Blog:
http://engineeringourfreedom.blogspot.co.uk/

Diaspora:
https://joindiaspora.com/u/4ndy

Shrouded wind turbine

2012-08-21T04:26:35Z

4ndy: Found and listed FloDesign's US patent on particulars of their ducted-wind-turbine design, also added detail to a reference to one of Hugh Piggott's books.

A 'shrouded', '[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowling cowled]', '[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducted_fan ducted]' or '[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_lens wind lens]' turbine is one that is housed in a ring-shaped aerofoil that increases airflow through the turbine blades' swept area by generating a localised [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vortex_ring ring vortex].

Such systems can increase the power of a [[Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbine]] by 2-5 times<ref name="wind lens energies study">[http://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/3/4/634 A Shrouded Wind Turbine Generating High Output Power with Wind-lens Technology - Yuji Ohya and Takashi Karasudani, Energies, volume 3 issue 4] (open access, PDF, has diagrams of duct profiles tested)</ref>, for a given blade diameter and windspeed. While the use of an engine duct in aircraft design is considered a trade-off of additional weight for efficiency, the weight that it adds to ground-based wind turbine systems is of negligible importance, and a carefully designed diffuser can not only increase power output, but also cut out downstream turbulence and noise by inhibiting or removing [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wingtip_vortices blade-tip vortices] and by inducing rapid mixing of the high and low-speed air flows behind the turbine<ref>Elements of Gas Turbine Propulsion - Jack D. Mattingly, McGraw Hill International Editions, 1996, pp.804, Figure 10-56.</ref><ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WB5CawKfE2M FloDesign wind turbine] - might as well mute the video, since the narration is full of 'marketing'.</ref><ref name="patent US8021100B2">[http://www.google.com/patents?hl=en&lr=&vid=USPAT8021100&id=IAPwAQAAEBAJ&oi=fnd&dq=US+6877960+B1&printsec=abstract ''Wind turbine with mixers and ejectors''] -
Walter M. Presz, Jr. et al, US Patent number: 8021100, Filing date: Mar 24, 2008, Issue date: Sep 20, 2011, Application number: 12/054,050</ref>

==Design Considerations==
A wind lens must be supported around the turbine somehow, which implies a highly rigid (in order to prevent blade-tip collision) framework within the shroud, held from below, or radial members spanning from the turbine's axis to the inner surface of the shroud.
Using fixed radial support members necessitates that they be streamlined with aerofoils/fairings in order to reduce drag and turbulence that could otherwise interfere with the turbine's operation.

Once a system is installed with radial aerofoils around the rotor shaft, it becomes possible to use them to induce an initial rotation in the airflow, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axial_compressor#Description as do stator blades] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbine#Theory_of_operation in gas turbine engines], which can improve turbine blade performance characteristics, however as the turbine blades cut through regions of higher & lower pressure, created by stator camber and/or angle of attack, at high speeds this can result in generation of additional noise, and so inclining stator blades may not always be desirable.

It is typically preferable to use differing numbers of stator & rotor blades, especially prime numbers, in order to reduce resonant vibrations that could otherwise decrease service life of parts.

The development of static aerofoils, for use in a shroud and stator blades, lends itself well to the use of rapid-prototyping or additive manufacturing methods such as [[3D-Printing]]. One design exploiting this fact is the [http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:27791 Storm Turbine].

High-rotational-velocity HAWTs with their rotor blades mounted in upwind of their post/tower run a risk of the blade tips colliding with their tower at high wind-speeds, and so are typically constructed with a moving tail vane that furls upwards in high winds, causing such a turbine to yaw to one side of the approaching wind, which limits the danger that blades pose to the tower and decreases their top speed<ref>''A Wind Turbine Recipe Book - The Axial Flux Windmill Plans'' - Hugh Piggott, January 2009, Metric Edition, page 9, where he says "''In very turbulent and wild conditions the gyroscopic forces on the blades have been known to push them back into contact with the tower so that they break. This is a very rare but persistent problem. In this 2008 book I have changed the direetion of furliag of the turbines so that the gyro forces push the blade tips out from the tower as the machine moves into furl. This is the yaw movement where the blades tend to be racing fastest. This change should reduce or even prevent the contact of blades with tower from now on''"
Incidentally, on the very same page he makes a sweeping statement dismissing ducted turbines "''It simply isn't worth all the extra material involved in building a duct like that. The wind tends to divert around it so you don't gain as much as you would think. It is actually more effective to build a conventional blade rotor with larger diameter, than to make a duct. Some big companies have spent a lot of their investors' money finding this out''"; statement 1 is his conclusion, 2 is a mix of incorrect and meaningless depending on what "you would think", 3 depends on your specification, and 4 reflects some failings prior to japanese research.</ref>, while increasing wear on the blades as some of them run backwards as they turn away from the approaching wind.
Downwind turbines do not run any risk of colliding with their tower, but due to being pulled into line with the wind (especially with a duct), they are more subject to extremely high rotational velocities during storms, and so their blades must be constructed thick enough to withstand the resulting stresses, and alternators must have a way of keeping cool enough so that they are not damaged by overheating. While powering a dump load in order to slow blades down can help, some form of air-cooled heat sink next to stator coils may be needed to achieve enough cooling.

