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		<id>https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=GVCS_Rollout_Plan&amp;diff=38125</id>
		<title>GVCS Rollout Plan</title>
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		<updated>2011-08-30T21:26:14Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Jiff64138: &lt;/p&gt;
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	&amp;lt;META NAME=&amp;quot;GENERATOR&amp;quot; CONTENT=&amp;quot;LibreOffice 3.3  (Unix)&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;META NAME=&amp;quot;AUTHOR&amp;quot; CONTENT=&amp;quot;Marcin &amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;META NAME=&amp;quot;CREATED&amp;quot; CONTENT=&amp;quot;20110810;9294900&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;META NAME=&amp;quot;CHANGEDBY&amp;quot; CONTENT=&amp;quot;Marcin &amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;lt;B&amp;gt;Global Village Construction Set Rollout Plan for 2011-2012&amp;lt;/B&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot; ALIGN=CENTER STYLE=&amp;quot;font-weight: normal; line-height: 0.2in; widows: 2; orphans: 2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;FONT SIZE=1 STYLE=&amp;quot;font-size: 8pt&amp;quot;&amp;gt;by Marcin Jakubowski, Ph.D.,&lt;br /&gt;
8.29.11&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot; ALIGN=CENTER STYLE=&amp;quot;line-height: 0.2in; widows: 2; orphans: 2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;FONT COLOR=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT SIZE=1 STYLE=&amp;quot;font-size: 8pt&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;SPAN STYLE=&amp;quot;font-weight: normal&amp;quot;&amp;gt;opensourceecology.org,&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/SPAN&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT COLOR=&amp;quot;#000080&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;SPAN LANG=&amp;quot;zxx&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;U&amp;gt;&amp;lt;A HREF=&amp;quot;mailto:opensourceecology@gmail.com&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT SIZE=1 STYLE=&amp;quot;font-size: 8pt&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;SPAN STYLE=&amp;quot;font-weight: normal&amp;quot;&amp;gt;opensourceecology@gmail.com&amp;lt;/SPAN&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/A&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/U&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/SPAN&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot; ALIGN=JUSTIFY STYLE=&amp;quot;margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.44in; line-height: 0.2in; widows: 2; orphans: 2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;FONT COLOR=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT SIZE=2&amp;gt;&amp;lt;I&amp;gt;Abstract&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT COLOR=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT SIZE=2&amp;gt;:&lt;br /&gt;
We are building the  &amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT COLOR=&amp;quot;#000080&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;SPAN LANG=&amp;quot;zxx&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;U&amp;gt;&amp;lt;A HREF=&amp;quot;http://opensourceecology.org/gvcs.php&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT SIZE=2&amp;gt;Global&lt;br /&gt;
Village Construction Set&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/A&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/U&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/SPAN&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT COLOR=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT SIZE=2&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
(GVCS) – a low-cost, high-performance, open source, DIY platform&lt;br /&gt;
that allows for the easy fabrication of the 50 industrial machines&lt;br /&gt;
that it takes to build a small civilization with modern comforts. OSE&lt;br /&gt;
is currently building infrastructure for a Flexible and Digital&lt;br /&gt;
Fabrication Training Facility (think of Open Source version of&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT COLOR=&amp;quot;#000080&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;SPAN LANG=&amp;quot;zxx&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;U&amp;gt;&amp;lt;A HREF=&amp;quot;http://techshop.ws/&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT SIZE=2&amp;gt;TechShop&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/A&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/U&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/SPAN&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT COLOR=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT SIZE=2&amp;gt;)&lt;br /&gt;
at Factor e Farm, our experimental laboratory. Our goal is&lt;br /&gt;
distributive economics – developing tools for open source,&lt;br /&gt;
productive enterprises with a focus on training producers. We are&lt;br /&gt;
interested in developing a new economic engine - the community-based&lt;br /&gt;
solution of re-localized production. By this year&#039;s end, we will&lt;br /&gt;
deliver the OSE Christmas Gift to the World: (1), Product Releases of&lt;br /&gt;
Tractor, Compressed Earth Brick press, Soil Pulverizer, and Hydraulic&lt;br /&gt;
Power Unit after completing 3 prototypes for all these machines; (2),&lt;br /&gt;
thorough documentation of these 4 tools to make replication a&lt;br /&gt;
straightforward reality; and (3), extensive field testing of this&lt;br /&gt;
equipment to demonstrate efficient, high-performance construction&lt;br /&gt;
techniques with  these tools within the context of building our&lt;br /&gt;
training facility infrastructure. Our core mission is developing the&lt;br /&gt;
full GVCS enterprise platform by year-end 2012, as a foundation for&lt;br /&gt;
demonstrating that complete economies may be built one local&lt;br /&gt;
resources by using open source tools of productivity.&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot; STYLE=&amp;quot;margin-bottom: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;B&amp;gt;Introduction:&lt;br /&gt;
Economic Significance&amp;lt;/B&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot; STYLE=&amp;quot;margin-right: 0.16in; margin-bottom: 0.05in; border: none; padding: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;FONT COLOR=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;SPAN STYLE=&amp;quot;text-decoration: none&amp;quot;&amp;gt;We have&lt;br /&gt;
shown initial prototypes of the low-cost, open source infrastructure&lt;br /&gt;
building tools – the &amp;lt;/SPAN&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT COLOR=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;SPAN STYLE=&amp;quot;text-decoration: none&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;A HREF=&amp;quot;http://opensourceecology.org/&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Global&lt;br /&gt;
Village Construction Set (GVCS)&amp;lt;/A&amp;gt;. Up to the present, we have shown&lt;br /&gt;
economic significance of these tools by netting $25k from our&lt;br /&gt;
May-August production run of these tools.  We are showing progress in&lt;br /&gt;
securing funding, primarily via the nonprofit sector. With our&lt;br /&gt;
present growth trend, we are aiming for the impossible – of&lt;br /&gt;
finishing and optimizing the initial 50 GVCS tools by year-end 2012.&lt;br /&gt;
Many of the tools are basic mechanical devices (bulldozer, biomass&lt;br /&gt;
fuel pelletizer, hammermill, etc.) - but there are much more complex&lt;br /&gt;
ones - such as production of bioplastic glazing from plants or&lt;br /&gt;
extraction of aluminum from clay. We need help to secure the $5M&lt;br /&gt;
required to do this by year-end 2012, while delivering clear and&lt;br /&gt;
clean instructionals for scaling and replication – and developing&lt;br /&gt;
the missing open source CAD/CAM solution to assist in the digital&lt;br /&gt;
fabrication of the above. We are calling for the development of open&lt;br /&gt;
source microfactories that can be deployed inexpensively anywhere in&lt;br /&gt;
the world that sunlight, plants, and soil are found – based on&lt;br /&gt;
high-performance, optimized tools that undergo constant improvement.&amp;lt;/SPAN&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot; STYLE=&amp;quot;margin-right: 0.16in; margin-bottom: 0.05in; border: none; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
A &#039;civilization starter kit&#039;  as such is a scalable and adaptable&lt;br /&gt;
solution to reinventing community-based solutions of re-localized&lt;br /&gt;
production. We are creating foundations for the open source economy.&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot; STYLE=&amp;quot;margin-right: 0.16in; margin-bottom: 0.05in; border: none; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
The applications in the developing world are clear – leapfrogging&lt;br /&gt;
and unleashing massive amounts of human potential. For the West, we&lt;br /&gt;
aim to demonstrate - first - a new engine of optimized protduction&lt;br /&gt;
(elimination of: competitive waste, design-for-obsolescence,&lt;br /&gt;
artificial scarcity) to bring family businesses back to America (or&lt;br /&gt;
anywhere else) – via flexible, distributed, digital fabrication –&lt;br /&gt;
fueled by open source design. Second, this engine can also power the&lt;br /&gt;
creation of sustainable communities with economies that are resilient&lt;br /&gt;
in the case of global  economic crisis.&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot; STYLE=&amp;quot;margin-right: 0.16in; margin-bottom: 0.05in; border: none; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot; STYLE=&amp;quot;margin-right: 0.16in; margin-bottom: 0.05in; border: none; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;B&amp;gt;Plan Until Year-End 2012&amp;lt;/B&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;H3 CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot; STYLE=&amp;quot;margin-top: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.05in; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;FONT FACE=&amp;quot;Times New Roman, serif&amp;quot;&amp;gt;The single focus is completetion&lt;br /&gt;
of the entire GVCS 50 tools by year-end 2012, with $4-5M of funding.&lt;br /&gt;
Over the next 4 months, we are building infrastructure on site to&lt;br /&gt;
promote rapid development of the remaining GVCS technologies.&lt;br /&gt;
Starting January 1, 2012 – we will be engaging full-time project&lt;br /&gt;
management, under the assumption that funding continues to grow at&lt;br /&gt;
its current rate. At that time, we will be managing 12 projects at a&lt;br /&gt;
time, with one-month prototyping schedules going through 3 prototype&lt;br /&gt;
iterations for each machine. This will be in conjunction with a CAD,&lt;br /&gt;
design, and fabrication team on site at Factor e Farm – where we&lt;br /&gt;
will test and dogfood our machines  as well. For each machine, we&lt;br /&gt;
will also demonstrate economic significance by engaging in&lt;br /&gt;
production, such as we have for the tractor and CEB press with our&lt;br /&gt;
last production run.&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/H3&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot; STYLE=&amp;quot;margin-bottom: 0.05in; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot; STYLE=&amp;quot;margin-bottom: 0.05in; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;FONT FACE=&amp;quot;Times New Roman, serif&amp;quot;&amp;gt;This takes us to the next 16&lt;br /&gt;
months. January 1. 2013 will mark the kickoff of the social&lt;br /&gt;
experiment: testing whether it is possible to create a&lt;br /&gt;
materially-prosperous community, whether right here at Factor e Farm&lt;br /&gt;
or in the heart of Africa, on the scale of Dunbar&#039;s number in size -&lt;br /&gt;
that enjoys 1-2 hour per day work requirements to provide a modern&lt;br /&gt;
standard of living (including ability to trade) – via wise use of&lt;br /&gt;
productive technology - while at the same time avoiding contribution&lt;br /&gt;
to geopolitical compromises. We aim to generate data points on the&lt;br /&gt;
feasibility of such communities as a foundation for a realistic&lt;br /&gt;
option for living – in parallel to the &#039;mainstream&#039; of advanced&lt;br /&gt;
civilization. These data points will include - practical work&lt;br /&gt;
requirements in hours; level of technology achieved; sufficiency of&lt;br /&gt;
local resources; happiness, satisfaction, and meaning found in the&lt;br /&gt;
population. We predict that this will be a grave but tractable&lt;br /&gt;
challenge, leading to a realistic lifestyle option based on&lt;br /&gt;
nonviolence and meaning.&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot; STYLE=&amp;quot;margin-bottom: 0.05in; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot; STYLE=&amp;quot;margin-bottom: 0.05in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT COLOR=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;SPAN STYLE=&amp;quot;text-decoration: none&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT FACE=&amp;quot;Times New Roman, serif&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;SPAN STYLE=&amp;quot;font-style: normal&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;SPAN STYLE=&amp;quot;font-weight: normal&amp;quot;&amp;gt;The&lt;br /&gt;
basic social contract for the proposed community at Factor e Farm is&lt;br /&gt;
a &amp;lt;/SPAN&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/SPAN&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/SPAN&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT COLOR=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;SPAN STYLE=&amp;quot;text-decoration: none&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT FACE=&amp;quot;Times New Roman, serif&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;I&amp;gt;&amp;lt;SPAN STYLE=&amp;quot;font-weight: normal&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Post-Scarcity,&lt;br /&gt;
Open Source Enterprise Community&amp;lt;/SPAN&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/SPAN&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT COLOR=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;SPAN STYLE=&amp;quot;text-decoration: none&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT FACE=&amp;quot;Times New Roman, serif&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;SPAN STYLE=&amp;quot;font-style: normal&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;SPAN STYLE=&amp;quot;font-weight: normal&amp;quot;&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
Participants in our village are treated as enterprise partners who&lt;br /&gt;
provide for village needs (modern standard of living at 2 hours per&lt;br /&gt;
day of work), while generating sufficient surplus toward carrying out&lt;br /&gt;
the OSE mission of open-sourcing the entire economy. Our particular&lt;br /&gt;
social experiment has the stated goal of developing a post-scarcity&lt;br /&gt;
economy option (ie, zero contribution to geopolitical compromise) in&lt;br /&gt;
parallel to the mainstream system. We are interested in lowering the&lt;br /&gt;
barriers to entry to a lifestyle option for unleashing freedom and&lt;br /&gt;
pursuit of happiness – for anyone interested in such a lifestyle.&amp;lt;/SPAN&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/SPAN&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/SPAN&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
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&amp;lt;FONT FACE=&amp;quot;Times New Roman, serif&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;B&amp;gt;Rollout Plan&amp;lt;/B&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot; STYLE=&amp;quot;margin-bottom: 0.05in; border: none; padding: 0in; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot; STYLE=&amp;quot;margin-bottom: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT COLOR=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;We&lt;br /&gt;
are prototyping powerful productive and infrastructure tools - the&lt;br /&gt;
GVCS. The Factor e Farm roll-out plan starts with finishing all&lt;br /&gt;
preparation for construction by September 15, 2011, and moving into a&lt;br /&gt;
3 month construction period of the &amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT COLOR=&amp;quot;#000080&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;SPAN LANG=&amp;quot;zxx&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;U&amp;gt;&amp;lt;A HREF=&amp;quot;http://opensourceecology.org/wiki/OSE_Shop_2011&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Workshop&lt;br /&gt;
and Living Units&amp;lt;/A&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/U&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/SPAN&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT COLOR=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;, until&lt;br /&gt;
November 15, when winter sets in. With this in place, we aim to&lt;br /&gt;
recruit 8 full time people. We already have the project leader,&lt;br /&gt;
precision machine designer, and 3D printer developer on site. We are&lt;br /&gt;
looking for 4 professional fabricators, a seasoned master machinist,&lt;br /&gt;
a farmer to test agricultural equipment, and a master builder to&lt;br /&gt;
produce housing on demand. Read further details on the Factor e Farm&lt;br /&gt;
development team requirement for 2012 &amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT COLOR=&amp;quot;#000080&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;SPAN LANG=&amp;quot;zxx&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;U&amp;gt;&amp;lt;A HREF=&amp;quot;http://opensourceecology.org/wiki/Factor_e_Farm_Participation_Standards#Dream_Team_16&amp;quot;&amp;gt;at&lt;br /&gt;
this link&amp;lt;/A&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/U&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/SPAN&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT COLOR=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot; STYLE=&amp;quot;margin-bottom: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot; STYLE=&amp;quot;margin-bottom: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;With 4 full-time&lt;br /&gt;
fabricators (including a machinist) and a design team on site, we can&lt;br /&gt;
prototype four machines per month. This brings a total prototype&lt;br /&gt;
yield to 16 full product releases for 2012 if this program started on&lt;br /&gt;
January, 2012 and if 3 prototypes are required for full product&lt;br /&gt;
release.&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot; STYLE=&amp;quot;margin-bottom: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot; STYLE=&amp;quot;margin-bottom: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;This is a proposed&lt;br /&gt;
breakdown of prototyping effort by source. The requirement is 134&lt;br /&gt;
outstanding prototypes (16 prototypes of 150 total are planned to be&lt;br /&gt;
completed by year-end 2011 at Factor e Farm, including 4 first&lt;br /&gt;
prototypes). Note that each of the 50 GVCS technologies goes through&lt;br /&gt;
3 prototype iterations, or 150 prototypes total.&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot; STYLE=&amp;quot;margin-bottom: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;DL&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;DD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;TABLE WIDTH=569 CELLPADDING=4 CELLSPACING=0&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;COL WIDTH=110&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;COL WIDTH=326&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;COL WIDTH=106&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=110 HEIGHT=14 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0.04in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
				&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;B&amp;gt;PROTOTYPER&amp;lt;/B&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=326 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0.04in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
				&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;B&amp;gt;PROTOTYPING CAPACITY FOR 2012 (NUMBER OF&lt;br /&gt;
				PROTOTYPES ACHIEVABLE IN 1 YEAR)&amp;lt;/B&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=106 STYLE=&amp;quot;border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0.04in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
				&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;B&amp;gt;BUDGET REQUIRED&amp;lt;/B&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=110 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
				&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Factor e Farm (FeF), 4 full time fabricators&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=326 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
				&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;48 (4 prototypes per month)&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=106 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
				&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$360k &lt;br /&gt;
				&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=110 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
				&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT COLOR=&amp;quot;#000080&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;SPAN LANG=&amp;quot;zxx&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;U&amp;gt;&amp;lt;A HREF=&amp;quot;http://sweigershop.com/index.html&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Sweiger&lt;br /&gt;
				Shop&amp;lt;/A&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/U&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/SPAN&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=326 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
				&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;24 (2 prototypes per month)&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=106 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
				&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$360k&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=110 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
				&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT COLOR=&amp;quot;#000080&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;SPAN LANG=&amp;quot;zxx&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;U&amp;gt;&amp;lt;A HREF=&amp;quot;http://ennissinc.com/services/metal-fabrication-san-diego/&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Enniss&lt;br /&gt;
				Inc.&amp;lt;/A&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/U&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/SPAN&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=326 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
				&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;24 (2 prototypes per month)&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=106 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
				&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$360k&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=110 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
				&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Other&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=326 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
				&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;38&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=106 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
				&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$1.8M&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=110 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
				&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;B&amp;gt;TOTAL&amp;lt;/B&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=326 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
				&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;B&amp;gt;134&amp;lt;/B&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=106 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
				&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;B&amp;gt;~$2.9M&amp;lt;/B&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;/TABLE&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/DL&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot; STYLE=&amp;quot;margin-bottom: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot; STYLE=&amp;quot;margin-bottom: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT COLOR=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;I&amp;gt;&amp;lt;SPAN STYLE=&amp;quot;font-weight: normal&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Table&lt;br /&gt;
1. &amp;lt;/SPAN&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/I&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT COLOR=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Prototyping requirements&lt;br /&gt;
and budget. This does not include testing, documentation, and&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT COLOR=&amp;quot;#000080&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;SPAN LANG=&amp;quot;zxx&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;U&amp;gt;&amp;lt;A HREF=&amp;quot;http://opensourceecology.org/wiki/Distributive%20Enterprise&amp;quot;&amp;gt;distributive&lt;br /&gt;
enterprise&amp;lt;/A&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/U&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/SPAN&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT COLOR=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt; development.&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot; STYLE=&amp;quot;margin-bottom: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot; STYLE=&amp;quot;margin-bottom: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;The table indicates&lt;br /&gt;
that there are 14 products not yet allocated to prototyping efforts.&lt;br /&gt;
The 36 products to be covered by the first three prototypers in Table&lt;br /&gt;
1 are:&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot; STYLE=&amp;quot;margin-bottom: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;TABLE WIDTH=660 CELLPADDING=4 CELLSPACING=0&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;COL WIDTH=116&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;COL WIDTH=77&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;COL WIDTH=262&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;COL WIDTH=170&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=116 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0.04in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;B&amp;gt;Prototype Burndown&amp;lt;/B&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=77 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0.04in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;B&amp;gt;Prototyper&amp;lt;/B&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=262 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0.04in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;B&amp;gt;Status&amp;lt;/B&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=170 STYLE=&amp;quot;border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0.04in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;B&amp;gt;Cost Outsanding&amp;lt;/B&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;/TR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=116 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Tractor, CEB Press, Rototiller and Soil&lt;br /&gt;
