Open Source Ecology - User contributions [en]

Aquaponics

2023-03-14T15:36:08Z

Hripka: /* Useful Links */

[http://opensourceecology.org/wiki/Aquaponics_Greenhouse_Working_Team#Team Aquaponics Greenhouse 2015 Video]

[https://docs.google.com/a/opensourceecology.org/presentation/d/1BFIuy4YyY05yFWfn-a7ursn1er2GWzvbHIB2goPpClo/edit?pli=1#slide=id.p Aquaponics Greenhouse Working Group 2015]

[http://opensourceecology.org/wiki/Aquaponics_Greenhouse_Working_Team#Collaborator_Survey NOW Sign up for Aquaponics Greenhouse Working Team 2015]

{{Category=Controlled-environment growing}}
Aquaponics is the combination of [[aquaculture]] (fish farming) and [[hydroponics]] (growing plants using water rather than soil). It is an incredibly productive means of growing food, allowing a person to sustain themselves on less than 100m<sup>2</sup>. Some people with large systems growing 5000 plants a week have reported that, once their system is set up, they earn €1000 a week spending 2 hours a day at work. Aquaponics is ecologically sound and sustainable. Scalable designs for systems are available online.

See also:

* [[Aquaponics/Research]]
* [[Aquaponics/Suggested Fish]]

==How aquaponics works==
[[File:Aquaponics.gif|center|850px]]
Edible fish are grown in a tank. Their poop enriches the water with nutrients.<br>This enriched water is pumped into gravel beds with edible plants rooted in them. As the water flows through the gravel beds, the plants' roots and the bacteria that grow on the gravel take nutrients from the water. This both nourishes the plants and cleans the water.<br>The water, now clean, flows back into the fish tank.

The system provides fish, vegetables and herbs for people. Some systems have grown fruit trees aquaponically, but this is still experimental.

==Feeding the fish==
*'''Commercially available fish food''' is the most common way of feeding the fish in aquaponics. The disadvantage is that your system then requires constant input of resources.
*'''Algae''' will grow endemically in nearly any body of still water. Fish will eat these, but in practice it is not possible to grow enough algae to sustain an aquaponic system. You can increase the fraction of the fish's requirements met by algae by providing a surface underwater for the algae to grow on. (Remember when you had a goldfish as a kid, and the little castle in his tank got covered with green stuff?) Use something with high surface area.
*'''[[Duckweed]]''', an extremely fast-growing high-protein pond weed, can be grown on the surface of the tank. There are species of duckweed adapted to nearly all climates.
*'''Insects'''. Herbs that attract insects can be grown in rafts on the surface of the fishtank. Mulberry and tea trees are used in aquaculture to attract insects as fish food.
*'''[[Worms]]''' from a compost heap can be fed to the fish. The worms can be fed with grass cuttings, food waste and other organic waste. Some of the compost from the wormery can be added to the water input to the gravel beds; this diversifies the nutrients the plants receive. Aquaponics combined with vermiculture is nearly a closed-loop system. Organic waste is converted into worms, worms into fish, fish into vegetables. The fish and the vegetables are converted into human life!
*'''[[Black Soldier Fly]] larvae'''. An integrated Black Soldier Fly and aquaponics system can turn 12kg of food waste into 1kg of delicious fish, plus the vegetables in the grow-beds.

Duckweed grows very fast and Black Soldier Fly larvae convert very efficiently. A system with a small duckweed tank, a wormery and a Black Soldier Fly bioconversion unit should have no problem getting by without buying fish food. This cuts operating costs to near zero. The more varied the fish's diet, the better they are likely to taste.

==System design==
A rule of thumb is that the volume of the gravel beds should be twice that of the fish tank. Gravel beds would typically be about 30cm deep.

Fish can normally be stocked at 2-3kg of fish per cubic meter of water.

The species of fish used depends on the climate.

==Water quality==
===Temperature===
The required temperature depends on the species of fish you want to grow. If you choose fish that are adapted to your local climate, you will save money on heating costs. Digital methods to measure temperatre, pH, dissolved oxygen, and possibly other parameters should be investigated as a way to gather information for system optimization, indications of system problems, and eventually labor savings.

===pH===
pH needs to be tested every week or more. A pH of around 6.2-6.4 is best, though this varies somewhat depending on the species of fish.

If pH gets too low, it could be a sign that parts of the gravel bed have developed anaerobic bacteria, which produce acids. If this happens, remove any plants with very large root systems, as these create pockets where air cannot get to.

If the pH is too high, it is generally a sign that the plant biofilters are not keeping up with the fish's production of ammonia. Plant more plants.

===Oxygenation===
Aquaponic systems require an air pump underwater. Having the flow from the gravel beds falling from a height and splashing into the fish tank will help oxygenate it too.

It is very important to keep the aerator pump running at all times. If the oxygen supply to the fish is cut off for just 45 minutes, you will have dead fish. For this reason, it is wise to have a backup air pump that will kick in if your pump fails. There can never be too much oxygen in the water; excess oxygen will bubble to the surface and escape.

===Nutrients===
A lot of aquaponic systems require calcium, potassium and iron to be added about every two weeks. If you have a wormery and add a little of the worm-compost to the water flowing into the gravel beds, this should provide these missing nutrients.

==Open-source systems==
* [http://farmfountain.com/howto/index.html Farm Fountain], an open-source, indoor, vertical aquaponic system.
* [http://www.fastonline.org/ Barrelponics] - Aquaponics in a barrel. Barrelponics definitely meets the [[OSE Specifications]]; it is a scalable, environmentally-friendly, open-source local food system.
* [http://blog.automicrofarm.com/ AutoMicroFarm] An open source barrelponics system under development.
* [http://theurbanfarmingguys.com/ The Urban Farming Guys] in Kansas City are developing a low-cost Aquaponics system. The [http://theurbanfarmingguys.com/aquaponics-how-to instructional video] outlines the principles of aquaponics. [http://theurbanfarmingguys.com/wiki/knowledgebase-2/aquaculture-aquaponics/aquaponics-system-plans/40-gallon-tote-basement-system Design for a small aquaponic system].
* [http://opensourceecology.org/wiki/Category:Holistic_Aquaponics_Greenhouse_Toolkit Category: Holistic Aquaponics Greenhouse Toolkit] A toolkit of commonly used system theory-based controlled environment modular technologies based on ubiquitous construction materials and open source design priniciples is being developed.

==Work to be done==
Aquaponics is still in its infancy and is developing every year. More research needs to be done into polycultured systems that can grow more than one type of fish. (Different fish require different water temperatures and pH, so some species are incompatible. However, tilapia and prawns - which are both delicious - have been farmed together in fish farms [http://www.aquaticcommunity.com/tilapia/prawns.php].) Another avenue of research would be to use lights or herbs to attract insects to the tank where the fish can eat them; another step towards making a more diverse, more closed-loop system.

===Concept for compost-heated, compost-powered aquaponic system===
Say you want to set up an aquaponics system. You decide to grow tilapia, because they have many advantages for aquaponics. But tilapia like a water temperature of 28-30°C (82-86°F) and you live in a climate where it gets cold in winter. Using good [[Greenhouses|greenhouse design]], you are able to stabilize the temperature year-round, but there's no way you'll get it up to 28-30° without a heat source. This will require an input of power, in addition to the power needed for the pump.