Longer ducts have shown to induce a stronger vortex effect, and so increase power, but are more difficult to construct and mount.<ref name="wind lens energies study"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

Shrouded wind turbine

2012-08-17T23:04:30Z

4ndy: Added detail about furling, high wind speeds and duct shape to design considerations

A 'shrouded', '[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowling cowled]', '[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducted_fan ducted]' or '[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_lens wind lens]' turbine is one that is housed in a ring-shaped aerofoil that increases airflow through the turbine blades' swept area by generating a localised [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vortex_ring ring vortex].

Such systems can increase the power of a [[Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbine]] by 2-5 times<ref name="wind lens energies study">[http://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/3/4/634 A Shrouded Wind Turbine Generating High Output Power with Wind-lens Technology - Yuji Ohya and Takashi Karasudani, Energies, volume 3 issue 4] (open access, PDF, has diagrams of duct profiles tested)</ref>, for a given blade diameter and windspeed. While the use of an engine duct in aircraft design is considered a trade-off of additional weight for efficiency, the weight that it adds to ground-based wind turbine systems is of negligible importance, and a carefully designed diffuser can not only increase power output, but also cut out downstream turbulence and noise by inhibiting or removing [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wingtip_vortices blade-tip vortices] and by inducing rapid mixing of the high and low-speed air flows behind the turbine<ref>Elements of Gas Turbine Propulsion - Jack D. Mattingly, McGraw Hill International Editions, 1996, pp.804, Figure 10-56.</ref><ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WB5CawKfE2M FloDesign wind turbine] - might as well mute the video, since the narration is full of 'marketing'.</ref>

==Design Considerations==
A wind lens must be supported around the turbine somehow, which implies a highly rigid (in order to prevent blade-tip collision) framework within the shroud, held from below, or radial members spanning from the turbine's axis to the inner surface of the shroud.
Using fixed radial support members necessitates that they be streamlined with aerofoils/fairings in order to reduce drag and turbulence that could otherwise interfere with the turbine's operation.

Once a system is installed with radial aerofoils around the rotor shaft, it becomes possible to use them to induce an initial rotation in the airflow, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axial_compressor#Description as do stator blades] [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbine#Theory_of_operation in gas turbine engines], which can improve turbine blade performance characteristics, however as the turbine blades cut through regions of higher & lower pressure, created by stator camber and/or angle of attack, at high speeds this can result in generation of additional noise, and so inclining stator blades may not always be desirable.

It is typically preferable to use differing numbers of stator & rotor blades, especially prime numbers, in order to reduce resonant vibrations that could otherwise decrease service life of parts.

The development of static aerofoils, for use in a shroud and stator blades, lends itself well to the use of rapid-prototyping or additive manufacturing methods such as [[3D-Printing]]. One design exploiting this fact is the [http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:27791 Storm Turbine].

High-rotational-velocity HAWTs with their rotor blades mounted in upwind of their post/tower run a risk of the blade tips colliding with their tower at high wind-speeds, and so are typically constructed with a moving tail vane that furls upwards in high winds, causing such a turbine to yaw to one side of the approaching wind, which limits the danger that blades pose to the tower and decreases their top speed<ref>A Wind Turbine Recipe Book - The Axial Flux Windmill Plans - Hugh Piggott, January 2009, Metric Edition</ref>, while increasing wear on the blades as some of them run backwards as they turn away from the approaching wind.
Downwind turbines do not run any risk of colliding with their tower, but due to being pulled into line with the wind (especially with a duct), they are more subject to extremely high rotational velocities during storms, and so their blades must be constructed thick enough to withstand the resulting stresses, and alternators must have a way of keeping cool enough so that they are not damaged by overheating. While powering a dump load in order to slow blades down can help, some form of air-cooled heat sink next to stator coils may be needed to achieve enough cooling.