			Pulverizer, Power Cube, 3D Printer, CNC Circuit Mill&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=77 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;FeF + &amp;lt;FONT COLOR=&amp;quot;#000080&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;SPAN LANG=&amp;quot;zxx&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;U&amp;gt;&amp;lt;A HREF=&amp;quot;http://www.incite-focus.org/Fab_Lab.html&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Detroit&lt;br /&gt;
			Fab Lab&amp;lt;/A&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/U&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/SPAN&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=262 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Full product release planned by December 24,&lt;br /&gt;
			2011. CNC Circuit Mill and 3D Printer required for bootstrapping&lt;br /&gt;
			CEB controller. Detroit Fab Lab can provide assistance on CNC&lt;br /&gt;
			Circuit Mill.&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=170 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$6k&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;/TR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=116 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Dimensional Sawmill&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=77 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Sweiger&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=262 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Full product release by December 24, 2011,&lt;br /&gt;
			first prototype by September 31.&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=170 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$29k&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;/TR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=116 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;CNC Torch/Router Table&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=77 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;FeF &lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=262 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT COLOR=&amp;quot;#000080&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;SPAN LANG=&amp;quot;zxx&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;U&amp;gt;&amp;lt;A HREF=&amp;quot;http://blog.opensourceecology.org/2011/05/open-source-cnc-torch-table-first-fire/&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Prototype&lt;br /&gt;
			1 completed&amp;lt;/A&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/U&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/SPAN&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;, May 2011. Detroit Fab Lab&lt;br /&gt;
			expressed interest in development.&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=170 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$30k&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;/TR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=116 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Ironworker Machine &lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=77 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;FeF + Enniss&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=262 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT COLOR=&amp;quot;#000080&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;SPAN LANG=&amp;quot;zxx&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;U&amp;gt;&amp;lt;A HREF=&amp;quot;http://blog.opensourceecology.org/2010/07/open-source-150-ton-hole-puncher/&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Prototype&lt;br /&gt;
			1 by FeF&amp;lt;/A&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/U&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/SPAN&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;; Enniss for continuation, full&lt;br /&gt;
			independent 3-station shear/punch/nibbler/angle shear. Enniss has&lt;br /&gt;
			built multihole production ironworkers.&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=170 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$45k&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;/TR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=116 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT COLOR=&amp;quot;#000080&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;SPAN LANG=&amp;quot;zxx&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;U&amp;gt;&amp;lt;A HREF=&amp;quot;http://opensourceecology.org/wiki/Industrial_Robot&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Industrial&lt;br /&gt;
			Robot&amp;lt;/A&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/U&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/SPAN&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=77 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;FeF&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=262 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT COLOR=&amp;quot;#000080&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;SPAN LANG=&amp;quot;zxx&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;U&amp;gt;&amp;lt;A HREF=&amp;quot;http://opensourceecology.org/wiki/Yoonseo_Log&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Yoonseo&lt;br /&gt;
			Kang&amp;lt;/A&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/U&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/SPAN&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;, future Dedicated Project Visit (DPV)&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=170 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$22k&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;/TR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=116 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;CNC Precision &amp;lt;FONT COLOR=&amp;quot;#000080&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;SPAN LANG=&amp;quot;zxx&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;U&amp;gt;&amp;lt;A HREF=&amp;quot;http://opensourceecology.org/wiki/Shonda_Research&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Multimachine&amp;lt;/A&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/U&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/SPAN&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=77 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;FeF&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=262 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT COLOR=&amp;quot;#000080&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;SPAN LANG=&amp;quot;zxx&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;U&amp;gt;&amp;lt;A HREF=&amp;quot;http://opensourceecology.org/wiki/Jershonda_Baker&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Jershonda&lt;br /&gt;
			Baker&amp;lt;/A&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/U&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/SPAN&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt; – DPV started August, 2011; total &lt;br /&gt;
			CNC integration with  tool change capacity with&lt;br /&gt;
			mill/drill/lathe/surface grinder/centerless grinder/nut &amp;amp;amp; bolt&lt;br /&gt;
			machine/bandsaw/ cold cut saw&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=170 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$50k&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;/TR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=116 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;MicroTrac&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=77 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=262 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Small-scale version of Tractor&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=170 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$45k&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;/TR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=116 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Universal Auger&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=77 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=262 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=170 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$9k&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;/TR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=116 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Bulldozer &lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=77 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=262 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Large-scale version of Tractor with 4 Power&lt;br /&gt;
			Cubes or more&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=170 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$105k&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;/TR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=116 HEIGHT=34 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Chipper/Hammermill&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=77 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=262 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=170 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$15k&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;/TR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=116 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Backhoe&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=77 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=262 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$15k&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=170 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$45k&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;/TR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=116 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Cement Mixer&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=77 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Sweiger&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=262 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=170 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$9k&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;/TR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=116 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Baler&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=77 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=262 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=170 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$45k&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;/TR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=116 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Hay Cutter&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=77 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=262 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=170 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$15k&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;/TR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=116 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Hay Rake&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=77 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=262 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=170 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$30k&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;/TR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=116 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Microcombine&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=77 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Sweiger&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=262 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=170 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$90k&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;/TR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=116 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Dairy Milker&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=77 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=262 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=170 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$30k&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;/TR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=116 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Pelletizer&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=77 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Sweiger&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=262 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=170 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$9k&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;/TR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=116 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Spader&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=77 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=262 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=170 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$45k&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;/TR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=116 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Trencher&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=77 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=262 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=170 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$15k&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;/TR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=116 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Universal Seeder&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=77 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=262 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=170 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$30k&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;/TR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=116 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Well-Drilling Rig&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=77 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Enniss&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=262 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Significant experience with well drilling&lt;br /&gt;
			equipment and practice.&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=170 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$45k&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;/TR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=116 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;B&amp;gt;TOTAL&amp;lt;/B&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=77 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=262 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=170 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;B&amp;gt;$764k&amp;lt;/B&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;/TR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/TABLE&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot; STYLE=&amp;quot;margin-bottom: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot; STYLE=&amp;quot;margin-bottom: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;The more diffidcult&lt;br /&gt;
ones include:&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot; STYLE=&amp;quot;margin-bottom: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;TABLE WIDTH=665 CELLPADDING=4 CELLSPACING=0&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;COL WIDTH=111&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;COL WIDTH=88&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;COL WIDTH=346&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;COL WIDTH=86&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=111 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0.04in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;B&amp;gt;Prototype Burndown&amp;lt;/B&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=88 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0.04in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;B&amp;gt;Prototyper&amp;lt;/B&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=346 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0.04in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;B&amp;gt;Status&amp;lt;/B&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=86 STYLE=&amp;quot;border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0.04in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;B&amp;gt;Cost Outstanding&amp;lt;/B&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;/TR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=111 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Induction Furnace&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=88 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=346 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=86 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$150k&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;/TR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=111 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Metal Rolling&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=88 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=346 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=86 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$150k&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;/TR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=111 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Rod and Wire Mill&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=88 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=346 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=86 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$150k&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;/TR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=111 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Modern Steam Engine&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=88 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Karl Petersen&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=346 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT COLOR=&amp;quot;#000080&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;SPAN LANG=&amp;quot;zxx&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;U&amp;gt;&amp;lt;A HREF=&amp;quot;http://blog.opensourceecology.org/2010/09/steam-engine-electric-generator/&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Karl&lt;br /&gt;
			Petersen&amp;lt;/A&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/U&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/SPAN&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt; has been identified as a subject&lt;br /&gt;
			matter expert.&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=86 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$90k&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;/TR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=111 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Steam Generator &lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=88 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=346 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=86 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$45k&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;/TR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=111 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Solar Concentrator&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=88 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Tiny Tech India&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=346 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Build on work of &amp;lt;FONT COLOR=&amp;quot;#000080&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;SPAN LANG=&amp;quot;zxx&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;U&amp;gt;&amp;lt;A HREF=&amp;quot;http://www.solarfire.org/&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Solar&lt;br /&gt;
			Fire&amp;lt;/A&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/U&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/SPAN&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt; and &amp;lt;FONT COLOR=&amp;quot;#000080&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;SPAN LANG=&amp;quot;zxx&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;U&amp;gt;&amp;lt;A HREF=&amp;quot;http://www.tinytechindia.com/solar_concentrator.htm&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Tiny&lt;br /&gt;
			Tech India&amp;lt;/A&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/U&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/SPAN&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=86 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$30k&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;/TR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=111 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;50 kW Wind Turbine&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=88 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=346 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT COLOR=&amp;quot;#000080&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;SPAN LANG=&amp;quot;zxx&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;U&amp;gt;&amp;lt;A HREF=&amp;quot;http://onawi.org/&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Onawi&amp;lt;/A&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/U&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/SPAN&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			claims to be a relevant-scale open source wind turbine project.&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=86 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$150k&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;/TR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=111 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Universal Power Supply&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=88 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=346 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=86 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$150k&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;/TR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=111 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Universal Welder&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=88 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=346 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=86 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$45&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;/TR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=111 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Plasma Cutter&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=88 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=346 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=86 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$45&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;/TR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=111 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Electric Motor/Generator&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=88 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=346 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=86 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$45k&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;/TR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=111 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Laser Cutter&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=88 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=346 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Build on work of &amp;lt;FONT COLOR=&amp;quot;#000080&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;SPAN LANG=&amp;quot;zxx&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;U&amp;gt;&amp;lt;A HREF=&amp;quot;http://labs.nortd.com/lasersaur/&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Lasersaur&amp;lt;/A&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/U&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/SPAN&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=86 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$45k&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;/TR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=111 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;3D Scanner&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=88 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=346 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=86 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$45k&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;/TR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=111 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Gasifier Burner&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=88 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=346 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=86 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$45k&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;/TR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=111 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Aluminum extractor from clay&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=88 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=346 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT COLOR=&amp;quot;#000080&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;SPAN LANG=&amp;quot;zxx&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;U&amp;gt;&amp;lt;A HREF=&amp;quot;http://blog.opensourceecology.org/2010/12/open-source-aluminum/&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Edward&lt;br /&gt;