There could be a way to kill two birds with one stone: build a [[thermophilic compost]] heap against one side of the fish tank. The heat from the compost will warm the water up. Care must be taken to keep the temperature of the greenhouse stable, as the pile can get up to 50°C (122°F). Secondly, for the pump you keep a [[Stirling Engine with Hydraulic Transmission|stirling engine]] at the compost heap. This is driven by the heat of the composting and is hydraulically connected to the water pump. Just an idea...

=Resources=
==Useful Links==
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wUE9Td2iqYU Video on strategies for cold climate aquaponics]

[https://twitter.com/fasc1nate/status/1595862604433756160 An interesting demonstration of aeroponics (farming without soil).]

[https://www.sundropfarms.com/ Sundrop Farms is a leading horticultural player in Australia producing high-value fruit using renewable sources.]

[https://www.leaffin.com/hydroponics-growing-systems/ Hydroponic Systems – Basic Types & How They Works Differently? (Pros & Cons)]

[https://faircompanies.com/videos/backyard-aquaponics-diy-system-to-raise-fish-with-veggies/ Backyard aquaponics: DIY system to raise fish with veggies]

[https://www.friendlyaquaponics.com/small-aquaponics-systems/ The Very Best Indoor Aquaponics Systems]

[https://www.greenlifeaquaponics.com/ Green Life Aquaponics]

[http://www.voanews.com/content/combined-fish-vegetable-farming-catching-on/1792728.html Combined Fish-Vegetable Farming Catching On]

[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jV9CCxdkOng 1 MILLION pounds of Food on 3 acres. 10,000 fish 500 yards compost]

[http://www.bio-pharms.com Bio-Pharms]

[http://www.biocontrols.com/aero111t.htm Tomato Income Potential]

[http://www.jsonline.com/business/98569659.html Urban farm in Racine is no fish tale]

==2015==
*FAO Aquaponics design manual - [http://www.fao.org/3/contents/1dea3c92-1faa-47bb-a374-0cf4d9874544/i4021e00.htm] - notice Myanmar system described in section 9.4.1; information is available from author
*Open Source Aquaponics Lab, Paulo Marini - this gets OSE's #1 vote - [https://www.facebook.com/aquaponicslab FB], [https://aquaponicslab.org/ site]

==2014 and Earlier==
* [http://www.fastonline.org/?page_id=32 Aquaponics info at F.A.S.T.]
* [http://www.backyardaquaponics.com Backyard Aquaponics] - Includes a thriving [http://www.backyardaquaponics.com/forum/ forum]
* [http://www.growingpower.org/ Growing Power] - a non-profit dedicated to educating people about growing food
* [http://www.friendlyaquaponics.com/ Friendly Aquaponics] - contains plans for systems
* [http://www.aquaponicsjournal.com/articles.php Aquaponics Journal articles]
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaponics#Further_reading Wikipedia aquaponics article] - Further Reading section
* [https://www.aquaponics.com/aquaponics/aquaponicsoverview.php ''Aquaponics Information'' at aquaponics.com]
* [[appropedia:Aquaponics|Aquaponics on Appropedia]]
* [http://uponics.com/aquaponics-fish/ Aquaponics Fish] Site outlining different fish for aquaponics, plus other aquaponics resources
* [http://www.windward.org/ Windward] - a self-sufficient community that uses aquaponics. They have an informative website.
* [http://socalfishfarm.com/fish/ SoCal Fish Farm] - a commercial aquaponics operation. Their website has good information on tilapia, shrimp, aquaponics and [[Greenhouses|solar greenhouses]]
* [http://passionforproduce.net/ Passion For Produce] - backyard aquaponics garden in Sarasota, FL
* [http://www.aquaponics-shop.com Aquaponics Shop] - Australia dedicated aquaponics shop with commercial assistance and research
* [http://aquaponics-plans.allecofriendly.info Aquaponics Plans] - An enthusiast's blog about her personal experience with aquaponics and aquaponics plans.
* [http://aquaponicsideasonline.com Aquaponics System] - An aquaponics enthusiast's website providing ideas and advice for setting aquaponics gardens.
* [http://helpwithaquaponics.com Help With Aquaponics] - Site dedicated to helping people design, build and operate aquaponics systems.

Home building

2023-03-14T15:24:28Z

Hripka: /* Materials */

== Design ==

[https://www.yourhome.gov.au/ Your Home] Australia’s independent guide to creating sustainable homes for the future

[https://www.homeplans.com/ Home Plans]
[https://www.houseplans.net/ House Plans]

== Features ==

[http://www.clivusmultrum.com/ Clivus Multrum] Manufacturer of Composting Toilets and Greywater Systems since 1973.

[https://rooftopsprinklersystem.com/ Rooftop Sprinkler System] Protect your home from wildfire ember attack

[https://solaroof.org/pmwiki.php Sola Roof] is a global community of collaboration that experiments with new ways of building, gardening and shaping our environment - around one central idea - the Closed Ecological Environment (CEE) - that offers Open Source regenerative food/energy/water solutions for building together a future of abundance for all.

[http://www.greenbuildingadvisor.com/blogs/dept/musings/solar-versus-superinsulation-30-year-old-debate Solar Versus Superinsulation: A 30-Year-Old Debate]
A dispute from the late '70s and early '0s still sheds light on energy-efficient design

[https://www.urbanhomestead.org/ Urban Homestead]

== Materials ==

[https://www.cement.org/cement-concrete/paving/buildings-structures/concrete-homes/building-systems-for-every-need/autoclaved-aerated-concrete Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC)] is made with fine aggregates, cement, and an expansion agent that causes the fresh mixture to rise like bread dough. In fact, this type of concrete contains 80 percent air. In the factory where it is made, the material is molded and cut into precisely dimensioned units.

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g4kKxY7KNyw Can You Build a House With Hemp? | National Geographic]

[https://www.mpamasonry.org/ MPA Masonry]

[https://www.yourhome.gov.au/materials/rammed-earth Rammed earth]

[https://earthandstraw.com/ straw bale construction]

[http://www.concretecanvas.com/ Inflatable Concrete Buildings]

[https://www.wikihouse.cc/ WikiHouse] is a modular building system that makes it easy to design, manufacture and assemble high-performance homes and small buildings.

== Projects and Repairs ==

[https://rogueengineer.com/diy-outdoor-bench-plans-with-back/ DIY Outdoor Bench with Back]
[https://www.mycarpentry.com/easy-bench-plans.html Easy Bench Plans]

[https://morehackz.com/pvchack/ PVC Pipe Hacks and Projects]

[https://www.familyhandyman.com/list/plumbing-with-pex-tubing/ Plumbing With PEX Tubing]

[https://www.sharkbite.com/us/en The Very Best in Push Fit Plumbing Solutions]

== Tools ==
[https://talontoolsusa.com/ Stud Master] by Talon Tools USA is a precision framing tool used to reduce framing time significantly and eliminate any errors when doing On Center Framing.

Home building

2023-03-11T14:43:20Z

Hripka:

== Design ==

[https://www.yourhome.gov.au/ Your Home] Australia’s independent guide to creating sustainable homes for the future

[https://www.homeplans.com/ Home Plans]
[https://www.houseplans.net/ House Plans]

== Features ==

[http://www.clivusmultrum.com/ Clivus Multrum] Manufacturer of Composting Toilets and Greywater Systems since 1973.

[https://rooftopsprinklersystem.com/ Rooftop Sprinkler System] Protect your home from wildfire ember attack

[https://solaroof.org/pmwiki.php Sola Roof] is a global community of collaboration that experiments with new ways of building, gardening and shaping our environment - around one central idea - the Closed Ecological Environment (CEE) - that offers Open Source regenerative food/energy/water solutions for building together a future of abundance for all.