Longer ducts have shown to induce a stronger vortex effect, and so increase power, but are more difficult to construct and mount.<ref name="wind lens energies study"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

Wind Turbine/Research Development

2012-08-17T22:17:45Z

4ndy: Added detail to HAWT section

{{GVCS Header}}

=Overview=

Open Source Ecology is involved in researching, developing and building open-source technologies for clean, local electricity-generation. As well as [[:Category:Solar Power|solar power]], we like wind power. Wind power or solar or both may be appropriate, depending on local materials and local weather conditions.

Specifically, we are interested in open-source designs for a wind turbine that can provide electricity for a small community. Small wind turbines like this are usually 7 feet (2m) to 25 feet (7.6m) in diameter.

[[Open Source Ecology Europe]] and -[[Germany]] are working on a prototype VAWT design: [[Germany/Wind_Turbine]]. Research and development is currently concentrated at [[TiVA]], a tiny wind turbine prototyping platform. With this very small turbine, we can easily change parts, try out new ideas and increase the quality of the design on a small scale in a fast and inexpensive way.

==Design specifications==
*'''Scalability''' - scalable from ??? to ???
*'''Low-cost''' - must cost less than $1 per installed watt and $0.05/kWh produced on a medium speed site (6m/s average speed [13.4mph, 21.6km/h])
*'''CAD files''' to allow parts to be digitally fabricated. We could just take an existing open-source design, and get one of our draftsmen to make the CAD file. Good CAD files could allow for scalable digital fabrication: the blades could be printed in a range of sizes, depending on what you need

==Existing open-source wind turbines==
Several wind turbines have already been open-sourced and it should be possible to use them for the [[Global Village Construction Set]]:

*[http://www.applied-sciences.net/library/zoetrope.php '''Zoetrope'''] is a vertical-axis wind turbine made from common materials such as stove pipe, metal brackets, plastic sheet and a trailer hub. Generates about 150-200W in winds of 20mph (32km/h). [http://www.applied-sciences.net/library/data/zoetrope-wind-turbine.pdf Construction Guide]. The major parts are: [http://69.175.14.181/catalog/product_info.php?cPath=22_30&products_id=175&osCsid=11bdc6671edf38fcc578ca1da051f8d8 parts kit for $159] (unless you could order one from a Fab Lab/ a hackerspace with a water-jet cutter), [http://www.amazon.com/2x1x1-Turbine-Generator-Neodymium-Magnets/dp/B0012DIXE4 24 neodymium magnets for $140], [http://www.etrailer.com/Trailer-Hubs-and-Drums/Dexter/34822BX.html?feed=npn trailer hub for $26]. There are also a bunch of pieces like nuts and bolts, but those are the main one, and come to $425 excluding shipping.
*[http://www.otherpower.com/otherpower_wind.shtml OtherPower.com] have several complete plans for wind turbines that can be built at home. Their site has -
**[http://www.otherpower.com/turbineplans.shtml Complete plans for a 10 foot (3m) turbine] that puts out 100W in 10mph (16km/h) winds and 700W in 25mph (40km/h) winds.
**[http://www.otherpower.com/bigmills1.html Design of a 14 foot (4.25m) turbine] that does 200W in 10mph (16km/h) winds and 1500W in 25mph (40km/h) winds. This is the record of a project rather than a replicable open-source design.
*[http://www.velacreations.com/chispito.html '''Chispito''' Wind Generator]. Chispito is made from recycled/salvaged materials, completely open-source with clear instructions and designed for simplicity. Open-source instructions for building both the turbine and the tower are available. Each turbine generates about 100W; most people seem to use a bunch of them. This is probably smaller that what we are looking for.
*http://www.scoraigwind.com/ has a lot of information on wind turbines, but no fully open-source plan
*[http://www.scoraigwind.com/pmgbooklet/itpmg.pdf Open source alternator] for wind turbines
*[http://www.onawi.org Onawi] is a not-for-profit organization dedicated to developing open-source wind turbines. No signs of progress yet, but watch this space.
*[http://kitepowercoop.org/ kite power]

==What kind of turbine?==
The first design decision we have to make is which kind of wind generator best suits our needs

===Vertical Axis Wind Turbine===
[[File:Pac_wind.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Pacwind VAWT Vertical Axis Wind Turbine Seahawk]]
Verical Axis Wind Turbines or VAWTs offer a number of advantages over traditional horizontal-axis wind turbines (HAWTs). With careful layout they can be [http://media.caltech.edu/press_releases/13430 packed closer together] in wind farms, allowing more in a given space. This is not because they are smaller, but rather due to the slowing effect on the air that HAWTs have, forcing designers to separate them by ten times their width. VAWTs are rugged, quiet, omni-directional, and they do not create as much stress on the support structure. They do not require as much wind to generate power, thus allowing them to be closer to the ground. By being closer to the ground they are easily maintained and can be installed on chimneys and similar tall structures.