			McCullough&amp;lt;/A&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/U&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/SPAN&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt; is a subject matter expert.&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=86 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$150k&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;/TR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=111 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Bakery Oven&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=88 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=346 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=86 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$45k&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;/TR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=111 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Dairy Milker&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=88 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=346 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=86 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$45k&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;/TR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=111 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Bioplastic Extruder&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=88 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=346 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=86 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$45k&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;/TR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=111 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Hydraulic Motors&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=88 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=346 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=86 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$45k&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;/TR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=111 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Nickel-Iron Batteries&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=88 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=346 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=86 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$90k&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;/TR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=111 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Open Source Automobile&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=88 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=346 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=86 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$90k&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;/TR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=111 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Open Source Truck&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=88 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=346 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=86 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$90k&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;/TR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=111 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Press Forge&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=88 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=346 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=86 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$45k&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;/TR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=111 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;B&amp;gt;TOTAL&amp;lt;/B&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=88 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=346 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=86 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;B&amp;gt;~$1.8M&amp;lt;/B&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;/TR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/TABLE&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot; STYLE=&amp;quot;margin-bottom: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot; STYLE=&amp;quot;margin-bottom: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;The current funding&lt;br /&gt;
predictions for the Open Source Ecology experiment headquartered at&lt;br /&gt;
Factor e Farm  are: &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot; STYLE=&amp;quot;margin-bottom: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;TABLE WIDTH=665 CELLPADDING=4 CELLSPACING=0&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;COL WIDTH=128&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;COL WIDTH=129&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;COL WIDTH=381&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=128 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0.04in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;B&amp;gt;SOURCE&amp;lt;/B&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=129 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0.04in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;B&amp;gt;AMOUNT&amp;lt;/B&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=381 STYLE=&amp;quot;border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0.04in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;B&amp;gt;TIMING AND COMMENTS&amp;lt;/B&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;/TR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=128 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT COLOR=&amp;quot;#ff0000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;True Fans and crowd&lt;br /&gt;
			donations&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=129 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT COLOR=&amp;quot;#ff0000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$4k/month &amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=381 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT COLOR=&amp;quot;#ff0000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Ongoing funding from the&lt;br /&gt;
			crowds. &amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT COLOR=&amp;quot;#000080&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;SPAN LANG=&amp;quot;zxx&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;U&amp;gt;&amp;lt;A HREF=&amp;quot;http://opensourceecology.org/wiki/OSE_Microfunding_Proposal&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Campaign&lt;br /&gt;
			for recruiting True Fans&amp;lt;/A&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/U&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/SPAN&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT COLOR=&amp;quot;#ff0000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			has been started.&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;/TR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=128 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT COLOR=&amp;quot;#ff0000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Construction Grant &amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=129 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT COLOR=&amp;quot;#ff0000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$60k&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=381 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT COLOR=&amp;quot;#ff0000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Wire has been apparently&lt;br /&gt;
			made as of 8.25.11, waiting for transfer into OSE account.&lt;br /&gt;
			Dedicated to construction materials for 5000 sq ft fabrication&lt;br /&gt;
			facility and 8 living units for on-site developers.&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;/TR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=128 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT COLOR=&amp;quot;#000080&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;SPAN LANG=&amp;quot;zxx&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;U&amp;gt;&amp;lt;A HREF=&amp;quot;http://opensourceecology.org/wiki/Kauffman_Proposal&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Kauffman&lt;br /&gt;
			Proposal&amp;lt;/A&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/U&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/SPAN&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=129 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT COLOR=&amp;quot;#ff0000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$148k&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=381 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT COLOR=&amp;quot;#ff0000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;September 15, 2012; aimed&lt;br /&gt;
			at prototyping 8 machines directly relevant to 2011 construction&lt;br /&gt;
			of infrastructure, including Digital Fabrication Enterprise&lt;br /&gt;
			Training Facility&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;/TR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=128 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Shuttleworth Foundation&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=129 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$250k&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=381 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;March, 2012 – this is a Fellowship where&lt;br /&gt;
			Shuttleworth Foundation invited Marcin to apply &lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;/TR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=128 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Resource Development, USA&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=129 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$500k&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=381 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;June 1, 2012&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;/TR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=128 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Resource Development, OSE Europe&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=129 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$500k&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=381 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;June 1, 2012&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;/TR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=128 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Production earnings&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=129 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$10k/month&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=381 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Ongoing beginning January, 2012&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;/TR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=128 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;B&amp;gt;TOTAL&amp;lt;/B&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=129 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;B&amp;gt;$2.5M&amp;lt;/B&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=381 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;B&amp;gt;Leaves about $2M outstanding&amp;lt;/B&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;/TR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/TABLE&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot; STYLE=&amp;quot;margin-bottom: 0in; line-height: 0.2in; widows: 2; orphans: 2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot; STYLE=&amp;quot;line-height: 0.2in; widows: 2; orphans: 2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT SIZE=2 STYLE=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt&amp;quot;&amp;gt;The&lt;br /&gt;
proposed allocation of the Kauffman Foundation grant is as follows&lt;br /&gt;
within 6 months of receipt of funding.&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot; STYLE=&amp;quot;line-height: 0.2in; widows: 2; orphans: 2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;TABLE WIDTH=666 CELLPADDING=4 CELLSPACING=0&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;COL WIDTH=570&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;COL WIDTH=77&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=570 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0.04in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT SIZE=2 STYLE=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;B&amp;gt;ITEM&amp;lt;/B&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=77 STYLE=&amp;quot;; border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0.04in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT SIZE=2 STYLE=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;B&amp;gt;COST&amp;lt;/B&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;/TR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=570 STYLE=&amp;quot;; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT SIZE=2 STYLE=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt&amp;quot;&amp;gt;CNC Torch&lt;br /&gt;
			table, Prototype 2 &amp;amp;amp; 3 to Product Release – featuring open&lt;br /&gt;
			source stepper motor controllers&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=77 STYLE=&amp;quot;; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT SIZE=2 STYLE=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$15k&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;/TR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=570 STYLE=&amp;quot;; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT SIZE=2 STYLE=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt&amp;quot;&amp;gt;CNC&lt;br /&gt;
			Multimachine  – Prototype 1 that includes surface grinder, mill,&lt;br /&gt;
			drill, lathe, cold-cut saw, ball-bearing grinder, and nut-and-bolt&lt;br /&gt;
			machine.&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=77 STYLE=&amp;quot;; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT SIZE=2 STYLE=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$26k&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;/TR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=570 STYLE=&amp;quot;; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT COLOR=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT SIZE=2 STYLE=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt&amp;quot;&amp;gt;CNC&lt;br /&gt;
			Circuit Mill, 3 prototypes to Product Release, based on &amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT COLOR=&amp;quot;#000080&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;SPAN LANG=&amp;quot;zxx&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;U&amp;gt;&amp;lt;A HREF=&amp;quot;http://opensourceecology.org/wiki/SnapLock&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT SIZE=2 STYLE=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt&amp;quot;&amp;gt;SnapLock&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/A&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/U&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/SPAN&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT COLOR=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT SIZE=2 STYLE=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			design&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=77 STYLE=&amp;quot;; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT SIZE=2 STYLE=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$3k&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;/TR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=570 STYLE=&amp;quot;; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT SIZE=2 STYLE=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Ironworker&lt;br /&gt;
			Machine with metal shear element, Prototype 2 &amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=77 STYLE=&amp;quot;; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT SIZE=2 STYLE=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$7k&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;/TR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=570 STYLE=&amp;quot;; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT COLOR=&amp;quot;#000080&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;SPAN LANG=&amp;quot;zxx&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;U&amp;gt;&amp;lt;A HREF=&amp;quot;http://opensourceecology.org/wiki/Dimensional_Sawmill&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT SIZE=2 STYLE=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Dimensional&lt;br /&gt;
			Sawmill&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/A&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/U&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/SPAN&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT COLOR=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT SIZE=2 STYLE=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt&amp;quot;&amp;gt;,&lt;br /&gt;
			3 prototypes up to Product Release, 5000 board-feet/person/day&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=77 STYLE=&amp;quot;; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT SIZE=2 STYLE=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$29k&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;/TR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=570 STYLE=&amp;quot;; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT SIZE=2 STYLE=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Tractor&lt;br /&gt;
			Loader-Mounted Cement Mixer, 2 prototypes to Product Release&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=77 STYLE=&amp;quot;; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT SIZE=2 STYLE=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$6k&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;/TR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=570 STYLE=&amp;quot;; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT SIZE=2 STYLE=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Trencher,&lt;br /&gt;
			3 foot depth, 2 prototypes to full product release&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=77 STYLE=&amp;quot;; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT SIZE=2 STYLE=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$6k&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;/TR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=570 STYLE=&amp;quot;; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT SIZE=2 STYLE=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Universal&lt;br /&gt;
			Rotor, including fabrication technique for earth augers, Prototype&lt;br /&gt;
			2&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=77 STYLE=&amp;quot;; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT SIZE=2 STYLE=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$5k&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;/TR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=570 STYLE=&amp;quot;; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT SIZE=2 STYLE=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Technical&lt;br /&gt;
			documentation: instructional videos, fabrication procedures, etc.&lt;br /&gt;
			- 2-3 full time, on-site people at Factor e Farm, 6 month duration&lt;br /&gt;
			at $8k/month&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=77 STYLE=&amp;quot;; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT SIZE=2 STYLE=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$48k&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;/TR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=570 STYLE=&amp;quot;; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT SIZE=2 STYLE=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;B&amp;gt;TOTAL &amp;lt;/B&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=77 STYLE=&amp;quot;; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT SIZE=2 STYLE=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;B&amp;gt;$145k&amp;lt;/B&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;/TR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/TABLE&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot; STYLE=&amp;quot;line-height: 0.2in; widows: 2; orphans: 2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot; STYLE=&amp;quot;line-height: 0.2in; widows: 2; orphans: 2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT SIZE=2 STYLE=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;B&amp;gt;Significance&amp;lt;/B&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot; STYLE=&amp;quot;line-height: 0.2in; widows: 2; orphans: 2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT SIZE=2 STYLE=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt&amp;quot;&amp;gt;The&lt;br /&gt;
tools above are a continuation of GVCS prototyping – open source&lt;br /&gt;
solutions contributed to the world.  We are addressing two areas.&lt;br /&gt;
First are construction needs (brick production, lumber milling, and&lt;br /&gt;
cement mixing, plus others). This, combines with our tractor&lt;br /&gt;
infrastructure, allowing one to bootstrap infrastructure building at&lt;br /&gt;
$5/sq ft construction cost for shell structures – while remaining&lt;br /&gt;
within industry-standard construction schedules. Second, we are&lt;br /&gt;
providing powerful fabrication tools: CNC torch table for automation&lt;br /&gt;
of parts cutting; CNC Multimachine for producing otherwise expensive&lt;br /&gt;
components such as hydraulic motors for the tractor and even bolts&lt;br /&gt;
and ball-bearings; circuit mill for producing circuits, such as&lt;br /&gt;
microcontrollers. We are also including the ironworker machine for&lt;br /&gt;
cutting and punching 1” thick steel. These tools can also make&lt;br /&gt;
replicas of themselves with the hands of a skilled operator.&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot; STYLE=&amp;quot;line-height: 0.2in; widows: 2; orphans: 2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT SIZE=2 STYLE=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt&amp;quot;&amp;gt;For&lt;br /&gt;
the purposes of enterprise creation – we expect the following&lt;br /&gt;
materials costs for building the machines above, as compared to&lt;br /&gt;
industry standard costs for purchasing equivalent machines&lt;br /&gt;
off-the-shelf.&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;DL&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;DL&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;DL&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;DL&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
				&amp;lt;DD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
				&amp;lt;TABLE WIDTH=334 CELLPADDING=4 CELLSPACING=0&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
					&amp;lt;COL WIDTH=149&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
					&amp;lt;COL WIDTH=87&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
					&amp;lt;COL WIDTH=72&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
					&amp;lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
						&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=149 HEIGHT=34 STYLE=&amp;quot;border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0.04in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
							&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT SIZE=2 STYLE=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;B&amp;gt;ITEM&amp;lt;/B&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
						&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
						&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=87 STYLE=&amp;quot;; border-top: 1px solid #000000; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0.04in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
							&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT SIZE=2 STYLE=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;B&amp;gt;MATERIALS&lt;br /&gt;
							COST&amp;lt;/B&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
						&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
						&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=72 STYLE=&amp;quot;; border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0.04in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
							&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT SIZE=2 STYLE=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;B&amp;gt;OFF-SHELF&lt;br /&gt;
							&amp;lt;/B&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
							&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
							&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT SIZE=2 STYLE=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;B&amp;gt;COST&amp;lt;/B&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
						&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
					&amp;lt;/TR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
					&amp;lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
						&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=149 STYLE=&amp;quot;; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
							&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT SIZE=2 STYLE=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt&amp;quot;&amp;gt;CNC&lt;br /&gt;
							Torch Table&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
						&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
						&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=87 STYLE=&amp;quot;; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
							&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT SIZE=2 STYLE=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$2.5k&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
						&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
						&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=72 STYLE=&amp;quot;; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
							&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT SIZE=2 STYLE=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$40k&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
						&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
					&amp;lt;/TR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
					&amp;lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
						&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=149 STYLE=&amp;quot;; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
							&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT SIZE=2 STYLE=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt&amp;quot;&amp;gt;CNC&lt;br /&gt;
							Multimachine&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
						&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
						&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=87 STYLE=&amp;quot;; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
							&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT SIZE=2 STYLE=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$5k&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
						&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
						&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=72 STYLE=&amp;quot;; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
							&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT SIZE=2 STYLE=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$45k&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
						&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
					&amp;lt;/TR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
					&amp;lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
						&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=149 STYLE=&amp;quot;; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
							&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT SIZE=2 STYLE=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt&amp;quot;&amp;gt;CNC&lt;br /&gt;
							Circuit Mill&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
						&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
						&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=87 STYLE=&amp;quot;; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