[http://www.greenbuildingadvisor.com/blogs/dept/musings/solar-versus-superinsulation-30-year-old-debate Solar Versus Superinsulation: A 30-Year-Old Debate]
A dispute from the late '70s and early '0s still sheds light on energy-efficient design

[https://www.urbanhomestead.org/ Urban Homestead]

== Materials ==

[https://www.cement.org/cement-concrete/paving/buildings-structures/concrete-homes/building-systems-for-every-need/autoclaved-aerated-concrete Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC)] is made with fine aggregates, cement, and an expansion agent that causes the fresh mixture to rise like bread dough. In fact, this type of concrete contains 80 percent air. In the factory where it is made, the material is molded and cut into precisely dimensioned units.

[https://www.mpamasonry.org/ MPA Masonry]

[https://www.yourhome.gov.au/materials/rammed-earth Rammed earth]

[https://earthandstraw.com/ straw bale construction]

[http://www.concretecanvas.com/ Inflatable Concrete Buildings]

[https://www.wikihouse.cc/ WikiHouse] is a modular building system that makes it easy to design, manufacture and assemble high-performance homes and small buildings.

== Projects and Repairs ==

[https://rogueengineer.com/diy-outdoor-bench-plans-with-back/ DIY Outdoor Bench with Back]
[https://www.mycarpentry.com/easy-bench-plans.html Easy Bench Plans]

[https://morehackz.com/pvchack/ PVC Pipe Hacks and Projects]

[https://www.familyhandyman.com/list/plumbing-with-pex-tubing/ Plumbing With PEX Tubing]

[https://www.sharkbite.com/us/en The Very Best in Push Fit Plumbing Solutions]

== Tools ==
[https://talontoolsusa.com/ Stud Master] by Talon Tools USA is a precision framing tool used to reduce framing time significantly and eliminate any errors when doing On Center Framing.

Home building

2023-03-11T14:34:43Z

Hripka: /* Features */

== Design ==

== Features ==

[http://www.clivusmultrum.com/ Clivus Multrum] Manufacturer of Composting Toilets and Greywater Systems since 1973.

[https://rooftopsprinklersystem.com/ Rooftop Sprinkler System] Protect your home from wildfire ember attack

[https://solaroof.org/pmwiki.php Sola Roof] is a global community of collaboration that experiments with new ways of building, gardening and shaping our environment - around one central idea - the Closed Ecological Environment (CEE) - that offers Open Source regenerative food/energy/water solutions for building together a future of abundance for all.

[http://www.greenbuildingadvisor.com/blogs/dept/musings/solar-versus-superinsulation-30-year-old-debate Solar Versus Superinsulation: A 30-Year-Old Debate]
A dispute from the late '70s and early '0s still sheds light on energy-efficient design

[https://www.urbanhomestead.org/ Urban Homestead]

== Materials ==

[https://www.cement.org/cement-concrete/paving/buildings-structures/concrete-homes/building-systems-for-every-need/autoclaved-aerated-concrete Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC)] is made with fine aggregates, cement, and an expansion agent that causes the fresh mixture to rise like bread dough. In fact, this type of concrete contains 80 percent air. In the factory where it is made, the material is molded and cut into precisely dimensioned units.

[https://www.mpamasonry.org/ MPA Masonry]

[https://earthandstraw.com/ straw bale construction]

[http://www.concretecanvas.com/ Inflatable Concrete Buildings]

[https://www.wikihouse.cc/ WikiHouse] is a modular building system that makes it easy to design, manufacture and assemble high-performance homes and small buildings.

== Projects and Repairs ==

[https://rogueengineer.com/diy-outdoor-bench-plans-with-back/ DIY Outdoor Bench with Back]
[https://www.mycarpentry.com/easy-bench-plans.html Easy Bench Plans
]

[https://morehackz.com/pvchack/ PVC Pipe Hacks and Projects]

[https://www.familyhandyman.com/list/plumbing-with-pex-tubing/ Plumbing With PEX Tubing]

[https://www.sharkbite.com/us/en The Very Best in Push Fit Plumbing Solutions]

Home building

2023-03-11T03:21:40Z

Hripka: Created page with " == Design == == Features == [http://www.clivusmultrum.com/ Clivus Multrum] Manufacturer of Composting Toilets and Greywater Systems since 1973. [https://solaroof.org/pm..."

== Design ==

== Features ==

[http://www.clivusmultrum.com/ Clivus Multrum] Manufacturer of Composting Toilets and Greywater Systems since 1973.

[https://solaroof.org/pmwiki.php Sola Roof] is a global community of collaboration that experiments with new ways of building, gardening and shaping our environment - around one central idea - the Closed Ecological Environment (CEE) - that offers Open Source regenerative food/energy/water solutions for building together a future of abundance for all.

[http://www.greenbuildingadvisor.com/blogs/dept/musings/solar-versus-superinsulation-30-year-old-debate Solar Versus Superinsulation: A 30-Year-Old Debate]
A dispute from the late '70s and early '0s still sheds light on energy-efficient design

[https://www.urbanhomestead.org/ Urban Homestead]

== Materials ==

[https://www.cement.org/cement-concrete/paving/buildings-structures/concrete-homes/building-systems-for-every-need/autoclaved-aerated-concrete Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC)] is made with fine aggregates, cement, and an expansion agent that causes the fresh mixture to rise like bread dough. In fact, this type of concrete contains 80 percent air. In the factory where it is made, the material is molded and cut into precisely dimensioned units.

[https://www.mpamasonry.org/ MPA Masonry]

[https://earthandstraw.com/ straw bale construction]

[http://www.concretecanvas.com/ Inflatable Concrete Buildings]

[https://www.wikihouse.cc/ WikiHouse] is a modular building system that makes it easy to design, manufacture and assemble high-performance homes and small buildings.

== Projects and Repairs ==

[https://rogueengineer.com/diy-outdoor-bench-plans-with-back/ DIY Outdoor Bench with Back]
[https://www.mycarpentry.com/easy-bench-plans.html Easy Bench Plans
]

[https://morehackz.com/pvchack/ PVC Pipe Hacks and Projects]

[https://www.familyhandyman.com/list/plumbing-with-pex-tubing/ Plumbing With PEX Tubing]

[https://www.sharkbite.com/us/en The Very Best in Push Fit Plumbing Solutions]

Open Source Appropriate Technology

2023-03-11T02:28:17Z

Hripka: /* External links */

{{Category=Guiding philosophies}}
=OSE Context=
OSE calls any technology ''appropriate'' when it is open source. This is because the transparency afforded by [[Open Source Development]] is likely to work out numerous 'bugs' or issues in the technology. Current, proprietary technology is by definition opaque, and many unintended consequences are likely to arise - potentially contibuting to [[Pressing World Issues]].

Appropriate technology must be a technology that is beneficial and lifegiving, as opposed to leading to degeneration or destruction. OSE extends the tradition concept of Appropriate Technology - typically applied to lower technologies for developing countries - to a more general concept of what is 'appropriate.' OSE views ''open source'' and ''collaborative'' (see [[Open Source and Collaborative]]) as the critical element that makes a technology benign - for examply by unleashing access to life-giving production and productivity - while remaining ecologically benign, socially just, and most importantly - [[Regenerative]]. OSE also assumes that when basic needs are met on [[Maslow's Pyramid]], people have a chance to evolve to [[Self-Determination]].

Open source appropriate technology is likely to mitigate the negative aspects of the [[Singularity]]. Thus, moving forward, it is crucial that open source, collaborative development gain a strong foothold in order to mid-course correct the development of the technosphere. OSE envisions sufficient rise of [[Integrated Humans]] as part of that solution.