In addition, by being closer to the ground, VAWTs have the ability to take advantage of the tunnelling effects of small buildings and structures (provided the structures are build close enough) small VAWTs are also used in corners of buildings (usually the corner of a balcony).

Although VAWTs are not as efficient as HAWTs they are considered more reliable and much easier to maintain. Some disadvantages of VAWT are:

* Some designs are non-self starting
* Blade that moves ''into the wind'' also moves ''against'' the wind, slowing down the turbine and causing buffeting that decreases blade service-life in a manner similar to helicopter blades. This could be addressed by a shield that adjusts to the direction of the wind and covers the blade that moves into the wind. This could be done with some kind of vane. However, this would complicate the design significantly, incl. bearings for the shield. So this may not be worth it ... probably easier to just build more VAWTs or build them bigger. But who knows ? Come up with a good sail/shield design and this might be just the breakthrough that VAWTs have been waiting for.
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorlov_helical_turbine Gorlov helical turbine] design which solves the pulsatory torque experienced by the blades during each revolution is patented.

A good step by step guide can be found on [http://www.instructables.com/id/VAWT-Lenz-type-Stage-1-Converting-wind-power-to-/ this link]: a small Savonius wind turbine that takes advantage of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venturi_effect Venturi effect].

There is a small scale printable VAWT on thingiverse http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:6899

===Horizontal-axis wind turbines===
Scoraig Wind has proven the viability of low-cost HAWTs using short wooden blades on a high-rotational-velocity freely-spinning rotor, with hand-wound alternators, in contrast with typical high-power commercial HAWTs that slow blades down using a gearbox (usually the first part to break down, sometimes with a ~5-year service life, and even catch fire during storms), however their plans are not yet open-source.

[[Shrouded wind turbine|Wind Lens]] style turbines have been shown to increase the power output of a HAWT by 2-5 times for a given size, and some designs for appropriate shrouds are freely available.

===Airborne wind turbines===
A turbine attached to a lighter-than-air ballooon, such as being developed by [http://www.magenn.com/ Magenn]. I think we can reject this as too complex and too experimental for our purposes.

#[http://www.google.com/patents/about?id=2is6AAAAEBAJ Wind driven apparatus for power generation] - expired patent for a tethered airborne turbine. This design generates power at the turbine and transmits it to the ground.
#[http://peswiki.com/index.php/Directory:High_Altitude_Wind_Power High Altitude Wind Power at PESwiki]

===Kite generators===
A high-flying power kite tethered to a generator on the ground. The kite tugs on the tether, which spins a turbine and generates electricity. All the machinery can be kept at ground level; only the sail is airborne. This allows for easy maintenance.

The two main advantages of this design are that reaches the more powerful winds higher up, and it may come in cheaper than a turbine. [http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncer_abstracts/index.cfm/fuseaction/display.abstractDetail/abstract/8602/report/F This] report from the WPI Kite Power Team says there is an "anticipated 50% cost savings over wind turbines".

We can probably buy an off-the-shelf power kite. [http://www.aliexpress.com/product-fm/397570670-Kite-Power-Kite-Sport-Kite-5sqm-Sail-Area-Power-Tricktion-Kite-Quad-line-Control-wholesalers.html Here] is a 5m<sup>2</sup> one for $166. [http://www.virtualvillage.com/Items/003300-010 Here] is a 2.7m<sup>2</sup> one for $14. [http://www.powerkiteshop.com/ozone_method.htm This] seems to be a top-of-the-range one - it's $600 for 6.5m<sup>2</sup>. Alternatively, we could try to build our own kite.

This would need to be attached to the open-source [[electric motor]] we're designing, and a microcontroller. All the hardware is on the ground, which makes maintenance and set-up easier. The control will be the main design challenge.