							&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT SIZE=2 STYLE=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$600&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
						&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
						&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=72 STYLE=&amp;quot;; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
							&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT SIZE=2 STYLE=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$4k&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
						&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
					&amp;lt;/TR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
					&amp;lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
						&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=149 STYLE=&amp;quot;; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
							&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT SIZE=2 STYLE=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Ironworker&lt;br /&gt;
							Machine&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
						&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
						&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=87 STYLE=&amp;quot;; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
							&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT SIZE=2 STYLE=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$2k&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
						&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
						&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=72 STYLE=&amp;quot;; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
							&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT SIZE=2 STYLE=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$21k&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
						&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
					&amp;lt;/TR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
					&amp;lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
						&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=149 STYLE=&amp;quot;; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
							&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT SIZE=2 STYLE=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Dimensional&lt;br /&gt;
							Sawmill&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
						&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
						&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=87 STYLE=&amp;quot;; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
							&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT SIZE=2 STYLE=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$3k&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
						&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
						&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=72 STYLE=&amp;quot;; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
							&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT SIZE=2 STYLE=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$35k&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
						&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
					&amp;lt;/TR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
					&amp;lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
						&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=149 STYLE=&amp;quot;; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
							&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT SIZE=2 STYLE=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Cement&lt;br /&gt;
							Mixer&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
						&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
						&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=87 STYLE=&amp;quot;; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
							&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT SIZE=2 STYLE=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$700&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
						&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
						&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=72 STYLE=&amp;quot;; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
							&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT SIZE=2 STYLE=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$6.7k&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
						&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
					&amp;lt;/TR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
					&amp;lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
						&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=149 STYLE=&amp;quot;; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
							&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT SIZE=2 STYLE=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Trencher&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
						&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
						&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=87 STYLE=&amp;quot;; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
							&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT SIZE=2 STYLE=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$700&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
						&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
						&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=72 STYLE=&amp;quot;; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
							&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT SIZE=2 STYLE=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$5k&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
						&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
					&amp;lt;/TR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
					&amp;lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
						&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=149 STYLE=&amp;quot;; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
							&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT SIZE=2 STYLE=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Universal&lt;br /&gt;
							Rotor&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
						&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
						&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=87 STYLE=&amp;quot;; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
							&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT SIZE=2 STYLE=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$700&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
						&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
						&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=72 STYLE=&amp;quot;; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
							&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT SIZE=2 STYLE=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt&amp;quot;&amp;gt;$5k&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
						&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
					&amp;lt;/TR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
					&amp;lt;TR VALIGN=TOP&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
						&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=149 STYLE=&amp;quot;; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
							&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT SIZE=2 STYLE=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;B&amp;gt;TOTAL&lt;br /&gt;
							&amp;lt;/B&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
							&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
						&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
						&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=87 STYLE=&amp;quot;; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
							&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT SIZE=2 STYLE=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;B&amp;gt;$15k&amp;lt;/B&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
						&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
						&amp;lt;TD WIDTH=72 STYLE=&amp;quot;; border-top: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; padding-top: 0in; padding-bottom: 0.04in; padding-left: 0.04in; padding-right: 0.04in&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
							&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT SIZE=2 STYLE=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;B&amp;gt;$162k&amp;lt;/B&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
						&amp;lt;/TD&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
					&amp;lt;/TR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
				&amp;lt;/TABLE&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
			&amp;lt;/DL&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
		&amp;lt;/DL&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
	&amp;lt;/DL&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/DL&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot; STYLE=&amp;quot;line-height: 0.2in; widows: 2; orphans: 2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT SIZE=2 STYLE=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt&amp;quot;&amp;gt;The&lt;br /&gt;
difference between materials cost and off-shelf cost represents the&lt;br /&gt;
potential value captured by local enterprises. For the purpose of&lt;br /&gt;
community infrastructures, this represents significant generation of&lt;br /&gt;
wealth on the local level.&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot; STYLE=&amp;quot;line-height: 0.2in; widows: 2; orphans: 2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT SIZE=2 STYLE=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;B&amp;gt;Outcomes&amp;lt;/B&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot; STYLE=&amp;quot;line-height: 0.2in; widows: 2; orphans: 2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT SIZE=2 STYLE=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt&amp;quot;&amp;gt;We&lt;br /&gt;
will produce the 8 physical machines above (some have multiple&lt;br /&gt;
prototypes). For each machine, we will also include the following:&lt;br /&gt;
(1), design rationale; (2), 3D CAD files; (3), 2D fabrication&lt;br /&gt;
drawings; (4), CAE analyses; (5), CAM files for the circuit mill,&lt;br /&gt;
torch table, and CNC Multimachine; (6), exploded part diagrams; (7),&lt;br /&gt;
Bills of Materials and sourcing information; (8), scaling&lt;br /&gt;
calculations; (9), A-Z instructionals; and (10), cost and performance&lt;br /&gt;
comparisons to industry standards. In general, we are predicting 8x&lt;br /&gt;
cost reduction compared to industry standards, reducing the barriers&lt;br /&gt;
to entry of enterprise startups.&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot; STYLE=&amp;quot;line-height: 0.2in; widows: 2; orphans: 2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT SIZE=2 STYLE=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;B&amp;gt;Deployment&lt;br /&gt;
Strategy&amp;lt;/B&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot; STYLE=&amp;quot;line-height: 0.2in; widows: 2; orphans: 2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT SIZE=2 STYLE=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt&amp;quot;&amp;gt;We&lt;br /&gt;
will go through design review with the local fabrication shop to&lt;br /&gt;
produce the (1), sawmill, (2), cement mixer, (3) trencher; (4),&lt;br /&gt;
universal auger; and (5), ironworker machine. The local fabrication&lt;br /&gt;
shop is well-suited for building these prototypes, as we have been&lt;br /&gt;
working with them for the last 4 years.&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot; STYLE=&amp;quot;line-height: 0.2in; widows: 2; orphans: 2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT SIZE=2 STYLE=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt&amp;quot;&amp;gt;For&lt;br /&gt;
the CNC Multimachine, we have  recruited an on-site machinist/machine&lt;br /&gt;
designer. For the CNC torch table, we will build on our first&lt;br /&gt;
successful prototype and leverage the existing hackerspace community&lt;br /&gt;
for a torch table hackathon. For CNC circuit mill, we will build on&lt;br /&gt;
the open source work of MIT – SnapLock - to optimize the circuit&lt;br /&gt;
mill toolchain for effective circuit production of surface mount&lt;br /&gt;
circuits.&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot; STYLE=&amp;quot;line-height: 0.2in; widows: 2; orphans: 2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT SIZE=2 STYLE=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt&amp;quot;&amp;gt;We&lt;br /&gt;
will test the construction/utility devices rigorously in field&lt;br /&gt;
conditions in our 2011 construction at Factor e Farm - where we will&lt;br /&gt;
build the 5000 Square Foot Fabrication Training Facility and 6 living&lt;br /&gt;
units for trainees.&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot; STYLE=&amp;quot;line-height: 0.2in; widows: 2; orphans: 2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT SIZE=2 STYLE=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt&amp;quot;&amp;gt;The&lt;br /&gt;
documentation aspect is a significant portion of the work. The&lt;br /&gt;
documentation team will be involved deeply in the development&lt;br /&gt;
process. This team will live on-site, documenting the process and&lt;br /&gt;
results. The skills required include video editing, technical&lt;br /&gt;
writing, and an ability to edit on daily publishing schedules. This&lt;br /&gt;
will take us closer to defining a replicable template for&lt;br /&gt;
professional documentation standards of the entire GVCS.&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot; STYLE=&amp;quot;line-height: 0.2in; widows: 2; orphans: 2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT SIZE=2 STYLE=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;B&amp;gt;Overall&lt;br /&gt;
Budget for OSE Until 2013&amp;lt;/B&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot; STYLE=&amp;quot;line-height: 0.2in; widows: 2; orphans: 2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT COLOR=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT SIZE=2 STYLE=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt&amp;quot;&amp;gt;The&lt;br /&gt;
mainstay of our funding to date has been the &amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT COLOR=&amp;quot;#000080&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;SPAN LANG=&amp;quot;zxx&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;U&amp;gt;&amp;lt;A HREF=&amp;quot;http://opensourceecology.org/wiki/True%20Fans&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT SIZE=2 STYLE=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt&amp;quot;&amp;gt;True&lt;br /&gt;
Fans&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/A&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/U&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/SPAN&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT COLOR=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT SIZE=2 STYLE=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
– micro-funding, private donations from individuals at $10/month to&lt;br /&gt;
the project. We currently have about 400 &amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT COLOR=&amp;quot;#000080&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;SPAN LANG=&amp;quot;zxx&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;U&amp;gt;&amp;lt;A HREF=&amp;quot;http://opensourceecology.org/wiki/True%20Fans&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT SIZE=2 STYLE=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt&amp;quot;&amp;gt;True&lt;br /&gt;
Fans&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/A&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/U&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/SPAN&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT COLOR=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT SIZE=2 STYLE=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt&amp;quot;&amp;gt;,&lt;br /&gt;
for a monthly donation budget of $4k. We spend all of this directly&lt;br /&gt;
on prototyping at Factor e Farm as soon as the money comes in with&lt;br /&gt;
100% volunteers at present, with low overhead at an off-grid facility&lt;br /&gt;
where we dogfood the technology.&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot; STYLE=&amp;quot;line-height: 0.2in; widows: 2; orphans: 2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT SIZE=2 STYLE=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt&amp;quot;&amp;gt;We&lt;br /&gt;
are currently organized as an unincorporated project under the fiscal&lt;br /&gt;
sponsorship of Terra Foundation of California – a public charity&lt;br /&gt;
that handles any nonprofit donations. We have done no resource&lt;br /&gt;
development, but have gotten one $60k donation offer for&lt;br /&gt;
infrastructure building from an anonymous donor. Moreover, we just&lt;br /&gt;
shot footage for a Kickstarter to go the &#039;last mile&#039; with the OSE&lt;br /&gt;
Christmas Gift to the World mentioned above. The Kickstarter goal&lt;br /&gt;
will be $40k, and we aim to kick off this campaign in 2 weeks. Also,&lt;br /&gt;
I will be applying for $250k project funding from the Shuttleworth&lt;br /&gt;
Foundation for a Fellowship that starts in March, 2012.&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot; STYLE=&amp;quot;line-height: 0.2in; widows: 2; orphans: 2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT COLOR=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT SIZE=2 STYLE=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Our&lt;br /&gt;
overall budget goal is $4-5M to complete the GVCS bear-end 2012, so&lt;br /&gt;
that the entire platform can be completed and put to the test in&lt;br /&gt;
terms of creating community-based solutions of re-localized&lt;br /&gt;
production consistent with our principles of &amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT COLOR=&amp;quot;#000080&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;SPAN LANG=&amp;quot;zxx&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;U&amp;gt;&amp;lt;A HREF=&amp;quot;http://opensourceecology.org/w/index.php?title=Distributive_Enterprise&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT SIZE=2 STYLE=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt&amp;quot;&amp;gt;distributive&lt;br /&gt;
enterprise&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/A&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/U&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/SPAN&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT COLOR=&amp;quot;#000000&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT SIZE=2 STYLE=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt&amp;quot;&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
Approximately 1/3 of this budget is for prototyping, 1/3 for&lt;br /&gt;
documentation, and 1/3 for distributive enterprise development.&lt;br /&gt;
Distributive enterprise development involves the combination of&lt;br /&gt;
fabrication optimization, business plan development, and fabricator&lt;br /&gt;
training development.&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot; STYLE=&amp;quot;line-height: 0.2in; widows: 2; orphans: 2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;FONT SIZE=2 STYLE=&amp;quot;font-size: 11pt&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Our&lt;br /&gt;
experiment aims to demonstrate the feasibility of creating complete,&lt;br /&gt;
technologically-advanced economies from 100% local resources (trade&lt;br /&gt;
is optional). We aim to obtain data points on the limits of what&lt;br /&gt;
individual communities can do to transcend artificial scarcity. We&lt;br /&gt;
will carry out this social experiment at Factor e Farm – a&lt;br /&gt;
community of 200 people -  between 2013-2014 - one hour away from&lt;br /&gt;
Kansas City.&amp;lt;/FONT&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;P CLASS=&amp;quot;western&amp;quot; STYLE=&amp;quot;line-height: 0.2in; widows: 2; orphans: 2&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&amp;lt;BR&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/P&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/BODY&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/HTML&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Jiff64138</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=Bakery_Oven&amp;diff=33725</id>
		<title>Bakery Oven</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=Bakery_Oven&amp;diff=33725"/>
		<updated>2011-07-16T17:10:55Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Jiff64138: Created page with &amp;quot;{{Breadcrumb|Food and Agriculture}} Bakery Oven	 &amp;quot;A device for heating various forms of dough into breads and other baked goods&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Breadcrumb|Food and Agriculture}}&lt;br /&gt;
Bakery Oven	 &amp;quot;A device for heating various forms of dough into breads and other baked goods&amp;quot;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Jiff64138</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=Global_Village_Construction_Set&amp;diff=33723</id>
		<title>Global Village Construction Set</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=Global_Village_Construction_Set&amp;diff=33723"/>
		<updated>2011-07-16T16:51:18Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Jiff64138: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{mergefrom|Template:GVCS List}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;text-align: right; direction: ltr; margin-left: 1em;&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;flattr &lt;br /&gt;
 uid=&amp;quot;marcin_ose&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
 title=&amp;quot;Global Village Construction Set&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
 description=&amp;quot;The GVCS is a set of 50 tools / technologies for building post-scarcity, resilient communities.&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
 category=&amp;quot;text&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
 language=&amp;quot;en_GB&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
 button=&amp;quot;compact&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
 /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Introduction =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;See http://opensourceecology.org for the official definition of the [http://opensourceecology.org/gvcs.php 50 GVCS Tools].&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;The [[Global Village Construction Set]]&#039;&#039;&#039; is a set of 50 industrial machines that allow for the creation of a small-scale civilization with modern comforts. See Marcin&#039;s [[TED Talk]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In this page, you will get an overview of each one of them, together with corresponding wiki pages, blog posts and forums.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
See also the [[Crash Course]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Ideas ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The ideas that guide the GVCS are:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Open Source&#039;&#039;&#039; - we freely publish our 3d designs, schematics, instructional videos, budgets, and product manuals on our open source wiki and we harness open collaboration with technical contributors.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Low-Cost&#039;&#039;&#039; - The cost of making or buying our machines are, on average, 8x cheaper than buying from an Industrial Manufacturer, including an average labor cost of $15 hour for a GVCS fabricator.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Modular&#039;&#039;&#039; - Motors, parts, assemblies, and power units can interchange, where units can be grouped together to diversify the functionality that is achievable from a small set of units.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;User-Serviceable&#039;&#039;&#039; - Design-for-disassembly allows the user to take apart, maintain, and fix tools readily without the need to rely on expensive repairmen.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;DIY&#039;&#039;&#039; - (do-it-yourself) The user gains control of designing, producing, and modifying the GVCS tool set.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Closed Loop Manufacturing&#039;&#039;&#039; - Metal is an essential component of advanced civilization, and our platform allows for recycling metal into virgin feedstock for producing further GVCS technologies - thereby allowing for cradle-to-cradle manufacturing cycles&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;High Performance&#039;&#039;&#039; - Performance standards must match or exceed those of industrial counterparts for the GVCS to be viable.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Flexible Fabrication&#039;&#039;&#039; - It has been demonstrated that the flexible use of generalized machinery in appropriate-scale production is a viable alternative to centralized production.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Distributive Economics&#039;&#039;&#039; - We encourage the replication of enterprises that derive from the GVCS platform as a route to truly free enterprise - along the ideals of Jeffersonian democracy.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Industrial Efficiency&#039;&#039;&#039; - In order to provide a viable choice for a resilient lifestyle, the GVCS platform matches or exceeds productivity standards of industrial counterparts.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= The tools =&lt;br /&gt;
{| style=&amp;quot;width:100%;&amp;quot; cellpadding=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot; cellspacing=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; border=&amp;quot;1&amp;quot; align=&amp;quot;left&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! TOOL&lt;br /&gt;
! DESCRIPTION&lt;br /&gt;
! IMAGE&lt;br /&gt;
! STATUS&lt;br /&gt;
! PROJECT MANAGER&lt;br /&gt;
! FORUM DISCUSSION&lt;br /&gt;
! BLOG&lt;br /&gt;
! OTHER WIKI ARTICLES&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
! &#039;&#039;&#039;[[CEB Press]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! A high-performance Compresssed Earth Block press. Compresssed Earth Block building is the highest quality natural building method. The page [[CEB intro]] contains introductory information on compressed earth blocks&lt;br /&gt;
! http://openfarmtech.org/temp-gvcs-icons/compressed-earth-brick-press.png&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;lt;font color=green&amp;gt;COMPLETE AND TESTED!&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Marcin Jakubowski]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [http://openfarmtech.org/weblog/forum/ceb-press/ ceb-press]&lt;br /&gt;