=Introduction=
*Seminal paper by Dr. Joshua Pearce - http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10668-012-9337-9 (internal copy: [[File:osat.pdf]] ).
*Text below is about the same topic. It has been transwikified '''[http://www.appropedia.org/Open_Source_Appropriate_Technology from Appropedia]''' under CC-by-sa license.
*Wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Source_Appropriate_Technology "Open Source Appropriate Technology"]
*'''Open source appropriate technology''' (OSAT) refers to [[technologies]] that are designed in the same fashion as '''free''' <ref>Free as in gratis and free as in libre - '''Gratis''' = This is sometimes expressed in the phrase, "free as in free beer", as distinct from '''Libre'''= "free as in free speech".</ref> and [[open-source software]]. These technologies must be "[[appropriate technology]]" (AT) - meaning technology that is designed with special consideration to the environmental, ethical, cultural, social, political, and economical aspects of the community it is intended for. The case for OSAT is made [[:media:2012_case_for_OSAT.pdf|here]]. <ref> Joshua M. Pearce, “[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10668-012-9337-9 The Case for Open Source Appropriate Technology]”, ''Environment, Development and Sustainability'' '''14''', pp. 425–431 (2012). </ref>
=OSE Context=
OSE emphasizes that:
*A prerequisite for a technology being appropriate is that it is open source, as otherwise, it would not be transparent
*''Appropriate'' does not refer to the typical meaning of ''lower tech for the developing world'' - but refers to ''appropriate'' in the general sense of the term - in that it is life-giving and in general beneficial from an integrated or holistic perspective.
*Appropriate technology can be low tech or high tech, depending on the context
*The metric for ''appropriateness'' is in general how well a technology contributes to quality of life and regeneration of the world. OSE aims to capture all of the qualities of ''appropriateness'' in its key design specifications - the [[OSE Specifications]]

==Benefits==

Open source is a development method for [[appropriate technology]] that harnesses the power of distributed peer review and transparency of process. [[Appropedia]] is an example of '''open source [[appropriate technology]]'''. Here anyone can both learn how to make and use AT free of [[patent]] concerns. At the same time anyone can also add to the collective open source knowledge base by contributing ideas, observations, experimental data, deployment logs, etc.

It has been claimed that the potential for open source appropriate technology to drive [[applied sustainability]] is enormous.<ref name="buitenhuis">A. J. Buitenhuis, I. Zelenika and J. M. Pearce, “[http://nciia.org/sites/default/files/pearce.pdf Open Design-Based Strategies to Enhance Appropriate Technology Development]”, ''Proceedings of the 14th Annual National Collegiate Inventors and Innovators Alliance Conference : Open'', March 25-27th 2010, pp. 1-12.</ref> The built in continuous [[peer-review]] can result in better quality, higher reliability, and more flexibility than conventional design/patenting of technologies. The free nature of the knowledge also obviously provides lower costs, particularly for those technologies that do not benefit to a large degree from scale of manufacture. Finally, OSAT also enables the end to predatory intellectual property lock-in. This is particularly important in the context of technology focused on relieving suffering and saving lives in the [[developing world]].

The "open source" model can act as a driver of [[sustainable development]]. There are (at least) three good reasons<ref>[http://www.worldchanging.com/archives/004004.html Open Source, Development and Design Jamais Cascio, Available]</ref>:
# it enables production as well as consumption;
# it enables localization for communities that do not have the resources to tempt commercial developers to provide local versions of their products;
# it can be free as in "gratis" as well as free as in "libre" -- an important consideration for developing communities.

==Ethical Considerations==
Although developing world problems are portioned remarkably low support for solutions, many researchers, companies, and academics do work on products meant to assist [[sustainable development]]. Vinay Gupta has suggested that those developers agree to three principles <ref>Starting an anti-patent-abuse appropriate technology political bloc? by [[Vinay Gupta]], available: [http://www.globalswadeshi.net/forum/topic/show?id=2097821%3ATopic%3A2401]</ref>:

# I will not permit any human being to be deprived of life-giving technology by the profit motive.
# Any works that I patent I will make available to others who are engaged in humanitarian activity for free, except where this would breach other contractual responsibilities.
# I will not use patent law to slow the pace of innovation or service delivery to the needy under any circumstances.

==Support in the Literature==

* It has been investigated how open sharing of designs, specifications, and technical information can enhance effectiveness, widespread use, and innovation of appropriate technology.<ref name="buitenhuis"/>
* OSAT has been claimed to assist in development of medical technology particularly for the developing world <ref>Amy Kapczynski et al., “Addressing Global Health Inequities: An Open Licensing Approach for University Innovations,” Berkley Technology Law Journal 20 (2005): 1031-1114.</ref><ref>Stephen M. Maurer, Arti Rai, and Andrej Sali, "Finding Cures for Tropical Diseases: Is Open Source an Answer?", PLoS Medicine 1, no. 3 (December 2004): 183-186.</ref>.
* It has been claimed that the sharing of design processes, appropriate tools, and technical information enables more effective and rapid development of [[appropriate technologies]] for both industrialized and non-industrialized regions.<ref name="pearce-mushtaq">Joshua M. Pearce and Usman Mushtaq, “[http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=5444388&isnumber=5444349 Overcoming Technical Constraints for Obtaining Sustainable Development with Open Source Appropriate Technology]”, ''Science and Technology for Humanity (TIC-STH), 2009 IEEE Toronto International Conference'', pp. 814-820, 26-27 Sept. 2009.</ref> In addition, it is claimed that this sharing will require the appropriate technology community to adopt open standards/licenses, document knowledge, and build on previous work. <ref name="pearce-mushtaq"/>
* At the university level, the use of open source appropriate technology classroom projects has been shown to be successful in forging the connection between physics and social benefit:<ref>J. M. Pearce, "[http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=PHTEAH000045000003000164000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yesTeaching Physics Using Appropriate Technology Projects]", The Physics Teacher, 45, pp. 164-167, 2007.</ref> This approach has the potential to use university students’ access to resources and testing equipment in furthering the development of appropriate technology. Similarly OSAT has been used as a tool for improving [[service learning]].<ref>Joshua M. Pearce, “[http://jsd.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/3/1/45 Appropedia as a Tool for Service Learning in Sustainable Development]”, ''Journal of Education for Sustainable Development'', '''3'''(1), pp.45-53, 2009. [http://hdl.handle.net/1974/5306 Q-Space pre-print]</ref><ref>S. Murphy and N. Saleh, "[http://hdl.handle.net/1974/5171 Information literacy in CEAB’s accreditation criteria: the hidden attribute]", In ''Proceedings of the The Sixth International Conference on Innovation and Practices in Engineering Design and Engineering Education'', 2009. Hamilton, ON July 27–29, 2009.</ref>

See Also: [[Open Source Appropriate Technology Literature Review]]

===Full abstracts===

====The Case for Open Source Appropriate Technology====
[[image:EDS_cover.png|right|thumb]]
Much of the widespread poverty, environmental desecration, and waste of human life seen around the globe could be prevented by known (to humanity as a whole) technologies, many of which are simply not available to those that need it. This lack of access to critical information for sustainable development is directly responsible for a morally and ethically unacceptable level of human suffering and death. A solution to this general problem is the concept of open source appropriate technology or OSAT, which refers to technologies that provide for sustainable development while being designed in the same fashion as free and open-source software. OSAT is made up of technologies that are easily and economically utilized from readily available resources by local communities to meet their needs and must meet the boundary conditions set by environmental, cultural, economic, and educational resource constraints of the local community. This paper explores both the open source and appropriate technology aspects of OSAT to create a paradigm, in which anyone can both learn how to make and use needed technologies free of IP concerns. At the same time anyone can also add to the collective open source knowledge ecosystem or knowledge commons by contributing ideas, designs, observations, experimental data, deployment logs, etc. It is argued that if OSAT continues to grow and takes hold globally creating a vibrant virtual community to share technology plans and experiences, a new technological revolution, built on a dispersed network of innovators working together to create a just sustainable world is possible.