#Ecoble article: [http://ecoble.com/2008/08/26/wind-power-generated-from-kites/ Wind Power Generated From Kites]
#at Delft University of Technology:[http://www.inhabitat.com/2008/08/05/kite-power-delft-univerity-of-technology/ Kite Power Could Generate Energy for 100,000 Homes]
#Autopilot [http://diydrones.com/profiles/blog/show?id=705844%3ABlogPost%3A44813 Arduino board for drones]
#[http://www.ted.com/talks/saul_griffith_on_kites_as_the_future_of_renewable_energy.html Saul Griffith on kites as the future of renewable energy]
#[http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/E-project/Available/E-project-042607-112625/unrestricted/Wind_Power_from_Kites.pdf Academic project assessing feasibility of kite power] (link is to a 109 page pdf file). Gives technical details of the mechanism. Estimates 500W from a 2m<sup>2</sup> kite if the average wind speed in 8m/s
#http://climatelab.org/Airborne_Wind_Energy_Systems
#[http://www2.me.wpi.edu/wpi-kites/index.php/Main_Page WPI Kite Power Wiki] - ''"dedicated to developing a new renewable energy technology - Wind Power from Kites. In this concept, large kites tethered to the ground are used to extract power from the wind. Kites can extract power more economically than wind turbines because they fly at higher heights than turbines can operate."''
#http://www.kitegen.com/en/?page_id=7

==Siting of Turbines ==
A critical step to make wind profitable or optimal is putting the turbine in the right spot or site (turbine siting). This involves two main factors: the speed of the wind and the turbulence in the wind. Since the energy available in the wind varies with (E ~ v^3) a site with slightly less speed can produce a lot less energy. Siting requires measuring the speed of the wind for at least a year with a measurement mast (or small weather station) in a spot close to the site of the turbine. There exist open-source software to then propagate the measurements (using more or less complex computational fluid dynamics) to find the speeds on the topography. One example: http://awsopenwind.org/

==References==
* [http://www.peswiki.com/index.php/Review:Homebrew_Wind_Power Homebrew Wind Power], Dan Bartmann and Dan Fink, Buckville Publications LLC., released: January 1, 2009, 320 pages,ISBN: 978-0981920108.

[http://files.uniteddiversity.com/Energy/Wind/Community-led_Wind_Power.pdf Community-led wind power] <span style="color: green">[free, EN]</span>

=== Technical Litterature ===

Burton, Tony. [http://books.google.com/books?id=4UYm893y-34C&source=gbs_similarbooks Wind energy: handbook]
<span style="color: red">[Wiley, 2001, EN]</span>

Crome, Horst. [http://www.windenergie-technik-crome.de/ProfilCK220.htm Making a CK220 Profile blade] <span style="color: green">[free, DE]</span>

Chrome, Horst. [http://www.windenergie-technik-crome.de/Handbuch.htm Handbuch Windenergie Technik] <span style="color: red"> Sold at </span>[http://www.oekobuch.de/buecher/technik-erneuerbare-energie/handbuch-windenergie-technik.htm okobuch]

Hansen, Martin O. L. [http://books.google.com/books?id=GVD_HDPix6YC Aerodynamics of wind turbines] <span style="color: red">[ Routledge; 2nd edition (December 20, 2007), EN]</span>

Hau, Erich. [http://books.google.com/books/about/Wind_turbines.html?id=Z4bhObd65IAC Wind turbines: fundamentals, technologies, application, economics] <span style="color: red">[Springer; 2nd ed. edition (2 Sep 2005), EN]</span>

Johnson, Gary [http://www.rpc.com.au/products/windturbines/wind-book/WindTOC.html Renewable Wind Energy Systems]
Revised January 29, 2004 <span style="color: green">[free, EN]</span>

== Software and Design tools ==

'''[http://qblade.de.to/ Qblade]''' (TU, Berlin) Released under GPL.
This software provides an open solution for the design and aerodynamical computation of wind turbine blades. QBlade also includes post processing of conducted rotor simulations and gives deep insight into all relevant blade and ro tor variables for verification, to compare different rotor configurations, or even to study the numerical algorithm (Blade Element Momentum Theory) and the dependency’s among the aerodynamic variables themselves. It integrates with [http://web.mit.edu/drela/Public/web/xfoil/ XFOIL], also released under GPL. For more details see for example [http://fd.tu-berlin.de/en/studies-and-courses/thesis-topics/qblade-thesis/structural-computation-routines/ papers and research]