! [http://openfarmtech.org/weblog/category/global-village-construction-set/compressed-earth-block-press/ compressed-earth-block-press]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[:Category: CEB]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=&amp;quot;left&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! &#039;&#039;&#039;[[LifeTrac|Tractor]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! A versatile, 4-wheel drive, hydraulically-driven, skid-steering tractor with 18 to 200 horsepower capacity for agriculture, construction and other utility duties.&lt;br /&gt;
! http://openfarmtech.org/temp-gvcs-icons/lifetrac.png&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;lt;font color=green&amp;gt;PROTOTYPE COMPLETE!&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Marcin Jakubowski]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [http://openfarmtech.org/weblog/forum/lifetrac/ lifetrac]&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! [[:Category: LifeTrac]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=&amp;quot;left&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! &#039;&#039;&#039;[[Microtractor]]&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
! a small, 18 hp version of the full-sized tractor for powering a wide range of implements in agricultural and utility duties&lt;br /&gt;
! http://openfarmtech.org/temp-gvcs-icons/microtrac.png&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;lt;font color=green&amp;gt;PROTOTYPE COMPLETE!&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! [[:Category: MicroTrac]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=&amp;quot;left&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! &#039;&#039;&#039;[[Bulldozer]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! A high-traction, heavy earth-moving machine indispensible for building ponds, berms, and other permacultural earthforms, as well as for other tasks such as building roads or clearing land&lt;br /&gt;
! http://openfarmtech.org/temp-gvcs-icons/bulldozer.png&lt;br /&gt;
! STATUS&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=&amp;quot;left&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! &#039;&#039;&#039;[[Power Cube]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! A multipurpose, self-contained, hydraulic power power unit that consisting of an engine coupled to a hydraulic pump&lt;br /&gt;
! http://openfarmtech.org/temp-gvcs-icons/powercube.png&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;lt;font color=green&amp;gt;PROTOTYPE COMPLETE!&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Marcin Jakubowski]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [http://openfarmtech.org/weblog/forum/power-cube/ power-cube]&lt;br /&gt;
! [http://openfarmtech.org/weblog/category/global-village-construction-set/power-cube/ power-cube]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[:Category: Power Cube]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=&amp;quot;left&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! &#039;&#039;&#039;CNC Precision Multimachine&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! A multipurpose, precision CNC machining and metal cutting device for milling, lathing, drilling to make precision parts; includes surface grinding and cold-cut metal sawing&lt;br /&gt;
! http://openfarmtech.org/temp-gvcs-icons/multimachine.png&lt;br /&gt;
! STATUS&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=&amp;quot;left&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! &#039;&#039;&#039;Ironworker Machine&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
! A device that can instantly cut steel and punch holes in metal one inch thick &lt;br /&gt;
! http://openfarmtech.org/temp-gvcs-icons/ironworker.png&lt;br /&gt;
! STATUS&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=&amp;quot;left&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! &#039;&#039;&#039;CNC Torch/Router Table&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
! A computer-controlled cutting table for metal where a moving torch head is used to produce precision metal parts in a fraction of the time that it takes to do so manually&lt;br /&gt;
! http://openfarmtech.org/temp-gvcs-icons/torch-table.png&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;lt;font color=green&amp;gt;PROTOTYPE COMPLETE!&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! [[:Category: Torch Table]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=&amp;quot;left&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! &#039;&#039;&#039;3D Printer&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! An additive manufacturing technology where a three dimensional object is printed by laying down successive layers of material, just like a printer except in 3D&lt;br /&gt;
! http://openfarmtech.org/temp-gvcs-icons/3d-printer.png&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;lt;font color=green&amp;gt;COMPLETE AND TESTED!&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
! The [http://reprap.org RepRap] community, led by Adrian Bowyer&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=&amp;quot;left&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! &#039;&#039;&#039;3D Scanner&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! A device that can generate a 3D digital scan from a real-life object, where the file can be used to reproduce the object in 3D with a device such as the 3D printer or CNC Precision Multimachine&lt;br /&gt;
! http://openfarmtech.org/temp-gvcs-icons/3d-scanner.png&lt;br /&gt;
! STATUS&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=&amp;quot;left&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! &#039;&#039;&#039;[[CNC Circuit Mill]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! A computer-controlled device that can produce electrical circuits by milling and drilling on copper-clad circuit boards&lt;br /&gt;
! http://openfarmtech.org/temp-gvcs-icons/circuit-mill.png&lt;br /&gt;
! STATUS&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=&amp;quot;left&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! &#039;&#039;&#039;[[Industrial Robot]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! A robotic arm which can perform certain human tasks - such as welding or milling – for performing tasks that are not better done by humans&lt;br /&gt;
! http://openfarmtech.org/temp-gvcs-icons/robotic-arm.png&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;lt;font color=orange&amp;gt;IN DEVELOPMENT&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Yoonseo Kang]]&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=&amp;quot;left&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! &#039;&#039;&#039;[[Laser Cutter]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! An industrial machine that can make precision, finish cuts in a wide array of substrates, such as metal, wood, or plastic &lt;br /&gt;
! http://openfarmtech.org/temp-gvcs-icons/laser-cutter.png&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;lt;font color=orange&amp;gt;IN DEVELOPMENT&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
! The [http://labs.nortd.com/lasersaur/ Lasersaur] team&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=&amp;quot;left&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! &#039;&#039;&#039;[[Open Source Welder]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! A device used to make strong, permanent bonds in metal by melting and fusing the metal &lt;br /&gt;
! http://openfarmtech.org/temp-gvcs-icons/mig-welder.png&lt;br /&gt;
! STATUS&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=&amp;quot;left&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! &#039;&#039;&#039;[[Plasma Cutter]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! A device to cut metal using a plasma torch&lt;br /&gt;
! http://openfarmtech.org/temp-gvcs-icons/plasma-cutter.png&lt;br /&gt;
! STATUS&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=&amp;quot;left&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! &#039;&#039;&#039;[[Induction Furnace]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! An electrical furnace in which the heat is applied by induction heating of metal, providing clean, versatile, compact, energy-efficient, and well-controlled melting compared to flame furnaces&lt;br /&gt;
! http://openfarmtech.org/temp-gvcs-icons/induction-furnace.png&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;lt;font color=orange&amp;gt;IN DEVELOPMENT&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! [http://openfarmtech.org/weblog/forum/induction-furnace/ induction-furnace]&lt;br /&gt;
! [http://openfarmtech.org/weblog/category/global-village-construction-set/induction-furnace/ induction-furnace]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[:Category: Induction Furnace]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=&amp;quot;left&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! &#039;&#039;&#039;Metal Rolling&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! A metal forming process in which metal stock is passed through a pair of rolls to produce a desired shape, such as flat bar, angle, or u-channel&lt;br /&gt;
! http://openfarmtech.org/temp-gvcs-icons/metal-rolling-machine.png&lt;br /&gt;
! STATUS&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=&amp;quot;left&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! &#039;&#039;&#039;Rod and Wire Mill&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! A subset of metal rolling, used to make shafts, rebar, thin rods, and down to wire.&lt;br /&gt;
! http://openfarmtech.org/temp-gvcs-icons/wire-n-rod-mill.png&lt;br /&gt;
! STATUS&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=&amp;quot;left&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! &#039;&#039;&#039;Press Forge&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! A device for shaping metal by the application of a shaping die and a continuous pressure or force.&lt;br /&gt;
! http://openfarmtech.org/temp-gvcs-icons/forge.png&lt;br /&gt;
! STATUS&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=&amp;quot;left&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! &#039;&#039;&#039;[[Modern Steam Engine]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! A modern engine where an external heat source is used to turn water into steam, and the steam in turn moves reciprocating pistons to provide shaft power&lt;br /&gt;
! http://openfarmtech.org/temp-gvcs-icons/steam-engine.png&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;lt;font color=orange&amp;gt;IN DEVELOPMENT&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Mark J Norton]]&lt;br /&gt;
! [http://openfarmtech.org/weblog/forum/steam-engine-construction-set/ steam-engine-construction-set]&lt;br /&gt;
! [http://openfarmtech.org/weblog/category/global-village-construction-set/steam-engine-construction-set/ steam-engine-construction-set]&lt;br /&gt;
! [[:Category: Steam Engine]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=&amp;quot;left&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! &#039;&#039;&#039;Gasifier burner&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! A clean and efficient burner that gasifies the material that is being burned prior to combustion&lt;br /&gt;
! http://openfarmtech.org/temp-gvcs-icons/gasifier-burner.png&lt;br /&gt;
! STATUS&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=&amp;quot;left&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! &#039;&#039;&#039;[[Steam Generator]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! A device that generates steam from water that is passed through externally-heated coils&lt;br /&gt;
! http://openfarmtech.org/temp-gvcs-icons/steam-generator.png&lt;br /&gt;
! STATUS&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=&amp;quot;left&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! &#039;&#039;&#039;Solar Concentrator&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! An array of mirrors to concentrate sunlight so it can boil water and drive a steam engine. &lt;br /&gt;
! http://openfarmtech.org/temp-gvcs-icons/solar-concentrator.png&lt;br /&gt;
! STATUS&lt;br /&gt;
! The [http://www.solarfire.org/ Solar Fire] team&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=&amp;quot;left&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! &#039;&#039;&#039;[[Wind Turbine]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! A device that produces electrical power from wind energy&lt;br /&gt;
! http://openfarmtech.org/temp-gvcs-icons/wind-turbine.png&lt;br /&gt;
! STATUS&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=&amp;quot;left&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! &#039;&#039;&#039;Aluminum Extractor from Clay&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
! A device that produces aluminum from clay by dissolving the aluminum from aluminosilicate (clay), and then electrolyzing the resulting compound to form pure aluminum&lt;br /&gt;
! http://openfarmtech.org/temp-gvcs-icons/alluminum-extractor.png&lt;br /&gt;
! STATUS&lt;br /&gt;
! [[Edward McCullough]]&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=&amp;quot;left&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! &#039;&#039;&#039;[[Pelletizer]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! A device that compresses shredded pieces of biomass or other substances to compact, flowable pellets&lt;br /&gt;
! http://openfarmtech.org/temp-gvcs-icons/pelletizer.png&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=&amp;quot;left&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! &#039;&#039;&#039;Universal Seeder&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
!  A tractor-pulled seeder than can plant any seed, from small seeds like clover to large seeds such as potatoes&lt;br /&gt;
! http://openfarmtech.org/temp-gvcs-icons/universal-seeder.png&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=&amp;quot;left&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! &#039;&#039;&#039;[[Rototiller]] and [[Soil Pulverizer]]&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
! A tractor implement that tills soil with blades via rotary action&lt;br /&gt;
! http://openfarmtech.org/temp-gvcs-icons/pulverizer-tiller.png&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=&amp;quot;left&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! &#039;&#039;&#039;[[Spader]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! A set of mechanical shovels that prepare soil for planting without causing a hardpan typical of rototiller tilling&lt;br /&gt;
! http://openfarmtech.org/temp-gvcs-icons/spader.png&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=&amp;quot;left&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! &#039;&#039;&#039;Microcombine&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! A small-scale harvester-thresher for mechanical harvesting of any grain crops, with a cutting swath of about 3 feet in width &lt;br /&gt;
! http://openfarmtech.org/temp-gvcs-icons/microcombine.png&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=&amp;quot;left&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! &#039;&#039;&#039;[[Universal Rotor]]&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
! A tractor-mounted rotor that can be fitted with a wide array of toolheads, such as string trimmer, posthole digger, tree planting auger, slurry mixer, and many others&lt;br /&gt;
! http://openfarmtech.org/temp-gvcs-icons/universal-rotor.png&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=&amp;quot;left&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! &#039;&#039;&#039;[[Baler]]&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
! A device that compresses hay and other light and dispersed materials into more compact bales &lt;br /&gt;
! http://openfarmtech.org/temp-gvcs-icons/baler.png&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=&amp;quot;left&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! &#039;&#039;&#039;Hay Rake&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! A mechanical implement for a tractor that rakes hay or other light materials into windrows or other formations for drying or baling&lt;br /&gt;
! http://openfarmtech.org/temp-gvcs-icons/hay-rake.png&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=&amp;quot;left&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! &#039;&#039;&#039;[[Hay Cutter]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! A device that cuts grass, hay, straw, or other light biomass for haying, baling, or combining&lt;br /&gt;
! http://openfarmtech.org/temp-gvcs-icons/hay-cutter.png&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=&amp;quot;left&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! &#039;&#039;&#039;[[Backhoe]]&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
! A piece of excavating equipment or digger consisting of a digging bucket on the end of a two-part articulated arm for digging trenches or large holes &lt;br /&gt;
! http://openfarmtech.org/temp-gvcs-icons/backhoe.png&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
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|-align=&amp;quot;left&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! &#039;&#039;&#039;Chipper/Hammermill&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
! A machine used for reducing wood or other materials into smaller parts, such as chips or shreds &lt;br /&gt;
! http://openfarmtech.org/temp-gvcs-icons/chipper-hammermill.png&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
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|-align=&amp;quot;left&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! &#039;&#039;&#039;[[Trencher]]&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
! A piece of construction equipment that uses a cutting wheel for digging trenches, laying pipe, cable, or drainage&lt;br /&gt;
! http://openfarmtech.org/temp-gvcs-icons/trencher.png&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
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|-align=&amp;quot;left&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! &#039;&#039;&#039;[[Open Source Car]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! A wheeled motor vehicle for transporting people&lt;br /&gt;
! http://openfarmtech.org/temp-gvcs-icons/automobile.png&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
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! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
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|-align=&amp;quot;left&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! &#039;&#039;&#039;Open Source Truck&#039;&#039;&#039;  &lt;br /&gt;
! A larger version of an automobile with a bed for transporting loads&lt;br /&gt;
! http://openfarmtech.org/temp-gvcs-icons/truck.png&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
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! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
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|-align=&amp;quot;left&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! &#039;&#039;&#039;[[Sawmill|Dimensional Sawmill]]&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
! A dimensional sawmill is a circular blade sawmill with 2 blades that is used for producing dimensional lumber in one pass&lt;br /&gt;
! http://openfarmtech.org/temp-gvcs-icons/sawmill.png&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
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! &lt;br /&gt;
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|-align=&amp;quot;left&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! &#039;&#039;&#039;[[Cement Mixer]]&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
! A device that homogeneously combines cement, aggregate such as sand or gravel, and water to form concrete&lt;br /&gt;
! http://openfarmtech.org/temp-gvcs-icons/cement-mixer.png&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
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|-align=&amp;quot;left&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! &#039;&#039;&#039;[[Well-drilling Rig]]&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! A device for digging deep water wells&lt;br /&gt;
! http://openfarmtech.org/temp-gvcs-icons/well-drilling-rig.png &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
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|-align=&amp;quot;left&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! &#039;&#039;&#039;[[Bakery Oven]]&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
! A device for heating various forms of dough into breads and other baked goods&lt;br /&gt;
! http://openfarmtech.org/temp-gvcs-icons/industrial-bread-oven.png&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
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! &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=&amp;quot;left&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! &#039;&#039;&#039;Dairy Milker&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
! A device which harvests milk automatically from milk-producing livestock&lt;br /&gt;
! http://openfarmtech.org/temp-gvcs-icons/milking-machine.png&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
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! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=&amp;quot;left&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! &#039;&#039;&#039;Electric Motor/Generator&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
! A device that functions as a motor when energized with a voltage, which can also function as an electrical generator when it is spun. &lt;br /&gt;
! http://openfarmtech.org/temp-gvcs-icons/electric-motor-generator.png&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
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! &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=&amp;quot;left&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! &#039;&#039;&#039;Hydraulic Motors&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
! A mechanical actuator that converts high-pressure fluid flow into rotation&lt;br /&gt;
! http://openfarmtech.org/temp-gvcs-icons/hydraulic-motor.png&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
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! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=&amp;quot;left&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! &#039;&#039;&#039;[[Bioplastic Extruder]]&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
! An extruder takes a charge of plastic and extrudes a sheet or other profile of useful form, such as greenhouse glazing or water tubing&lt;br /&gt;
! http://openfarmtech.org/temp-gvcs-icons/plastic-extruder.png&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=&amp;quot;left&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! &#039;&#039;&#039;Universal Power Supply&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
! This is a combination power supply for applications from off-grid power to supplying power to welders, induction furnaces, and plasma cutters. &lt;br /&gt;
!http://openfarmtech.org/temp-gvcs-icons/universal-power-supply.png&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
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! &lt;br /&gt;
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|-align=&amp;quot;left&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! &#039;&#039;&#039;[[Nickel Iron Batteries]]&#039;&#039;&#039; &lt;br /&gt;
! Long-life batteries that have a track record of lasting 50 or more years&lt;br /&gt;
! http://openfarmtech.org/temp-gvcs-icons/nickel-iron-batteries.png&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
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! &lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-align=&amp;quot;left&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
! Drill press &lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;br /&gt;
! [[File:Multimachineicon.jpg|100px]]&lt;br /&gt;
! &amp;lt;font color=green&amp;gt;PROTOTYPE COMPLETE!&amp;lt;/font&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! [http://openfarmtech.org/weblog/forum/drill-press/ drill-press]&lt;br /&gt;
! &lt;br /&gt;
! [[:Category: Drill Press]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Want to add another tool?===&lt;br /&gt;
If you think another technology belongs on the GVCS list, follow this procedure -&lt;br /&gt;
#Read the [[OSE Specifications]] and answer the [[OSE Specifications#Questionnaire|questionnaire]]. &lt;br /&gt;
#If the tool scores highly on the questionnaire and meets most of the OSE specifications, start a thread on the [http://openfarmtech.org/forum/ forum] with a title beginning &amp;quot;Proposed Tool:&amp;quot; (e.g. &amp;quot;Proposed Tool: Washing Machine&amp;quot;). You may be challenged, and will have to convince the community that it is realistic and worth pursuing.&lt;br /&gt;
#If the consensus on the forum is in favor of adding the tool to the GVCS, feel free to edit the list above to add the new tool&lt;br /&gt;
#By proposing the tool, you take responsibility for it. You become project manager for that tool, and will have to build and prototype it yourself, or else recruit and manage someone who can.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Proposed tools====&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Loader&#039;&#039;&#039; - an attachment for the [[LifeTrac]] tractor&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Village-scale washing machine&#039;&#039;&#039; - powered by the universal rotor&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Fridge&#039;&#039;&#039; - see the page on [[refrigeration]]&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Reversible heat pump&#039;&#039;&#039; - for controlling the temperature of homes and greenhouses, refrigerating food and medicine, harnessing solar and geothermal heat&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;[[Stirling engine]]&#039;&#039;&#039; - transforms heat into mechanical energy&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;[[Spectrometer]]&#039;&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;&#039;computer oscilloscope&#039;&#039;&#039; - adding these to the GVCS would form a complete Fab Lab. Most of the work will be done by other open-source groups.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;[[Juice Press]]&#039;&#039;&#039; - A juice press powered by the [[Power Cube]].&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;[[Log Splitter]]&#039;&#039;&#039; - A log splitter powered by the [[Power Cube]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Videos =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
See a 2 minute video explainer about the GVCS:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;html&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;iframe src=&amp;quot;https://player.vimeo.com/video/16106427&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;500&amp;quot; height=&amp;quot;310&amp;quot; frameborder=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/iframe&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/html&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [[H+ Presentation]]&lt;br /&gt;
* Overview presentation at [[Linz Slides]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