* Joshua M. Pearce, “[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10668-012-9337-9 The Case for Open Source Appropriate Technology]”, ''Environment, Development and Sustainability'' '''14''', pp. 425–431 (2012). [http://mtu.academia.edu/JoshuaPearce/Papers/1577231/The_Case_for_Open_Source_Appropriate_Technology open access]

'''In the news'''
* Discussion in the media of the use of semiconductor quantum dots to protect IP in 3D printing [http://3dprintingindustry.com/2014/07/01/quantum-dots-hinder-3d-printed-counterfeits/] discusses OSAT as an alternative.
* Gartner: 3D Printers to Reach 2.3 Million Shipments Totaling $13.4 Billion Worldwide by 2018 - [http://3dprintingindustry.com/2014/10/27/2-million-3dp-shipments-by-2018/ 3D Printing Industry] - discusses conflict over IP and trends in 3D printing

====Open Design-Based Strategies to Enhance Appropriate Technology Development ====

The appropriate technology (AT) movement is being driven by inventors and innovators who are interested in designing technologies that are culturally, environmentally,
and economically appropriate, and feasible to construct and use for people anywhere in the world. This paper examines how open sharing of designs, specifications, and technical information can enhance effectiveness, widespread use, and innovation of AT. This commons-based open design method has been highly successful for software development (i.e., open source), and has also begun to be used in other fields through unique partnerships and new information-sharing tools on the internet. This paper critically demonstrates key examples of open design successes that can be applied to development of AT. It also identifies potential barriers to open-sourcing AT designs, analyzes business models for open design in the context of AT, and outlines practical solutions with examples currently underway.

* Source and full text: A. J. Buitenhuis, I. Zelenika and J. M. Pearce, “[http://nciia.org/sites/default/files/pearce.pdf Open Design-Based Strategies to Enhance Appropriate Technology Development]”, ''Proceedings of the 14th Annual National Collegiate Inventors and Innovators Alliance Conference : Open'', March 25-27th 2010, pp. 1-12.

==== Overcoming Technical Constraints for Obtaining Sustainable Development with Open Source Appropriate Technology ====

Open source appropriate technology (OSAT) refers to technologies that provide for [[sustainable development]] while being designed in the same fashion as free and [[open source software]]. Facilitated by advances in information technology software and hardware, new ways to disseminate information such as wikis and Internet-enabled mobile phones, the global development of OSAT has emerged as a reality. This paper shows the sharing of design processes, appropriate tools, and technical information is enables more effective and rapid development of appropriate technologies for both industrialized and non-industrialized regions. This sharing will require the appropriate technology community to adopt open standards/licenses, document knowledge, and build on previous work. This paper offers solutions in the form of both business models and tools to overcome technical constraints of OSAT development in the forms of the platforms necessary on which to share and build knowledge about appropriate technologies. These solutions are open, easily accessible for those in need, have a low barrier to entry for both users and information creators, and must be vetted in order to utilized as a trustworthy source on critical information needs. Current progress towards implementing these solutions will be reviewed and recommendations will be made to further increase the rate of OSAT development.
* Joshua M. Pearce and Usman Mushtaq, “[http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=5444388&isnumber=5444349 Overcoming Technical Constraints for Obtaining Sustainable Development with Open Source Appropriate Technology]”, ''Science and Technology for Humanity (TIC-STH), 2009 IEEE Toronto International Conference'', pp. 814-820, 26-27 Sept. 2009.

====A new model for enabling innovation in appropriate technology for sustainable development====

The task of providing for basic human necessities such as [[food]], [[water]], [[shelter]], and employment is growing as the world’s population continues to expand amid climate destabilization. One of the greatest challenges to development and [[innovation]] is access to relevant knowledge for quick technological dissemination. However, with the rise and application of advanced information technologies there is a great opportunity for knowledge building, community interaction, innovation, and collaboration using various online platforms. This article examines the potential of a novel model to enable innovation for collaborative enterprise, learning, and [[appropriate technology]] development on a global scale.
* Pearce J., Albritton S., Grant G., Steed G., & Zelenika I. 2012. [http://sspp.proquest.com/archives/vol8iss2/1012-067.pearce.html A new model for enabling innovation in appropriate technology for sustainable development]. ''Sustainability: Science, Practice, & Policy'' '''8'''(2), pp. 42-53, 2012. [http://sspp.proquest.com/archives/vol8iss2/1012-067.pearce.html open access]

====Free and Open Source Appropriate Technology====
Joshua M. Pearce, “Free and Open Source Appropriate Technology” in Martin Parker, George Cheney, Valerie Fournier and Chris Land (Eds.) ''[http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415782265/ Routledge Companion to Alternative Organisation]'', Routledge, pp. 308-328, 2014. [http://books.google.com/books?id=mRWMAgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Routledge+Companion+to+Alternative+Organization&hl=en&sa=X&ei=-37UUq7-BMSKrAH04oDACg&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false on Google Books]
*A solution to this general problem of access to critical information for sustainable development is the growth of open source appropriate technology.

====Technology whose time has come====
Joshua M. Pearce, “Technology whose time has come" ''Physics World'' 27(1), pp.33-37, 2014. [http://mag.digitalpc.co.uk/Olive/ODE/physicsworld/LandingPage/LandingPage.aspx?href=UEhZU1dvZGUvMjAxNC8wMS8wMQ..&pageno=MzU.&entity=QXIwMzUwMA..&view=ZW50aXR5 open access]

* [[Joshua Pearce]] describes how physicists can help bring simple, affordable and life-changing devices to people and laboratories all over the world, using the concept of [[open-source appropriate technology]].

====Innovation Through Collaboration: Scaling up Technological Solutions for Sustainable Development====
I. Zelenika and [[J.M. Pearce]], “[http://www.appropedia.org/Innovation_through_collaboration:_scaling_up_solutions_for_sustainable_development Innovation through collaboration: scaling up solutions for sustainable development]”, ''Environment, Development and Sustainability'' 16(6): 1299-1316 (2014). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10668-014-9528-7 [https://www.academia.edu/9013667/Innovation_Through_Collaboration_Scaling_up_Technological_Solutions_for_Sustainable_Development open access]

* The open collaborative philosophy employed in the success of open source (OS) software can be applied to hardware design. Specifically, the development of OS appropriate technologies ([[OSAT]]) can improve [[sustainable development]] efforts worldwide. Yet, widespread OSAT use is far from ubiquitous. Given that lack of communication, access to information and poor collaboration are among the largest barriers to a more effective OSAT dissemination, this paper explores opportunities to overcome such obstacles using four techniques: (1) collaborative online platforms, (2) crowd-sourcing, (3) the concept of knowledge commons, and (4) enabled educational institutions through [[service learning]] and applied research. The results are analyzed, and conclusions are drawn that outline paths to higher multiuser collaboration for OSAT deployment.