'''[http://web.mit.edu/drela/Public/web/xfoil/ XFOIL]''' (MIT, Boston) Released under GPL.
Used for design and analysis of subsonic isolated airfoils. Stuff you can do: Viscous (or inviscid) analysis of an existing airfoil, allowing
forced or free transition, transitional separation bubbles, limited trailing edge separation, lift and drag predictions just beyond CLmax, Karman-Tsien compressibility correction, fixed or varying Reynolds and/or Mach numbers. for more see tutorials [http://www.terrabreak.org/groundloop/xfoil.shtml here], or [http://www.scribd.com/doc/42692576/Tutorial-for-XFoil here]

'''[http://www.wmc.eu/focus6.php FOCUS 6]''' (WMC Knowledge Center, Wieringerwerf, the Netherlands). Unknown license, but the development was partly paid by European and Dutch tax payers.
FOCUS 6 is an integrated modular tool to design wind turbines and wind turbine components like rotor blades. For more than a decade, FOCUS has been used by the international wind turbine industry.
more details in [http://www.nrel.gov/wind/pdfs/se_workshop_bulder.pdf this presentation]

'''[http://wind.nrel.gov/designcodes/simulators/ NREL Simulation tools]''' ([http://www.nrel.gov/wind/ NREL], USA), includes lots of tools for turbine design and simulation like AeroDyn, BladeFS, FAST, TurbSim, etc.

'''[http://www.aero.polimi.it/mbdyn/ MBDyn]''' (Politecnico de Milano, Italy) Released under GPL. MBDyn is the first and possibly the only free* general-purpose MultiBody Dynamics analysis software. MBDyn features the integrated multidisciplinary analysis of multibody, multiphysics systems, including nonlinear mechanics of rigid and flexible constrained bodies, smart materials, electric networks, active control, hydraulic networks, essential fixed-wing and rotorcraft aerodynamics.
Integrates with [http://sourceforge.net/projects/blenderandmbdyn/ Blender] and NREL's [http://wind.nrel.gov/designcodes/simulators/aerodyn/ AeroDyn]. For wind turbine integration see [http://www.aero.polimi.it/mbdyn/documentation/research/windturbine/AIAA-2009-orlando-meng.pdf this presentation]

==More==
*[http://humdingerwind.com/windbelt.html Turbine-less wind generator]- how does it work?
*[http://www.prairieturbines.com/purchase.htm 5 kW wind turbine kit- under $6k in parts, without tower].
*1 kW - http://www.hurricanewindpower.com/servlet/the-Wind-Turbine-Kit/Categories

===Wind Power with Hydraulic Transmission===
Back in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_golden_age golden age of the Dutch], their booming economy was powered by wind in all sorts of incarnations (see article from Low-tech Magazine - [http://www.lowtechmagazine.com/2009/10/history-of-industrial-windmills.html Wind powered factories: history (and future) of industrial windmills]). Wind provided a lot of energy but one big problem was that this energy had to be used at the time that it occurred, with very little ability to store it for later use. Now in the 21st century, we can use hydraulic implementations to solve this problem. As builders of the [[GVCS]], we are quite familiar with hydraulic systems from projects such as [[LifeTrac]]. A hydraulic transmission can also be used for stationary applications and powerd by wind. The "mill" that harvests the wind is coupled to water pumps, generating hydrostatic pressure. With a storage reservoir (water tank at higher level), this energy is available at any time, powering hydraulic motors.
* Patent (granted 2008): [http://www.google.com/patents/about?id=skGtAAAAEBAJ&dq=Wind+turbine+with+hydraulic+transmission "Wind turbine with hydraulic transmission"]

==See Also==
*[[Turbine]]
*[[Wind Power Conversation]]
*[[Wind-Steam_Hybrid_Windmill]]

{{GVCS Footer}}

Shrouded wind turbine

2012-08-17T22:04:40Z

4ndy: Added a link to my turbine design, please discuss

Shrouded wind turbine

2012-08-17T21:57:58Z

4ndy: Initial description of function and design considerations

User:4ndy

2012-08-17T20:36:00Z

4ndy: Initial user description

An engineering graduate and permaculture student living on the north coast of Scotland.
Running a modified Sells-Mendel RepRap 3D Printer for rapid prototyping of designs, and growing a food forest from the ground up.

Main open-source-hardware projects:
[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:8605 Rotary Hydroponics Unit]
[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:27791 Shrouded Wind Turbine]
[http://www.thingiverse.com/thing:28631 Catamaran]

Blog:
http://engineeringourfreedom.blogspot.co.uk/