See latest presentation on the GVCS (as of June, 2010)&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;html&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;object width=&amp;quot;400&amp;quot; height=&amp;quot;225&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;param name=&amp;quot;allowfullscreen&amp;quot; value=&amp;quot;true&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;param name=&amp;quot;allowscriptaccess&amp;quot; value=&amp;quot;always&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;param name=&amp;quot;movie&amp;quot; value=&amp;quot;http://vimeo.com/moogaloop.swf?clip_id=13020225&amp;amp;amp;server=vimeo.com&amp;amp;amp;show_title=1&amp;amp;amp;show_byline=1&amp;amp;amp;show_portrait=0&amp;amp;amp;color=&amp;amp;amp;fullscreen=1&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;embed src=&amp;quot;http://vimeo.com/moogaloop.swf?clip_id=13020225&amp;amp;amp;server=vimeo.com&amp;amp;amp;show_title=1&amp;amp;amp;show_byline=1&amp;amp;amp;show_portrait=0&amp;amp;amp;color=&amp;amp;amp;fullscreen=1&amp;quot; type=&amp;quot;application/x-shockwave-flash&amp;quot; allowfullscreen=&amp;quot;true&amp;quot; allowscriptaccess=&amp;quot;always&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;400&amp;quot; height=&amp;quot;225&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/embed&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/object&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://vimeo.com/13020225&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Marcin Jakubowski - part 1&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; from &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://vimeo.com/eastbaypictures&amp;quot;&amp;gt;East Bay Pictures&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; on &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://vimeo.com&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Vimeo&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/html&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Economy creates culture and culture creates politics. The politics we seek are freedom, voluntary contract, and human evolution in harmony with life support systems. Note that resource conflicts and overpopulation are eliminated by design. We are after the creation of new society, one which has learned from the past and moves forward with ancient wisdom and modern technology.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This is a real experiment, and product selection is based on us living with the given technologies. First, it is the development of real, economically significant hardware, product, and engineering. Second, this entire set is being compiled into one setting, and land is being populated with the respective productive agents. The aim is to define a new form of social organization where it is possible to create advanced culture, thriving in abundance and largely autonomous, on the scale of a village, not nation or state.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Here is a talk by [[Marcin Jakubowski]] on the GVCS at the 4th Oekonux Conference. &amp;lt;html&amp;gt;You can download the slides and see a transcript &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://openfarmtech.org/index.php?title=Oekonux_4&amp;quot; target=&amp;quot;_blank&amp;quot;&amp;gt;here&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
First is an introduction by Franz Nahrada, leader of the &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://globalvillages.ning.com/&amp;quot; target=&amp;quot;_blank&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Globally Integrated Village Environment&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;:&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;center&amp;gt;															&amp;lt;script src=&amp;quot;http://blip.tv/scripts/pokkariPlayer.js?ver=2008010901&amp;quot; type=&amp;quot;text/javascript&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/script&amp;gt;					&amp;lt;script src=&amp;quot;http://blip.tv/syndication/write_player?skin=js&amp;amp;amp;posts_id=1960623&amp;amp;amp;source=3&amp;amp;amp;autoplay=true&amp;amp;amp;file_type=flv&amp;amp;amp;player_width=&amp;amp;amp;player_height=&amp;quot; type=&amp;quot;text/javascript&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/script&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;p id=&amp;quot;blip_movie_content_1960623&amp;quot;&amp;gt;					&amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://blip.tv/file/get/Marcin_ose-Oekonux4ConferencePresentationIntroduction486.flv&amp;quot; onclick=&amp;quot;play_blip_movie_1960623(); return false;&amp;quot; rel=&amp;quot;enclosure&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;img src=&amp;quot;http://blip.tv/file/get/Marcin_ose-Oekonux4ConferencePresentationIntroduction486.flv.jpg&amp;quot; alt=&amp;quot;Video thumbnail. Click to play&amp;quot; title=&amp;quot;Click to play&amp;quot; border=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://blip.tv/file/get/Marcin_ose-Oekonux4ConferencePresentationIntroduction486.flv&amp;quot; onclick=&amp;quot;play_blip_movie_1960623(); return false;&amp;quot; rel=&amp;quot;enclosure&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Click To Play&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Here is the main body of the presentation.&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;script src=&amp;quot;http://blip.tv/scripts/pokkariPlayer.js?ver=2008010901&amp;quot; type=&amp;quot;text/javascript&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/script&amp;gt;					&amp;lt;script src=&amp;quot;http://blip.tv/syndication/write_player?skin=js&amp;amp;amp;posts_id=1960410&amp;amp;amp;source=3&amp;amp;amp;autoplay=true&amp;amp;amp;file_type=flv&amp;amp;amp;player_width=&amp;amp;amp;player_height=&amp;quot; type=&amp;quot;text/javascript&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/script&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;p id=&amp;quot;blip_movie_content_1960410&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://blip.tv/file/get/Marcin_ose-Oekonux4ConferencePresentation778.flv&amp;quot; onclick=&amp;quot;play_blip_movie_1960410(); return false;&amp;quot; rel=&amp;quot;enclosure&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;img src=&amp;quot;http://blip.tv/file/get/Marcin_ose-Oekonux4ConferencePresentation778.flv.jpg&amp;quot; alt=&amp;quot;Video thumbnail. Click to play&amp;quot; title=&amp;quot;Click to play&amp;quot; border=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://blip.tv/file/get/Marcin_ose-Oekonux4ConferencePresentation778.flv&amp;quot; onclick=&amp;quot;play_blip_movie_1960410(); return false;&amp;quot; rel=&amp;quot;enclosure&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Click To Play&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/html&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Click the arrows on the sides to see other videos.&amp;lt;/center&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/html&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A video presentation on the [[first year at Factor e Farm]] and the GVCS from 2007-2008 [http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-710075551990473235#20m24s here]. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
And you can also view a GVCS [[UM_Presentation|slide show presentation]] for more information.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Product Selection Criteria=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
See [[OSE Specifications]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Enterprise Community Contract =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
We are proposing the formation of Global Villages in the form of productive enterprise communities that strive for unprecedented quality of life:&lt;br /&gt;
* material abundance&lt;br /&gt;
* freedom from bureacracy and unnecessary activity&lt;br /&gt;
* total focus on one&#039;s true interests&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For our particular OSE prototype implementation, we are interested in the following general essence of an &#039;&#039;Enterprise Community Contract&#039;&#039;:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* 2 hours of productive activity daily, such that 100% of the community&#039;s food, energy, housing, transportation, and technology essentials are produced  for subsistence, with surplus production for market&lt;br /&gt;
** Agriculture base follows permaculture design, and includes production of water soluble organic fertilizer, orchard, nursery, and crops, as well as certain food processing and value added propositions&lt;br /&gt;
** Flexible fabrication produces advanced technologies &#039;&#039;at the cost of materials&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
** Cost of living is reduced dramatically, from $20,000/year in the industrialized world, to negligible income requirements, under the assumption of high-tech self-providing&lt;br /&gt;
* Each participant undertakes a study program of full stewardship of the community, including:&lt;br /&gt;
** Agricultural production capacity&lt;br /&gt;
** Technological literacy to operate and maintain flex fab equipment and other machinery&lt;br /&gt;
** Numeracy to facilitate design&lt;br /&gt;
** Study of the mind and body to expand one&#039;s consciousness, skills, and abilities, and to disseminate such human augmentation widely towards eliminating mind control of the masses&lt;br /&gt;
* Entry of new people can be negotiated by the new participants providing skills and productive contribution to the community&lt;br /&gt;
* Beyond the 2 hour requirement, participants follow a research lifestyle to promote further development of the community or of the greater world&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Enabling Technology - Salient Features of Technology Base =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Without going into details, the main features for the comprehensive technology base are:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Hybridization of power devices&#039;&#039; - decoupling of power source from the working unit in order to produce electrical drive is a formula for increasing integrated efficiency of electromechanical devices such as electric [[vehicle]]s, tools, heavy equipment, etc. For example, the hybrid car decouples the engine from its wheels by using an electrical generator to feed electric wheel motors. Note that this eliminates the clutch, transmission, crank case and its oil, differential, drive train, and other parts, and replaces these items with electric wire from the generator to electric motor. This is a huge efficiency leap, one in fuel efficiency, and two, in eliminating billions of dollars of industry which is outdated today due to the hybridization option. As such, we can talk of complex machines with huge simplification, assuming easy access to infinitely scaleable and controllable, low cost electric motors (these do not exist today). For example, we can envision an agricultural combine where each moving part is powered by its own electric motor - producing a leap in simplification and maintenance of the overall machine - as all belts, pulleys, gears, and other power transmission components driven by a single engine - are all replaced by electric wire. One can point to many examples where such strategy would provide leapfrog advance in device simplicity and maintenance.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Solar turbine power generation including heat storage - look at [[Solar Turbine CHP System]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Open source fab lab&#039;&#039; - combine and expand the [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/multimachine/Multimachine] with xyz table as in RepRap (http://reprap.org/), and you can envision a robust fabrication device that integrates open source computer aided design (CAD) and computer aided manufacturing (CAM). This device would perform a large variety of machining and fabrication operations, and would be producible at the cost of materials if metal casting is available. When deployed, we are talking of &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;producing any advanced object or device at the cost of materials&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;. &#039;&#039;Would you like to fabricate an electric motor for your personal transport vehicle? Here, I&#039;ll email you a file to make on your local village fabber&#039;&#039;. In practice, one could conceptualize a single or several Multimachines, with their milling-drilling-lathing functions, surrounding an xyz motion platform with interchangeable heads. These heads could include acetylene torch attachment, plasma cutter, CO2 laser, router, hot wire, or additive heads such as a plastic extruder found in RepRap.  This overall fab lab concept could start with a basic machine such as the Multimachine, with computer controls and table added in time. As such, this is a realistic proposition - with supporting open source knowhow with significant advancement already available. This propels civilization to new levels of decentralized material prosperity, and implies significant reduction of resource conflicts, especially if material feedstocks are sourced locally - as in the next point.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Here is an initial Fab Lab design:&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Fab_Lab.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Here is a sample Product Matrix that falls right out of Fab Lab capacities:&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Product_Matrix.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &#039;&#039;Production of local feedstocks&#039;&#039;-&lt;br /&gt;
** Wood and structural masonry compressed earth block (CEB) for construction - produced from on-site trees and soils&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Compressed Fuel Gas]] for cooking or melting metal - gas produced from trees&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Bioplastics]] - such as cellophane from trees&lt;br /&gt;
** Biofuels - [[Fuel Alcohol]] in temperate zones, palm oil in tropical zones&lt;br /&gt;
** Industrial detritus (waste materials) processing - includes [[Metal Casting and Extrusion]] or [[Plastic Extrusion &amp;amp; Molding]]&lt;br /&gt;
** [[Aluminum Extraction From Clays]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Sample Scenario =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Imagine a village with buildings of dirt (CEB) with year-round [[Greenhouses|greenhouses]] (sawmill, CEB, bioplastics from local trees), with all facility energy produced by a solar turbine, where people drive hybrid cars with car bodies (bioplastics) made from local weeds, with critical motors and metal structures (aluminum) extracted from on-site clay, which are fueled by alcohol produced on-site, on a wireless network linked to the greater world. That&#039;s just a sampling of the technology base. Food, energy, housing sufficiency. There are no poor among us - because we are all evolving human beings and farmer scientists.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Development process =&lt;br /&gt;
[[GVCS Development Template]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Product Cycle]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Engineering_Strategy.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Definition of Open Source Hardware and OSE Specifications =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
See the updated entry for OSE Spec [http://openfarmtech.org/index.php?title=OSE_Specifications here].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
We like to be clear about the meaning of &#039;&#039;open,&#039;&#039; or &#039;&#039;open source,&#039;&#039;&#039; as used in this work for items of physical production. By &#039;&#039;open source,&#039;&#039; we mean documented to the point where one may replicate a given item, &#039;&#039;without even consulting with the developers.&#039;&#039; To us, this embodies the most complete form of documentation possible, where sufficient detail is provided to enable independent replication. This is &#039;&#039;open source&#039;&#039; embodied in &#039;&#039;OSE Specifications&#039;&#039;. Other features of OSE Specificationsare:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
# Freely downloadable documentation&lt;br /&gt;
# DfD, lifetime design&lt;br /&gt;
# Simplicity and low cost are of prime importance&lt;br /&gt;
# Replaceable components&lt;br /&gt;
# Modular Design&lt;br /&gt;
# Scaleability&lt;br /&gt;
# Localization&lt;br /&gt;
## Level 1 - product fabrication or production is local&lt;br /&gt;
## Level 2 - material sourcing is local&lt;br /&gt;
# Product evolution - phases and versions are pursued&lt;br /&gt;
# Concrete Flexible Fabrication mechanism exists for others to purchase the product at reasonable cost&lt;br /&gt;
# Open franchising - replicable enterprise design is available, and training exists for entrepreneurs&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Thus, these features are meant to promote &#039;&#039;[http://www.inclusivedemocracy.org/dn/vol4/fotopoulos_technology.htm#_ftn2 liberatory technology]&#039;&#039; - open, replicable, essential, optimal, and ecological goods and services for humankind living in harmony with natural life support systems.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Working Assumptions =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Here is a partial list of assumptions that we are making as we go about the development work of this wiki. These assumptions help one to understand our motivations and approach.&lt;br /&gt;
# Civilization are shaped by their resource base. The resource base is what gives people power. By controlling others through an economic or social hierarchy, we can control resources, and thus gain power. Resource conflicts occur because people have not yet learned to manage resources without stealing. Society has not transcended the brute struggle for survival. We remain on the bottom steps of Maslow&#039;s pyramid. Transcending resource conflicts by creating abundance, first for hundreds, then for thousands of people, is now possible if knowledge flows openly and advanced technology is applied to produce goods.&lt;br /&gt;
# Said propaganda and conditioning has successfully removed the notion of self-sufficiency as a viable means of livelihood. Most people are afraid of self-sufficiency and consider it a return to the stone age. Most people cannot envision that advanced civilization can be created in small (100-1000 person), self-sufficient, highly skilled communities. Furthermore, most people do not realize that it is possible to educate, skill, and evolve human beings such that an integrated, self-sufficient lifestyle option that promotes advanced civilization on a small scale of human organization is created. It it possible to achieve this level of excellence if people are taught real knowledge and wisdom, as opposed to undergoing global workforce training.&lt;br /&gt;
# Education curricula have typically deleted practical applications deliberately, to produce subjects of the global workforce. If education is reinstated then self-sufficiency will emerge as a natural option. &lt;br /&gt;
# Self-sufficiency is not an antisocial behavior, but a means to full individual and community accountability for resource conflicts, foul politics, and other corruptions of large-scale endeavors. (review works of Gandhi, Schumacher, Fuller) Self-sufficiency is a means to highest quality life by definition, one is in control of one&#039;s destiny when one is self-sufficient. The assumption of self-sufficiency is that its practitioners must be highly skilled, and not products of centralist education.&lt;br /&gt;
# By self-sufficient, we mean in full control of providing one&#039;s needs. Note that self-sufficiency refers to needs - those things that allow one to survive in absolute health - and not wants. Self-sufficiency does not imply a solo, isolationist endeavor. Self-sufficiency may be accomplished with the help of as many people as it is possible to maintain full accountability, transparency, and sound ethics within that group. This group may be dispersed globally. Historically, sociology of human settlements has shown that this scale of self-sufficiency is a few hundred people. (see E.F. Schumacher; other references)&lt;br /&gt;
# The State promotes well-paid incompetence, largely through specialization, such that subjects produce sufficient surplus to pay for their own oppression.&lt;br /&gt;
# Education, media, and social engineering programs have subjugated human integrity to passive consumerism, with its related problems (resource conflicts, loss of freedom such as wage slavery). The only way out of this is creating a framework within which humans can prosper: provision of true education, learning of practical skills, stewardship of land, advanced technology for the people, and open access to economically significant know-how.&lt;br /&gt;
# Import substitution is reducing dependence on external feedstocks and replacing them with local ones. People in control of their resources control their own destiny. Thus, to localize the essential parts of an economy completely is the prime formula for social stability. Localization should not be considered a struggle, but merely a possibility. It is a possibility that is not recognized because most people, as specialists, lack integrated technical literacy and skills that make a local economy feasible.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= See also =&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Product Ecologies]] - illustrates how the different components of the GVCS relate with one another&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category: GVCS]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Jiff64138</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=Aquaculture&amp;diff=32912</id>
		<title>Aquaculture</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=Aquaculture&amp;diff=32912"/>
		<updated>2011-07-06T03:19:29Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Jiff64138: /* Other resources */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Category=Food and Agriculture}}&lt;br /&gt;
Aquaculture is farming on water. Many of the same principles as farming on land apply, and there can also be synergy between land-based and water-based farming - for example, chickens and ducks will find forage at the edge of the pond. In any system of agriculture based on the interconnections between different organisms, the most productive area will be the edge between two different environments. Therefore, when integrating aquaculture and agriculture it is best to maximize the edge length of the pond; a square pond is a bad idea; one with crinkly edges is much better.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Because fish are cold-blooded, and because water provides buoyancy so they do not have to expend energy to hold themselves up all the time, they are much more energy-efficient organisms than land based animals. Nutrients dissolved in water are more readily absorbed by organisms. For these reasons, aquaculture is 4-20 times more efficient than land-based agriculture in terms of the energy used to make a unit of food and the yield per unit of area. You can, for example, get 12-15kg of food per year from a single taro plant. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Water quality can be controlled to a certain extent by landscape design. Large stones placed in a pond will serve as a heat sink, making the water cooler in hot weather and warmer in cool weather. Growing reeds helps to oxygenate the water. Freshwater reeds grow much faster than any land-based plants can, so make a good source of feed for [[Ruminants|herbivorous animals]]. [[Algae]] often forms the bottom of the food chain in an aquaculture system and goes on to be converted into larger edible organisms. Therefore, an area of still water with tree stumps where algae will grow can be advantageous.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
See also [[Aquaponics|aquaponics]], a more controlled method of growing fish, and [[Algae|algae farming]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Chinampa farming==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Chinampa.gif|center]]&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;Chimpanas&#039;&#039;&#039; were a highly productive means of agriculture developed by the Aztec civilization. They possibly hold the title of the highest-yielding kind of traditional agriculture. A chinampa is a long, rectangular artificial island created in a river by fencing off an area and filling it with mud and vegetation. Being in the middle of a river, the island-gardens were surrounded on all sides (and from underneath) by water and nutrient-rich mud. They were intermittently fertilized with compost and with mud dredged from the bottom of the lake. The water flowing around the island creates a microclimate in which extremes of temperature are mitigated.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*http://www.plu.edu/~mayac/building-chinampa/home.html - Good info on building methods&lt;br /&gt;
*http://www.chinampas.info/ - A site maintained by a guy who has done PhD research on chinampas&lt;br /&gt;
*http://www.apms.org/japm/vol17/v17p74.pdf&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Video: Sepp Holzer&#039;s permaculture - &#039;&#039;Aquaculture: Synergy of Land and Water&#039;&#039;==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;html&amp;gt;&amp;lt;embed id=VideoPlayback src=http://video.google.com/googleplayer.swf?docid=235437896615994763&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;fs=true style=width:400px;height:326px allowFullScreen=true allowScriptAccess=always type=application/x-shockwave-flash&amp;gt; &amp;lt;/embed&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/html&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Open-source fish farm==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:SmallFishFarm.jpg|center|thumb|350px|An [http://www.n55.dk/manuals/fishfarm/fishfarm.html open-source design for a small modular fish farm] has been made available by the opensorcerors at N55.dk. It can be stocked with fish and left floating in any body of water you have on your land. Fish can easily be harvested from the module. Multiple modules can be linked together, according to how much room you have.]] &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Other resources==&lt;br /&gt;
*[http://www.kickasstorrents.com/bill-mollison-aquaculture-a-permaculture-perspective-12-hours-mp3-t2285802.html Bill Mollison, 15 hour audio lecure series on aquaculture]&lt;br /&gt;
*[http://thepiratebay.org/torrent/5040528/PERMACULTURE__A_Designers_Manual__Bill_Mollison &#039;&#039;Permaculture: A Designer&#039;s Manual&#039;&#039;] by Bill Mollison. Contains a chapter on aquaculture.&lt;br /&gt;
*[http://goodfishbadfish.com.au/ Information About Sustainable Seafood]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Jiff64138</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=Pivotal_Task_Tracker&amp;diff=29892</id>
		<title>Pivotal Task Tracker</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=Pivotal_Task_Tracker&amp;diff=29892"/>