==Criticism==
This type of idea is clearly not mainstream and suffers from the same criticisms as [[open source software]]. In addition, it has been claimed that the decline of the appropriate technology movement is said to be part of the ‘remasculinization’ of US after the Vietnam War through the Reagan regime. <ref name="Pursell">Pursell, Carroll. "[http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/3106707.pdf The Rise and Fall of the Appropriate Technology Movement in the United States, 1965 - 1985]" ''Technology and Culture'', '''Vol 34, No. 3''': 629-637 (July 1993).</ref>
According to Pursell, AT failed because of the inability to counter advocates of agribusiness, large private utilities, and multinational construction companies. These groups maintained the elitist, narrow and traditional definition of the word ‘technology’ to forward their interests, and not those of the developing world.<ref name="Pursell"/>

==See also==
* [http://www.appropedia.org/Applied_Sustainability Applied Sustainability]
* [http://www.appropedia.org/Appropedia Appropedia]
* [http://www.appropedia.org/Appropriate_Technology Appropriate Technology]
* [http://www.appropedia.org/Open_Design Open Design]
* [http://www.appropedia.org/Sustainable_Development Sustainable Development]
* [http://www.appropedia.org/Writings_on_Open_Source_Appropriate_Technology Writings on Open Source Appropriate Technology]
* [http://www.appropedia.org/Open_Source_Appropriate_Technology_Literature_Review Open Source Appropriate Technology Literature Review]
* [http://www.appropedia.org/Appropriate_technology_open_collaborations Appropriate technology open collaborations]
* [http://www.appropedia.org/Akvo_ATOC_-_Conclusions_and_recommendations Akvo ATOC - Conclusions and recommendations]

==External links==

* For an ongoing discussion of OSAT see [http://www.agroblogger.com/tag/appropriate-technology Agroblogger]
* Another excellent site is [http://www.p2pfoundation.net/The_Foundation_for_P2P_Alternatives the P2P Foundation] The Peer to Peer (P2P) Network function as a clearinghouse for open/free, participatory/p2p and commons-oriented initiatives.
* [http://www.i4at.org/library.html Institute for Appropriate Technology]
** [http://www.p2pfoundation.net/Category:Design]
* [http://projectsunshine.wordpress.com/category/open-source-appropriate-technology/ Project Sunshine]
* [http://sustainablog.blogspot.com/2006/01/building-open-source-community-for.html Sustainablog]
* At the university level, the use of appropriate technology classroom projects has been shown to be successful in forging the connection between physics and social benefit: Joshua M. Pearce, "[http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=PHTEAH000045000003000164000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yesTeaching Physics Using Appropriate Technology Projects]", The Physics Teacher, 45, pp. 164-167, 2007. pdf. This approach has the potential to use university students’ access to resources and testing equipment in furthering the development of appropriate technology. See [[service learning]]
* National Geographic's list of good ideas [http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/big-idea/16/little-packages]

== References ==
<references/>

Open Source Appropriate Technology

2023-03-11T02:27:45Z

Hripka: /* External links */

{{Category=Guiding philosophies}}
=OSE Context=
OSE calls any technology ''appropriate'' when it is open source. This is because the transparency afforded by [[Open Source Development]] is likely to work out numerous 'bugs' or issues in the technology. Current, proprietary technology is by definition opaque, and many unintended consequences are likely to arise - potentially contibuting to [[Pressing World Issues]].

Appropriate technology must be a technology that is beneficial and lifegiving, as opposed to leading to degeneration or destruction. OSE extends the tradition concept of Appropriate Technology - typically applied to lower technologies for developing countries - to a more general concept of what is 'appropriate.' OSE views ''open source'' and ''collaborative'' (see [[Open Source and Collaborative]]) as the critical element that makes a technology benign - for examply by unleashing access to life-giving production and productivity - while remaining ecologically benign, socially just, and most importantly - [[Regenerative]]. OSE also assumes that when basic needs are met on [[Maslow's Pyramid]], people have a chance to evolve to [[Self-Determination]].

Open source appropriate technology is likely to mitigate the negative aspects of the [[Singularity]]. Thus, moving forward, it is crucial that open source, collaborative development gain a strong foothold in order to mid-course correct the development of the technosphere. OSE envisions sufficient rise of [[Integrated Humans]] as part of that solution.

=Introduction=
*Seminal paper by Dr. Joshua Pearce - http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10668-012-9337-9 (internal copy: [[File:osat.pdf]] ).
*Text below is about the same topic. It has been transwikified '''[http://www.appropedia.org/Open_Source_Appropriate_Technology from Appropedia]''' under CC-by-sa license.
*Wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Source_Appropriate_Technology "Open Source Appropriate Technology"]
*'''Open source appropriate technology''' (OSAT) refers to [[technologies]] that are designed in the same fashion as '''free''' <ref>Free as in gratis and free as in libre - '''Gratis''' = This is sometimes expressed in the phrase, "free as in free beer", as distinct from '''Libre'''= "free as in free speech".</ref> and [[open-source software]]. These technologies must be "[[appropriate technology]]" (AT) - meaning technology that is designed with special consideration to the environmental, ethical, cultural, social, political, and economical aspects of the community it is intended for. The case for OSAT is made [[:media:2012_case_for_OSAT.pdf|here]]. <ref> Joshua M. Pearce, “[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10668-012-9337-9 The Case for Open Source Appropriate Technology]”, ''Environment, Development and Sustainability'' '''14''', pp. 425–431 (2012). </ref>
=OSE Context=
OSE emphasizes that:
*A prerequisite for a technology being appropriate is that it is open source, as otherwise, it would not be transparent
*''Appropriate'' does not refer to the typical meaning of ''lower tech for the developing world'' - but refers to ''appropriate'' in the general sense of the term - in that it is life-giving and in general beneficial from an integrated or holistic perspective.
*Appropriate technology can be low tech or high tech, depending on the context
*The metric for ''appropriateness'' is in general how well a technology contributes to quality of life and regeneration of the world. OSE aims to capture all of the qualities of ''appropriateness'' in its key design specifications - the [[OSE Specifications]]

==Benefits==

Open source is a development method for [[appropriate technology]] that harnesses the power of distributed peer review and transparency of process. [[Appropedia]] is an example of '''open source [[appropriate technology]]'''. Here anyone can both learn how to make and use AT free of [[patent]] concerns. At the same time anyone can also add to the collective open source knowledge base by contributing ideas, observations, experimental data, deployment logs, etc.

It has been claimed that the potential for open source appropriate technology to drive [[applied sustainability]] is enormous.<ref name="buitenhuis">A. J. Buitenhuis, I. Zelenika and J. M. Pearce, “[http://nciia.org/sites/default/files/pearce.pdf Open Design-Based Strategies to Enhance Appropriate Technology Development]”, ''Proceedings of the 14th Annual National Collegiate Inventors and Innovators Alliance Conference : Open'', March 25-27th 2010, pp. 1-12.</ref> The built in continuous [[peer-review]] can result in better quality, higher reliability, and more flexibility than conventional design/patenting of technologies. The free nature of the knowledge also obviously provides lower costs, particularly for those technologies that do not benefit to a large degree from scale of manufacture. Finally, OSAT also enables the end to predatory intellectual property lock-in. This is particularly important in the context of technology focused on relieving suffering and saving lives in the [[developing world]].

The "open source" model can act as a driver of [[sustainable development]]. There are (at least) three good reasons<ref>[http://www.worldchanging.com/archives/004004.html Open Source, Development and Design Jamais Cascio, Available]</ref>:
# it enables production as well as consumption;
# it enables localization for communities that do not have the resources to tempt commercial developers to provide local versions of their products;
# it can be free as in "gratis" as well as free as in "libre" -- an important consideration for developing communities.