		<updated>2011-05-31T00:30:32Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Jiff64138: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;*User story - a request; who is requesting something and why&lt;br /&gt;
*story - a deliverable; specific request&lt;br /&gt;
*Task - is specific. User story is more abstract, allows more flexibility to person doing the action. Point: specific is good. It allows direct results to be produced for the project. This limits contributions to significant ones only.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Abstract=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Right now with GVCS Development we have the wonderful pickle of having many assistance offers, but many of them are not aligned with our core mission. This ends up wasting organizational time on part of the core GVCS development team. To address this, we are pursuing a task tracking system which by design - or automatically - puts people on the right track.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Properties of Tracker:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*Low entry barrier to participation&lt;br /&gt;
*Infinite spawnability of new projects&lt;br /&gt;
*By invite only&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Metalevel Description of Pivotal Functionality=&lt;br /&gt;
*Someone creates a project&lt;br /&gt;
*5-10 people per project - or too many people trying to work together; at best, small team, collocated, with high level of trust&lt;br /&gt;
*Task list is created (Icebox). These are the user stories or requests as defined above.&lt;br /&gt;
*Someone takes on task, rates its difficulty on a relative scale, and then it can be started.&lt;br /&gt;
*Reasons for using a Tracker:&lt;br /&gt;
**Provides transparency:&lt;br /&gt;
***Tasks to be done&lt;br /&gt;
***If anyone is doing a task&lt;br /&gt;
***What the status is (not taken, in development, delivered, or complete&lt;br /&gt;
**Prioritizing all tasks (in backlog and initial task list)&lt;br /&gt;
**Estimation of time to completion (probably not so useful due to a large number of unknown, critical parameters)&lt;br /&gt;
**Allows stakeholder to make requests and rank them in importance, and allows team members to offer a deliverable on their own schedule; allows team team members&#039; difficulty ratings to influence prioritization by stakeholder&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To summarize: this tracker formalizes the basic human interaction pattern of creating shared promises - via request, offer, submission, and acceptance/rejection cycles.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Populating the Tracker with Tasks=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*Start with 32 steps of [[GVCS Development Template]]&lt;br /&gt;
*Break down the 32 steps into substeps. This is the master index.&lt;br /&gt;
*Import into pivotal tracker&lt;br /&gt;
*Generate [[Systems Engineering Breakdown Map]]&lt;br /&gt;
*Use google map or cMap tools as a breakdown tool and indexical environment for each project.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Jiff64138</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=CNC_Circuit_Mill&amp;diff=29835</id>
		<title>CNC Circuit Mill</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=CNC_Circuit_Mill&amp;diff=29835"/>
		<updated>2011-05-30T15:29:20Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Jiff64138: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;From Christian Starkjohann:&lt;br /&gt;
=Images=&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:christianrouter1.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:christianrouter2.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:christianrouter3.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:christianrouter4.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:christianrouter5.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:christianrouter6.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Note: Following sections are taken mostly from an email discussion, and may be missing some context.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Description=&lt;br /&gt;
The machine can move at ca. 15 to 20 mm/s, but for milling PCBs, I use only ca. 5 mm/s. You can compute how long it takes to mill a PCB from that. If you like, I can mail you the control software, this software has an emulation mode where you can find out how long a particular sequence of [[G-code]] commands takes.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In practice: Things like the UV dosimeter take half an hour to mill. The electronics for the machine itself takes almost 2 hours per layer and board (two boards, each with two layers). But there&#039;s plenty of room for improvements. The PCB to Gcode algorithm is far from perfect.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
You can replicate it, of course. I have eagle schematics and PCBs (unfortunately dual layer) for the electronics. There are some parametric drawings for mechanical components, but this part is not yet complete. If you start building such a thing, I can continue the drawings...&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Note, though, that the Z axis needs improvement. It&#039;s a bit too elastic now, if there is a force on the mill (not when milling PCBs, but when cutting boards, engraving etc), it may bend by half a millimeter. I have a sketch for a better version, but that has not been built and tested.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Regarding the mills: I have never seen one wear off, all have been damaged before that happens. My spindle motor (a Dremel) is not well balanced and if it goes off-center, the mill breaks. Also if I forget to configure the backlash compensation, the initial acceleration may be so high that the mill breaks when it starts moving. All this happens easily with epoxy boards. The mills should last &amp;quot;forever&amp;quot; on hard paper boards.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Discussion=&lt;br /&gt;
The total time of milling + soldering vs. building on breadboard/stripboard is probably in the same order of magnitude. The big advantage of milling is that you can do something else while the mill works and that you can be reasonably sure that the circuit matches the schematics. You don&#039;t have to debug wiring errors.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The machine is good for prototyping, but not for production, not even for small scale production. The competing technology for production is a photo/etching process. The advantage of the photo/etching process is that it takes the same time, regardless of complexity of the board(s). For production, you can combine several boards to increase complexity so that the photo/etching process wins. For prototyping, you always want to build only one board. And a low complexity board (such as the UV dosimeter) is ready in 40 minutes.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
You can use the same mechanics for the RepRap and the PCB milling, and time is not an issue for those who have little money. If you can break down the designs to single sided boards (even with a lot of wire bridges), you cut the milling time in half.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Stripboard is not an option. Somebody who is not experienced with electronics won&#039;t be able to do the debugging. And there IS debugging. Count the connections, then multiply by the human error rate (probably around 1%) and you have the number of expected errors.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On throughholes:  Is this machine capable of doing throughholes with CNC, or do you do that manually? Do you think it makes sense to do it CNC, or does manual drilling typically suffice?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
It&#039;s definitely capable of that, of course! And it DOES make sense. Even for etched boards, I would prefer to do the drilling on the CNC. It may be an option to drill all holes in 0.8 mm with the machine and then drill only a couple of them to the desired diameter by hand. This saves the tool change procedure which must be done manually.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=More Discussion on RepRap=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To convert RepRap to milling - Note that milling requires a force, contrary to plastic extrusion. Even a 1 mm diameter tool may produce 50 N force when milling. PCB milling produces almost no force, though, since the milling depth is only ~ 0.2 mm and the effective diameter is in the same order of magnitude.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
If you go slowly on RepRap, do you think this would still allow for any meanigful PCB milling, or is that impractical?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I think it should work, even with &amp;quot;normal speed&amp;quot;. But only experiments can tell you. I have no idea how much the actual force is when some micrometers of copper are milled.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Construction Notes=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Q: Did you use simple threaded rod and tensioned nuts, not ball screws, on all the axes? What kind of lifetime are you expecting on your rod/nut system, and do you oil that?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A: I&#039;ve used simple threaded rods (the more expensive ones, somewhat harder steel) and ordinary long nuts (not spring loaded). We have a reversal backlash between 0.1 and 0.2 mm and the software compensates for that. Don&#039;t know what lifetime this will give, but the components are cheap and easy to change, so I don&#039;t really care. I have to use oil, though, which is a bit of a mess. I used normal bicycle oil and that works great. Did not try teflon spray, but I tried silicon oil which failed miserably.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Q: What was your materials breakdown for the control electronics, motors, structure, mechanical drive, and router? What is the expected router lifetime?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A: I&#039;ve attached the Eagle files for the control electronics. You should be able to generate a list form that. The motors are the cheapest NEMA17 motors I could get. I don&#039;t have a good documentation for the mechanical parts (yet). If you want, I can make one. The mechanics consists of the threaded rods, the steel profiles, the MDF groundplane, some aluminum profiles, teflon bearings and the skater ball bearings. (available upon request)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Dremel I used was inherited from my father. It&#039;s lifetime is long over, I guess. At least it behaves this way.... Seriously speaking: The router is the critical part. A Dremel works, but won&#039;t last very long. Maybe a brushless motor for a model racing car can be used, but I have not checked that out.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Controls=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Q: Tell me more about the software that you are using for generating images and processing them for backlash. Are you using LinuxCNC?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A: No, I&#039;m software developer. I write my own software :-) Well, not entirely: The PCB software I use is EAGLE. And there&#039;s a freeware plugin &amp;quot;pcb-gcode&amp;quot; which exports the PCB as [[G-code]] milling instructions. It&#039;s not efficient (it should be possible to write something which mills 3 times faster), but at least it works.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Q: I don&#039;t understand this point. Don&#039;t you have to slow down the router anyway, so you don&#039;t break bits?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A: The G-Code runs through my software which converts it to a stream of parameters for quadratic motion equations (speed + acceleration in 3 axes). This conversion includes (among other things) the backlash compensation. The stream of parameters is sent over USB and interpreted by the motor controller. The motor controller computes the desired motor positions as a function of time and generates pulse widths for the L298 drivers accordingly. This includes microstepping (dividing one motor step of 1.8 degrees into sub-steps).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Q: Ok. How effective is the backlash compensation? Can you get it basically perfect by software compensation? Is this a practical route that can be applied for high precision, such as, .02 mm (~1/1000 inch)? Is the limit the irregularities in the threaded rod, or step size of motors? I am wondering how effective it would be to produce a dirt-cheap cnc system by using software compensation with threaded rod. What are the limits to that?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A: Yes and no. I can see a difference in backlash compensation values of 0.12 and 0.15 mm. However, when milling hard material (~ 50 N force), the deviation due to the machine&#039;s elasticity is almost 1 mm. And there&#039;s also a deviation due to wobbling of the threaded rods (this could be improved, though).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Q: Is the limit the irregularities in the threaded rod, or step size of motors?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A: It&#039;s the wobbling of the rods (they are not exactly straight and the nuts don&#039;t fasten them perpendicularly on the bearings).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Q: I am wondering how effective it would be to produce a dirt-cheap cnc system by using software compensation with threaded rod. What are the limits to that?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A: The precision depends on what you mean by that term. If you want to run to a point, you can be quite precise (I guess several micrometers). However, if you want to DO something there (produce some force), you need a more stable design. I have some ideas for improving the Z axis stability, but for a really stable machine you need big profiles for all axes, not just 2 cm x 2 cm steel.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Comparison to RepRap Mendel=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Q: Do you think that a RepRap Mendel-like triangular design would be good for an improved prototype of your mill?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A: The Mendel design is built for high Z range. Most mills have only a small range for Z as a concession to stability. The problem with my design is not the stability of the frame corner points, which would benefit from diagonal elements, but the stability in the middle of the slide. If you need stability in the middle of a rod, you need a big and stable rod. Unless, of course, you add diagonal elements which grow and shrink in order to accommodate the moving carriage, e.g. with an additional motor...&lt;br /&gt;
==&lt;br /&gt;
=Peer Review=&lt;br /&gt;
==From Leo Dearden==&lt;br /&gt;
I have the following concerns with the design as I remember it:&lt;br /&gt;
*I didn&#039;t see any way to preload the linear guides. The rails aren&#039;t precision ground. If there is no way to preload the contact between the ralils and the ball races, then the ball races can&#039;t follow the variations in the width of the rails, and won&#039;t grip the rails without slop. You could address this by adding a bolt that presses the carridges of opposing bearings together through a large rubber washer.&lt;br /&gt;
*The linear drives appear to be studding (allthread) and normal nuts. This is a common minimum cost linear drive, but has both large backlash and relatively limited mechanical lifespan. You can address the backlash with a pair of nuts loaded against each other, though that will increase friction and reduce mechanical lifespan. Lifespan may not matter much since replacement nuts and rods are very cheap. Friction can be reduced by using plenty of good grease and keeping it clean.&lt;br /&gt;
*The axis guides are overconstrained (which is normal practice in machine tool design where rigidity is needed). In order to work adequately, without looseness or binding, the machine will have to be quite precisely made (eg: the frame will have to flex by whatever the parallelism error between each pair guide rails is). You could sacrifice some stiffness and get a more precise and easily built machine by switching to a kinematitcally constrained set of guides for each axis (like the RepRap Mendel guides). This would be easier if you used round bar stock for the rails, rather than square.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Hopefully, these concerns would prove to be unimportant in practice, or adequately easy to overcome.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
http://www.cerebralmeltdown.com/heliostatprojects/&lt;br /&gt;
=Bitmap PCB to G-code for CNC=&lt;br /&gt;
http://forskningsavd.se/2011/05/27/bitmap-pcb-to-g-code-for-cnc/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Circuit Board Fabrication]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:GVCS 50]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Jiff64138</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=Talk:Industrial_Robot_Intro&amp;diff=29056</id>
		<title>Talk:Industrial Robot Intro</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=Talk:Industrial_Robot_Intro&amp;diff=29056"/>
		<updated>2011-05-23T19:37:20Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Jiff64138: Created page with &amp;quot;jiff64138: note for creator of industrial robot:  multiplatform ROS is now under(OSHW lic)includes provides libraries and tools to help software developers create robot applicati...&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;jiff64138: note for creator of industrial robot:  multiplatform ROS is now under(OSHW lic)includes provides libraries and tools to help software developers create robot applications. It provides hardware abstraction, device drivers, libraries, visualizers, message-passing, package management, and more.&lt;br /&gt;
http://www.ros.org/wiki/ and http://www.ros.org/news/2011/05/turtlebot-going-open-source.html&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Jiff64138</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=Ecovillages&amp;diff=29021</id>
		<title>Ecovillages</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=Ecovillages&amp;diff=29021"/>
		<updated>2011-05-23T19:06:00Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Jiff64138: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;*http://www.lightcenter.info/ in Kansas&lt;br /&gt;
*http://ecovillageithaca.org/evi/ in Ithaca, NY&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See Also==&lt;br /&gt;
* [[p2pf:Appropriate Technology Villages]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[p2pf:Category:Villages]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category: Resilient Communities]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Jiff64138</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=Arduino&amp;diff=25740</id>
		<title>Arduino</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=Arduino&amp;diff=25740"/>
		<updated>2011-05-08T17:42:59Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Jiff64138: /* External links */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Arduino is a cheap, open-source microcontroller. (A microcontroller is a programmable chip that can act as the brain of a machine.) Arduino is very populat in open hardware projects, from our [[CEB Press]] to [[Yobot]], where it controls yogurt fermentation, to [[Botanicalls]], where it tell you if your plants are underwatered. You can also fabricate one by yourself see:[[DIY Arduino]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
http://arduino.cc/en/Main/ArduinoBoardDuemilanove &lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:arduino.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;html&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;iframe src=&amp;quot;https://player.vimeo.com/video/18539129?title=0&amp;amp;amp;byline=0&amp;amp;amp;portrait=0&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;400&amp;quot; height=&amp;quot;225&amp;quot; frameborder=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/iframe&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://vimeo.com/18539129&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Arduino The Documentary (2010) English HD&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; from &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://vimeo.com/gnd&amp;quot;&amp;gt;gnd&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; on &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://vimeo.com&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Vimeo&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/html&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
==OSE Wiki pages involving Arduino== &lt;br /&gt;
[[GardenBot]], [[Arduino_Control_of_CEB_Prototype_2| CEB controller]], [[Open energy monitor]], [[Arduino Inverter]], [[Yobot]] ?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External links== &lt;br /&gt;
* Wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arduino Arduino]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.arduino.cc/ Arduino project main page] &lt;br /&gt;
* [http://makezine.com/arduino/ MAKE:Arduino]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://tronixstuff.wordpress.com/tutorials/ Learning Arduino concepts step by step]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Circuit Boards]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Circuit Board Fabrication]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Jiff64138</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=Arduino&amp;diff=25739</id>
		<title>Arduino</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=Arduino&amp;diff=25739"/>
		<updated>2011-05-08T17:41:44Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Jiff64138: /* External links */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Arduino is a cheap, open-source microcontroller. (A microcontroller is a programmable chip that can act as the brain of a machine.) Arduino is very populat in open hardware projects, from our [[CEB Press]] to [[Yobot]], where it controls yogurt fermentation, to [[Botanicalls]], where it tell you if your plants are underwatered. You can also fabricate one by yourself see:[[DIY Arduino]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
http://arduino.cc/en/Main/ArduinoBoardDuemilanove &lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:arduino.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;html&amp;gt; &lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;iframe src=&amp;quot;https://player.vimeo.com/video/18539129?title=0&amp;amp;amp;byline=0&amp;amp;amp;portrait=0&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;400&amp;quot; height=&amp;quot;225&amp;quot; frameborder=&amp;quot;0&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/iframe&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://vimeo.com/18539129&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Arduino The Documentary (2010) English HD&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; from &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://vimeo.com/gnd&amp;quot;&amp;gt;gnd&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt; on &amp;lt;a href=&amp;quot;http://vimeo.com&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Vimeo&amp;lt;/a&amp;gt;.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/html&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
==OSE Wiki pages involving Arduino== &lt;br /&gt;
[[GardenBot]], [[Arduino_Control_of_CEB_Prototype_2| CEB controller]], [[Open energy monitor]], [[Arduino Inverter]], [[Yobot]] ?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External links== &lt;br /&gt;
* Wikipedia: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arduino Arduino]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.arduino.cc/ Arduino project main page] &lt;br /&gt;
* [http://makezine.com/arduino/ MAKE:Arduino]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://tronixstuff.wordpress.com/tutorials/ Learning electronics concepts step by step]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Circuit Boards]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Circuit Board Fabrication]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Jiff64138</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=Organizational_Strategy&amp;diff=22430</id>
		<title>Organizational Strategy</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=Organizational_Strategy&amp;diff=22430"/>
		<updated>2011-04-25T23:19:40Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Jiff64138: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;The goal of [[Open Source Ecology]] is to develop an ecology of appropriate technology products and services that promote right livelihoods.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The philosophy is right livelihood.  The means is appropriate and open technology, deployed via flexible and digital fabrication.  The outcome is responsible, creative, globally-linked, independent communities.  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Context and What is Right Livelihood?==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The focus of our &#039;&#039;Global Village Construction&#039;&#039; program is to deploy &#039;&#039;communities&#039;&#039; that live according to the intention of &#039;&#039;right livelihood.&#039;&#039; We are considering the &#039;&#039;ab initio&#039;&#039; creation of nominally 12 person communities, by networking and marketing this &#039;&#039;Buy Out at the Bottom&#039;&#039; (BOAB) package, at a fee of approximately $5k to participants. &#039;&#039;Buying Out at the Bottom&#039;&#039; is a term that I borrowed from Vinay Gupta in his article about [http://howtolivewiki.com/en/The_Unplugged The Unplugged] - where &#039;&#039;unplugging&#039;&#039; means the creation of &#039;&#039;an independent life-support infrastructure and financial architecture - a society within society - which allowed anybody who wanted to &amp;quot;buy out&amp;quot; to &amp;quot;buy out at the bottom&amp;quot; rather than &amp;quot;buying out at the top.&amp;quot;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Our Global Village Construction program is an implementation of &#039;&#039;The Unplugged&#039;&#039; lifestyle. With 12 people &#039;&#039;buying out&#039;&#039; at $5k each, that is $60k seed infrastructure capital. With integrated skill of the community integrator, plus individual skills, there is a chance of success, in terms of creating a community with unprecedented quality of life. This quality of life is based on efficient operation, plus 100% voluntary lifestyle, based on transcendence of material constraints. When resource constraints become a non-issue through wise choice of technology, skill, and open source knowledge-enabled flexible production systems for self-sufficiency - then freedom and human creativity are unleashed. As such, the community begins to function as a place of freedom - promoting pursuits of a research and development lifestyle dedicated to the benefit of all humanity. The main working assumption - one already expounded by historical leaders such as Thomas Jefferson, Mahatma Gandhi, E. F. Schumacher, Buckminster Fuller, and many others - is that economic self-sufficiency is the only true route to a happy and prosperous society. Be in charge of producing your needs, and the world will be a better place.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The concept of &#039;&#039;right lIvelihood&#039;&#039; used here is used in its most radical form. Superficially, right livelihood is described as making a living without hurting others. However, this statement has the general characteristic of holy scripture - all the &#039;right principles&#039; are described, but very few follow them due to human frailty. We must challenge this human weakness, and attempt to create an environment where good life is to be had for all. People may have tried such improvement throughout all times in history. At the least, this proposal is but another attempt. At the very best, it&#039;s an explicit program, which, because of its integrated nature and an attempt to link ancient wisdom with modern technology - has a chance of carrying small, dedicated groups to lives of uncompromising, good work. If replicated successfully, the same program has globally transformative potential.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