==Ethical Considerations==
Although developing world problems are portioned remarkably low support for solutions, many researchers, companies, and academics do work on products meant to assist [[sustainable development]]. Vinay Gupta has suggested that those developers agree to three principles <ref>Starting an anti-patent-abuse appropriate technology political bloc? by [[Vinay Gupta]], available: [http://www.globalswadeshi.net/forum/topic/show?id=2097821%3ATopic%3A2401]</ref>:

# I will not permit any human being to be deprived of life-giving technology by the profit motive.
# Any works that I patent I will make available to others who are engaged in humanitarian activity for free, except where this would breach other contractual responsibilities.
# I will not use patent law to slow the pace of innovation or service delivery to the needy under any circumstances.

==Support in the Literature==

* It has been investigated how open sharing of designs, specifications, and technical information can enhance effectiveness, widespread use, and innovation of appropriate technology.<ref name="buitenhuis"/>
* OSAT has been claimed to assist in development of medical technology particularly for the developing world <ref>Amy Kapczynski et al., “Addressing Global Health Inequities: An Open Licensing Approach for University Innovations,” Berkley Technology Law Journal 20 (2005): 1031-1114.</ref><ref>Stephen M. Maurer, Arti Rai, and Andrej Sali, "Finding Cures for Tropical Diseases: Is Open Source an Answer?", PLoS Medicine 1, no. 3 (December 2004): 183-186.</ref>.
* It has been claimed that the sharing of design processes, appropriate tools, and technical information enables more effective and rapid development of [[appropriate technologies]] for both industrialized and non-industrialized regions.<ref name="pearce-mushtaq">Joshua M. Pearce and Usman Mushtaq, “[http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=5444388&isnumber=5444349 Overcoming Technical Constraints for Obtaining Sustainable Development with Open Source Appropriate Technology]”, ''Science and Technology for Humanity (TIC-STH), 2009 IEEE Toronto International Conference'', pp. 814-820, 26-27 Sept. 2009.</ref> In addition, it is claimed that this sharing will require the appropriate technology community to adopt open standards/licenses, document knowledge, and build on previous work. <ref name="pearce-mushtaq"/>
* At the university level, the use of open source appropriate technology classroom projects has been shown to be successful in forging the connection between physics and social benefit:<ref>J. M. Pearce, "[http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=PHTEAH000045000003000164000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yesTeaching Physics Using Appropriate Technology Projects]", The Physics Teacher, 45, pp. 164-167, 2007.</ref> This approach has the potential to use university students’ access to resources and testing equipment in furthering the development of appropriate technology. Similarly OSAT has been used as a tool for improving [[service learning]].<ref>Joshua M. Pearce, “[http://jsd.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/3/1/45 Appropedia as a Tool for Service Learning in Sustainable Development]”, ''Journal of Education for Sustainable Development'', '''3'''(1), pp.45-53, 2009. [http://hdl.handle.net/1974/5306 Q-Space pre-print]</ref><ref>S. Murphy and N. Saleh, "[http://hdl.handle.net/1974/5171 Information literacy in CEAB’s accreditation criteria: the hidden attribute]", In ''Proceedings of the The Sixth International Conference on Innovation and Practices in Engineering Design and Engineering Education'', 2009. Hamilton, ON July 27–29, 2009.</ref>

See Also: [[Open Source Appropriate Technology Literature Review]]

===Full abstracts===

====The Case for Open Source Appropriate Technology====
[[image:EDS_cover.png|right|thumb]]
Much of the widespread poverty, environmental desecration, and waste of human life seen around the globe could be prevented by known (to humanity as a whole) technologies, many of which are simply not available to those that need it. This lack of access to critical information for sustainable development is directly responsible for a morally and ethically unacceptable level of human suffering and death. A solution to this general problem is the concept of open source appropriate technology or OSAT, which refers to technologies that provide for sustainable development while being designed in the same fashion as free and open-source software. OSAT is made up of technologies that are easily and economically utilized from readily available resources by local communities to meet their needs and must meet the boundary conditions set by environmental, cultural, economic, and educational resource constraints of the local community. This paper explores both the open source and appropriate technology aspects of OSAT to create a paradigm, in which anyone can both learn how to make and use needed technologies free of IP concerns. At the same time anyone can also add to the collective open source knowledge ecosystem or knowledge commons by contributing ideas, designs, observations, experimental data, deployment logs, etc. It is argued that if OSAT continues to grow and takes hold globally creating a vibrant virtual community to share technology plans and experiences, a new technological revolution, built on a dispersed network of innovators working together to create a just sustainable world is possible.

* Joshua M. Pearce, “[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10668-012-9337-9 The Case for Open Source Appropriate Technology]”, ''Environment, Development and Sustainability'' '''14''', pp. 425–431 (2012). [http://mtu.academia.edu/JoshuaPearce/Papers/1577231/The_Case_for_Open_Source_Appropriate_Technology open access]

'''In the news'''
* Discussion in the media of the use of semiconductor quantum dots to protect IP in 3D printing [http://3dprintingindustry.com/2014/07/01/quantum-dots-hinder-3d-printed-counterfeits/] discusses OSAT as an alternative.
* Gartner: 3D Printers to Reach 2.3 Million Shipments Totaling $13.4 Billion Worldwide by 2018 - [http://3dprintingindustry.com/2014/10/27/2-million-3dp-shipments-by-2018/ 3D Printing Industry] - discusses conflict over IP and trends in 3D printing

====Open Design-Based Strategies to Enhance Appropriate Technology Development ====

The appropriate technology (AT) movement is being driven by inventors and innovators who are interested in designing technologies that are culturally, environmentally,
and economically appropriate, and feasible to construct and use for people anywhere in the world. This paper examines how open sharing of designs, specifications, and technical information can enhance effectiveness, widespread use, and innovation of AT. This commons-based open design method has been highly successful for software development (i.e., open source), and has also begun to be used in other fields through unique partnerships and new information-sharing tools on the internet. This paper critically demonstrates key examples of open design successes that can be applied to development of AT. It also identifies potential barriers to open-sourcing AT designs, analyzes business models for open design in the context of AT, and outlines practical solutions with examples currently underway.

* Source and full text: A. J. Buitenhuis, I. Zelenika and J. M. Pearce, “[http://nciia.org/sites/default/files/pearce.pdf Open Design-Based Strategies to Enhance Appropriate Technology Development]”, ''Proceedings of the 14th Annual National Collegiate Inventors and Innovators Alliance Conference : Open'', March 25-27th 2010, pp. 1-12.

==== Overcoming Technical Constraints for Obtaining Sustainable Development with Open Source Appropriate Technology ====

Open source appropriate technology (OSAT) refers to technologies that provide for [[sustainable development]] while being designed in the same fashion as free and [[open source software]]. Facilitated by advances in information technology software and hardware, new ways to disseminate information such as wikis and Internet-enabled mobile phones, the global development of OSAT has emerged as a reality. This paper shows the sharing of design processes, appropriate tools, and technical information is enables more effective and rapid development of appropriate technologies for both industrialized and non-industrialized regions. This sharing will require the appropriate technology community to adopt open standards/licenses, document knowledge, and build on previous work. This paper offers solutions in the form of both business models and tools to overcome technical constraints of OSAT development in the forms of the platforms necessary on which to share and build knowledge about appropriate technologies. These solutions are open, easily accessible for those in need, have a low barrier to entry for both users and information creators, and must be vetted in order to utilized as a trustworthy source on critical information needs. Current progress towards implementing these solutions will be reviewed and recommendations will be made to further increase the rate of OSAT development.
* Joshua M. Pearce and Usman Mushtaq, “[http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=5444388&isnumber=5444349 Overcoming Technical Constraints for Obtaining Sustainable Development with Open Source Appropriate Technology]”, ''Science and Technology for Humanity (TIC-STH), 2009 IEEE Toronto International Conference'', pp. 814-820, 26-27 Sept. 2009.

====A new model for enabling innovation in appropriate technology for sustainable development====

The task of providing for basic human necessities such as [[food]], [[water]], [[shelter]], and employment is growing as the world’s population continues to expand amid climate destabilization. One of the greatest challenges to development and [[innovation]] is access to relevant knowledge for quick technological dissemination. However, with the rise and application of advanced information technologies there is a great opportunity for knowledge building, community interaction, innovation, and collaboration using various online platforms. This article examines the potential of a novel model to enable innovation for collaborative enterprise, learning, and [[appropriate technology]] development on a global scale.
* Pearce J., Albritton S., Grant G., Steed G., & Zelenika I. 2012. [http://sspp.proquest.com/archives/vol8iss2/1012-067.pearce.html A new model for enabling innovation in appropriate technology for sustainable development]. ''Sustainability: Science, Practice, & Policy'' '''8'''(2), pp. 42-53, 2012. [http://sspp.proquest.com/archives/vol8iss2/1012-067.pearce.html open access]

====Free and Open Source Appropriate Technology====
Joshua M. Pearce, “Free and Open Source Appropriate Technology” in Martin Parker, George Cheney, Valerie Fournier and Chris Land (Eds.) ''[http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415782265/ Routledge Companion to Alternative Organisation]'', Routledge, pp. 308-328, 2014. [http://books.google.com/books?id=mRWMAgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Routledge+Companion+to+Alternative+Organization&hl=en&sa=X&ei=-37UUq7-BMSKrAH04oDACg&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false on Google Books]
*A solution to this general problem of access to critical information for sustainable development is the growth of open source appropriate technology.

====Technology whose time has come====
Joshua M. Pearce, “Technology whose time has come" ''Physics World'' 27(1), pp.33-37, 2014. [http://mag.digitalpc.co.uk/Olive/ODE/physicsworld/LandingPage/LandingPage.aspx?href=UEhZU1dvZGUvMjAxNC8wMS8wMQ..&pageno=MzU.&entity=QXIwMzUwMA..&view=ZW50aXR5 open access]

* [[Joshua Pearce]] describes how physicists can help bring simple, affordable and life-changing devices to people and laboratories all over the world, using the concept of [[open-source appropriate technology]].

====Innovation Through Collaboration: Scaling up Technological Solutions for Sustainable Development====
I. Zelenika and [[J.M. Pearce]], “[http://www.appropedia.org/Innovation_through_collaboration:_scaling_up_solutions_for_sustainable_development Innovation through collaboration: scaling up solutions for sustainable development]”, ''Environment, Development and Sustainability'' 16(6): 1299-1316 (2014). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10668-014-9528-7 [https://www.academia.edu/9013667/Innovation_Through_Collaboration_Scaling_up_Technological_Solutions_for_Sustainable_Development open access]

* The open collaborative philosophy employed in the success of open source (OS) software can be applied to hardware design. Specifically, the development of OS appropriate technologies ([[OSAT]]) can improve [[sustainable development]] efforts worldwide. Yet, widespread OSAT use is far from ubiquitous. Given that lack of communication, access to information and poor collaboration are among the largest barriers to a more effective OSAT dissemination, this paper explores opportunities to overcome such obstacles using four techniques: (1) collaborative online platforms, (2) crowd-sourcing, (3) the concept of knowledge commons, and (4) enabled educational institutions through [[service learning]] and applied research. The results are analyzed, and conclusions are drawn that outline paths to higher multiuser collaboration for OSAT deployment.

==Criticism==
This type of idea is clearly not mainstream and suffers from the same criticisms as [[open source software]]. In addition, it has been claimed that the decline of the appropriate technology movement is said to be part of the ‘remasculinization’ of US after the Vietnam War through the Reagan regime. <ref name="Pursell">Pursell, Carroll. "[http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/3106707.pdf The Rise and Fall of the Appropriate Technology Movement in the United States, 1965 - 1985]" ''Technology and Culture'', '''Vol 34, No. 3''': 629-637 (July 1993).</ref>
According to Pursell, AT failed because of the inability to counter advocates of agribusiness, large private utilities, and multinational construction companies. These groups maintained the elitist, narrow and traditional definition of the word ‘technology’ to forward their interests, and not those of the developing world.<ref name="Pursell"/>

==See also==
* [http://www.appropedia.org/Applied_Sustainability Applied Sustainability]
* [http://www.appropedia.org/Appropedia Appropedia]
* [http://www.appropedia.org/Appropriate_Technology Appropriate Technology]
* [http://www.appropedia.org/Open_Design Open Design]
* [http://www.appropedia.org/Sustainable_Development Sustainable Development]
* [http://www.appropedia.org/Writings_on_Open_Source_Appropriate_Technology Writings on Open Source Appropriate Technology]
* [http://www.appropedia.org/Open_Source_Appropriate_Technology_Literature_Review Open Source Appropriate Technology Literature Review]
* [http://www.appropedia.org/Appropriate_technology_open_collaborations Appropriate technology open collaborations]
* [http://www.appropedia.org/Akvo_ATOC_-_Conclusions_and_recommendations Akvo ATOC - Conclusions and recommendations]

==External links==

* For an ongoing discussion of OSAT see [http://www.agroblogger.com/tag/appropriate-technology Agroblogger]
* Another excellent site is [http://www.p2pfoundation.net/The_Foundation_for_P2P_Alternatives the P2P Foundation] The Peer to Peer (P2P) Network function as a clearinghouse for open/free, participatory/p2p and commons-oriented initiatives.
* [http://www.i4at.org/library.html] Institute for Appropriate Technology
** [http://www.p2pfoundation.net/Category:Design]
* [http://projectsunshine.wordpress.com/category/open-source-appropriate-technology/ Project Sunshine]
* [http://sustainablog.blogspot.com/2006/01/building-open-source-community-for.html Sustainablog]
* At the university level, the use of appropriate technology classroom projects has been shown to be successful in forging the connection between physics and social benefit: Joshua M. Pearce, "[http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=PHTEAH000045000003000164000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yesTeaching Physics Using Appropriate Technology Projects]", The Physics Teacher, 45, pp. 164-167, 2007. pdf. This approach has the potential to use university students’ access to resources and testing equipment in furthering the development of appropriate technology. See [[service learning]]
* National Geographic's list of good ideas [http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/big-idea/16/little-packages]

== References ==
<references/>

BANK

2023-03-11T00:47:32Z

Hripka: Created page with "Fractional Reserve Banking Open Source Bank [Web of Debt: The Shocking Truth about Our Money System and how We Can Break Free] https://www.google.com/books/edition/..."

[[Fractional Reserve Banking]]

[[Open Source Bank]]

[Web of Debt: The Shocking Truth about Our Money System and how We Can Break Free]
https://www.google.com/books/edition/Web_of_Debt/QelHRgAACAAJ?hl=en
Book by [Ellen Brown], 2010

How to Find a Good Local Bank
https://solari.com/blog/how-to-find-a-good-local-bank/