What is the deeper meaning of &#039;&#039;right livelihood&#039;&#039;? It is the basic definition as in the last paragraph - plus the explicit situational details of how that applies to our lives - according to generally accepted priciples of how the world works. The details are many, and would take many pages to describe, so we can detail only the general principles. Right livelihood is about creating life, not death, and truth, not fiction. Thus, we say no to the military industrial complex - which is about war = commerce. If we understand this, then we start to ask how communities can meet their needs without having to take from others. Then, we start to work on replacing global supply chains with increasingly localized ones. In practice, this could be flexible and digital fabrication fueled by open source design. The future is here, we have all the technology to survive and thrive, by educating with truth and bravery, so that many more people become skilled rather than dependent.  With independence comes less reliance on &#039;Big Brother&#039; or bureaucracy. Such bureaucracy should be questioned. So should our artificial money system, arms expenditures for securing resources - ongoing colonial expansion that we fund, and a legal system that enforces commerce = war as the status quo. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
We have an option to stop feeding invading colonials, from our own empire-building governments to slave goods from China. Structurally, the more self-sufficient we are, the less we have to pay for our own enslavement - through education that dumbs us down to producers in a global workforce - through taxation that funds rich peoples&#039; wars of commercial expansion - through societal engineering and PR that makes the quest for an honest life dishonorable if we can&#039;t keep up with the Joneses.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The answer is here, in the development of a replicable village infrastructure, that addresses issues of resource conflict, resource use equity, environmental regeneration, economic distribution, and, consequently, legal and&lt;br /&gt;
financial reform - by advanced self-sufficiency at unprecedentedly small scales. This is a model of societal evolution, based on principles of open source, voluntary, flexible fabrication economies, that start with the infrastructures of our own backyards - at the same time as they engage in global collaboration on similar issues.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The point is that the advanced self-sufficiency at unprecedentedly small scales leads to easy management of survival, a robust working environment, and, therefore, a voluntary lifestyle that may be dedicated to addressing pressing world issues.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Introduction - Creation of Right Livelihood Enterprise Communities==&lt;br /&gt;
Deployment of on-demand replicable right livelihood communities happens in 3 Phases:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
#Pioneering life with deep exploration of useful technologies, to distill the essential from chaff. Status - [http://www.flickr.com/photos/11113094@N03/ in progress]&lt;br /&gt;
#Replication as a 12 person, Buy Out At the Bottom (BOAB) Right Livelihood enterprise community (RLEC), where our notion of right livelihood includes priciples of open source economic development. This is an extension of the [http://www.hexayurt.com Hexayurt concept] from the scale of emergency self-sustaining shelter to the scale of a landed, autonomous, small community with a sound economic base as part of the package. See details of the BOAB RLEC below.&lt;br /&gt;
#Internships at tha RLEC designed for immersion study to train others to replicate RLECs as a novel form of social organization. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Approach==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Goal: to be understandable, affordable, replicable, and self-replicating &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The approach of this project is to identify a small but comprehensive &#039;&#039;infrastructure base&#039;&#039; of robust, widely applicable solutions for &#039;&#039;living&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;working&#039;&#039; in new communities that are aimed at &#039;&#039;transforming&#039;&#039; the world. The community can be as small as a couple, such that no special deviation from the societal norm of a household needs to be invoked. The bottom line is living and working according to principles of right livelihood. If living and working as such is taken seriously, then it is advantageous to form communities of more than one couple, such that division of labor distributes the effort necessary for meeting the group&#039;s needs.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
With this in mind, we focus on creating an environment for living and working, and a process by which the people to populate this environment are identified and aligned. The initial step is to 1 develop the technology base for the living  infrastructure, 2 produce a well-define earning model for the community, and 3, provide an explicit productive infrastructure, 4, produce self-replicating flexible and digital fabrication infrastructure, 5, develop means of using onsite feedstocks as much as possible.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The infrastructure base is first and community is second. One cannot organize people in a state of optimal quality of life if the means to support these people is not available. This is a simple consequency of the generally-accepted principle of Maslow&#039;s Hierarchy of needs: basic needs come before higher needs. The basic needs are those including housing, energy, food, mobility, etc. It is on the adequate provision of these needs that we must focus initially when building a new community - if our goal is right livelihood. Right livelihood is predicated on autonomy in the provision of these basic needs. Otherwise, uncontrollable external forces such as employers, governments, or external providers of needs- produce misalignment with the most fundamental interests of the community. This means external influence over the community - a recipe for compromise of both true interests and life quality.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The premise of this development effort is that such infrastructure package has not yet been made available to people. All the technologies exist already, but one must pay dearly for them. Much of the technology requires specialists, is proprietary, or is inaccessible because of the distractions of marketing.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The infastructure-in-a-box includes FEH-RLM-LE: Food, Energy, Habitat, Right Livelihood, Mobility. It constitutes a Learning Environment and a particular way of living. An inherent consequence of this package is transformation. This is because, if self-sustaining, self-replicating units as such are devised, then they solve today&#039;s great unsolved &#039;mysteries&#039; - hunger, poverty, ignorance, overpopulation, and war. Minimal management greenhouses and edible landscapes address hunger, as people place at least some food production back in their hands. Personal and digital fabrication, fueled by open source design, as well as agriculture and information work, leaves no poor among us. Ignorance is dispelled as people take charge of their own education and enlightenment through experiential, entrepreneurial, research lifestyles. Overpopulation is addressed as only the number of people is invited into a particular community as can be supported by indigenous resources. War is addresses as we provide our own energy, fuels, building materials, and foodstuffs - and don&#039;t have to attack others for their resources because we ran out of ours.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Start with principles of replicability. Our fundamental principle is that &#039;&#039;information is the critical, frequently absent component enabling the success of endeavors.&#039;&#039; To create a replicable program, necessary information must be openly accessible, and better yet - open source - to enable people to learn the necessary techniques. In particular, to create a community, information related to the successful deployment of infrastructure must be available.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This open information must be characterized by a particular nature: (TBC)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Deployment Acceleration Strategy==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To accelerate deployment of replicable Right Livelihood Communities (RLCs), the following steps are being taken. In the voluntary sector, information work:&lt;br /&gt;
#Prove [[degeneracy of the solution set]] for the FEH-RL-LE product base&lt;br /&gt;
##This assists in the alignment of collaborators&lt;br /&gt;
#Clarification of package &lt;br /&gt;
##Communication strategy clarification - Lindsey&lt;br /&gt;
##Marketing brochure&lt;br /&gt;
#Recruiting and collaborating with a network of poeple aligned with same goals&lt;br /&gt;
##Alignment of collaborators with vision&lt;br /&gt;
##Clarification of tooling requirements&lt;br /&gt;
#Startup of &#039;&#039;Optimal Enterprise Foundation&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
##This is one of four steps required to build the foundation of sustainable communities: &#039;&#039;their economic base&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
##Four components of RLCs are (1) open enterprise base, (2) land acquisition meme, (3) social technology model, (4) flexible and digital fabrication infrastructure&lt;br /&gt;
#Solicit grants and funding sources&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
With physical resources:&lt;br /&gt;
#Deployment of workshop and digital fabrication facilities&lt;br /&gt;
##Multimachine, CNC yx torch/router/waterjet cutter, metal casting, plastic extruder, metal stamping&lt;br /&gt;
##Electronics lab - multimeter, oscilloscope, strobe light, motor winding&lt;br /&gt;
#Invite developers for an intenseve 1 month crash development program - working charette&lt;br /&gt;
##Requires: housing, internet access, working space for members&lt;br /&gt;
##Requires prototyping and fabrication facilities&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Technology Base==&lt;br /&gt;
Prerequisite technology for Phase 2 involves&lt;br /&gt;
#Necessary hardware for living - energy, food, housing, mobility, internet, workshop, orchard, etc.&lt;br /&gt;
#Social technology of gathering 12 people&lt;br /&gt;
#Land acquisition strategy built into the social technology.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Hardware for Living==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The hardware for living includes:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:OSE_RLC.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The hardware involves:&lt;br /&gt;
*Electricity production - mainstay is solar concentrator power, with solar turbine electric power, Babington burner flash steam boiler backup, and heat storage via hot oil for cloudy periods up to 1 week. Inverters and battery storage is utilized. The hybrid car is also a high power mobile electric power plant also, and the electric tractor has batteries that may be tapped as well in emergencies.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*Food production - orchard, attached greenhouses, large-scale greenhouses, animal husbandry, aquaculture, and raised bed organoponics guarantee fresh foodstuffs. Solar dehydrators and canned food supplement the diet. Value added kitchen makes interesting food products.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*Housing - CEB, sawmill, and glazing extruder provide a solid basis for building homes, cisterns, silos, walls, paths, and other needs.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*Mobility - flex fab lab produces cars and tractors&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*Wireless internet - hookup via existing service or wireless range extension.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Social Technology==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The social technology involves collecting a group of 12 skilled individuals. These individuals agree to buy into creating the community under the guidance of the core organizer, at a cost of approximately $5k.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*Inventors and Farmer Scientists - interesting products that contribute to a better world, not making a living; products include vehicles, energy systems, machines, and other devices; large market opportunities via open source flexible production, starting with power, habitat, mobility, and food needs of local communities&lt;br /&gt;
Infrastructure-related positions -&lt;br /&gt;
*Agricultural Producer - orchard, greenhouse, nursery, forestry, animal husbandry, vermiculture, fertilizer production - to feed the community and provide products for market&lt;br /&gt;
*Land Steward - responsible for maintainaining health of the land and sound developmenet practices for the facility&lt;br /&gt;
*Master Builder - an individual to lead construction efforts; also has architecture abilities&lt;br /&gt;
*Energy Provider - expert in renewable energy for autonomous energy, sales to the grid, excess fuel sales&lt;br /&gt;
*Healer - farmiliar with food as medicine, mind-body practice, massage, neutraceuticals, herbs, and basic first aid, and is on call to the rest of the community&lt;br /&gt;
*IT Provider - manages the computer and connectivity infrastructure&lt;br /&gt;
*Electronics Person - familiarity with computer control, automation, sensing, device controls, electronic devices, etc.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The group works together to make habitat, power, mobility, and right livelihood infrastructure for itself. This is immersion experience in self-sufficient living. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The work load should be approximately 2 hours per person per day to meet economic self-sufficiency and provide basic needs. On top of the 2 hours, it is total self-motivated productivity for individual needs and service to local communities. This is our idea of highest quality of life, where survival is a nominal endeavor, and the focus of one&#039;s life shifts to good work. A good level of flexible specialization makes the living situation comfortable to all, as the workload of surviving is not onerous to any one person.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Land Acquisition==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Land is the largest expenditure for a community. As such, the number one approach to this issue is to seek someone who is already a landowner, and invite them  into the program with their financial contribution replaced by the in-kind contribution of approximately $100k in land value. This value corresponds to the actual worth that each person is contributing: $5k in captital and $95k in skill offered to the community in the coming few years. Right livelihood opportunity cannot be matched to a price, but here we select $100k as a reasonable figure. This should procure from 5-50 acres of land. This land becomes part of the permanent stewartship holdings of the group, bound as a reserve to all future pursuers of right livelihood. Such land is not to enter the speculative market under any circumstances. In future years, additional members may enter the community, up to the number self-supported by the land base. This applies a natural bound for population control, where the limit is determined by optimal quality of life of existing members.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Right Livelihood Infrastructure==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The key to participant alignment along a common purpose lies in explicit design choices for the physical infrastructure. The physical infrastructure determines the right livelihood activities, and, indeed, focuses participants&#039; energy to particular choices of endeavors:&lt;br /&gt;
*technology integration work&lt;br /&gt;
*high level grassroots organizational work&lt;br /&gt;
*regional infrastructure and economic development&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Essential facilities related to these right livelihood activities include:&lt;br /&gt;
*computing and communication infrastructure&lt;br /&gt;
*flexible and digital fabrication capacity&lt;br /&gt;
*greenhouses and permaculture facilities&lt;br /&gt;
*food processing, materials, electronics, and other labs&lt;br /&gt;
*small industry of all sorts&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
All work is placed in the public domain for maximum benefit to all of humanity. Enterprise developed in-house is to serve as right livelihood opportunities to participants, where the developers have primacy in the endeavor, naturally, by being the developers of constantly evolving products. To address business incubation issues, our infrastructure is a dedicated deployment environment for open source enterprise - thereby providing an incentive for product development other than patent protection. The personal requirement from participants is evolved awareness that open economic development, or sharing, is a viable route to livelihood.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Right Livelihood Options==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Examples of &#039;&#039;&#039;technology integration&#039;&#039;&#039; work involve documenting and demonstrating working examples of integrated, ecological technologies. One example is a solar turbine CHP systems with solar collector, heat exchanger, turbine, generator, energy storage, and backup power. See details below.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Examples of &#039;&#039;&#039;high level grassroots organizational work&#039;&#039;&#039; involves developing educational programs, forming new organizations, setting up foundations, leading research efforts, managing resource development for funding innovation, leading particular development efforts, and  many other endeavors. The main direction is &#039;&#039;&#039;system change,&#039;&#039;&#039; to bring about new infrastructures, institutions, and options for living.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Regional infrastructure and economic development&#039;&#039;&#039; examples include physical production for local markets. The focus is on productive infrastructures - such as production of greenhouse growing systems rather than selling produce, or producing power generation equipment instead of selling fuel or electricity, and so forth. Straightforward products, such as hybrid cars or greenhouse glazing, should be produced as well, though we favor providing &#039;the fishing rod&#039; instead of &#039;fish.&#039; This is a general direction, and options will be evaluated on an ongoing basis.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Accountability==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Accountability to the mission of &#039;&#039;&#039;good work&#039;&#039;&#039; lies in a quadruple path:&lt;br /&gt;
*In house-validation of product services by using developed products for meeting on-site needs&lt;br /&gt;
*Viability of above products for market&lt;br /&gt;
*Demonstrated adoption of developed technologies within the local region, either with or without the assistaince of the RLEC&lt;br /&gt;
*Replication of RLECs by in-house immersion training of leaders who start new communities for a global network&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Volunteer Development Phase - Motivating Alignment and Collaboration of Volunteers==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first step in aligning a dedicated and voluntary team of developers is to recognize that such a team is available. Normally, the success of gathering collaboration is unquestioned, yet, in this case, it is instructive to raise the question whether such collaborators exist because&lt;br /&gt;
we are looking for &#039;&#039;full commitment&#039;&#039; from unpaid invididuals, and on top of that, for a project that is far beyond the norms of established society. To convince ourselves that such a team exists, we must prove:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
#the endeavor has high value&lt;br /&gt;
#the value is practical or achievable&lt;br /&gt;
#volunteers can comprehend the value&lt;br /&gt;
#people without ego and angst exist in the population at large&lt;br /&gt;
#the value of the endeavor is so high that egoless people can shift their full attention to the endeavor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Note that we assume that the unpaid individuals - those, in particicular, with full commitment - must qualify as what is best dubbed &#039;&#039;independently wealthy.&#039;&#039; These individuals are those who have free time because they do not have to &#039;&#039;work to make a living.&#039;&#039; These individuals could be ones who either have big savings, low expenditures, or both - such as monied individuals, voluntary simplicity followers, the unemployed, or those who do not have significant costs of living because of their particular situations.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
1. &#039;&#039;High Value.&#039;&#039; We start with the stated goal (see Approach section above) as the definition of &#039;&#039;value&#039;&#039;: &#039;&#039;&#039;The approach of this project is to identify a small but comprehensive &#039;&#039;infrastructure base&#039;&#039; of robust, widely applicable solutions for &#039;&#039;living&#039;&#039; and &#039;&#039;working&#039;&#039; such that &#039;&#039;transforming&#039;&#039; the world is a byproduct.&#039;&#039;&#039; The intent is to produce a replicable business model for a number of successful and optimized enterprises, by which individuals may engage in right livelihood activity as defined in previous sections. This approach has clear value.    &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2. &#039;&#039;Practicality.&#039;&#039; A replicable business model for optimized enterprises is definitely achievable. We simply take existing enterprise models, work to optimize them, and release the knowhow in the open source to make it replicable. If the enterprise model is one that is successfully engaged by others, then it will be even more profitable if optimization adds further value. The key is to adapt progressive, ecological enterprise to the type of profit margins that are quite attractive to individuals, while ensuring that principles of right livelihood are followed. Specifically, the particular enterprises in the &#039;&#039;small but comprehensive infrastructure base&#039;&#039; must achieve a high &#039;&#039;Right Livelihood Selection Score&#039;&#039; in order to be included in the set of choices that collaborators agree to develop. This score automatically ensures the high potential impact for the transformative nature of enterprise deployment.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
3. &#039;&#039;Understandability&amp;quot; - This is perhaps the most difficult point to prove, because understandability of this endeavor suffers from grave translatability issues due to the social conditioning of the population at large. It is difficult to convince people that an entirely different model of social organization which transcends centralization and top-down control - namely Right Livelihood - can be implemented, if the total force of social conditioning indicates to the contrary. It is required of the few people who are to understand this proposition that they are independent thinkers largely independent of the military industrial state. Some of these people still exist. These people need to be sufficiently connected to the land and nature in order to comprehend that right livelihood is a prerequisite for a harmonious, truthful way of living. Such individuals are the only ones who place sufficient priority to right livelihood that they would consider engaging in this project.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
4. &#039;&#039;Ego and Angst&#039;&#039; - Even the people who &#039;&#039;understand&#039;&#039; this proposition as in point 3 will not &#039;&#039;truly&#039;&#039; understand it unless they conquer any ego and angst that stands in the way. This requires spiritual evolution on the part of the potential collaborator. There are many such individuals on planet Earth. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
5. &#039;&#039;Full Attention&#039;&#039; - This is a hard requirement, but if people value the proposition sufficiently, the natural consequence is that they engage this Proposition&lt;br /&gt;
 with full heart. The transformative potential is clear to such individuals, and they see that their own integrity leads them to promote the effort with their full energy.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Product Selection Criteria==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There are 18 key products in the FEH-RLM-LE package. They are selected on the basis of the importance of their contribution towards creating a right livelihood community. The score of each individual product is based on 10 properties, and is rated from 1-10 for each property. Each product score is the sum of the 12 properties. These properties are:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
#Market&lt;br /&gt;
#Job creation &lt;br /&gt;
#Localization of production&lt;br /&gt;
#Fabrication capital costs&lt;br /&gt;
#Fabrication costs&lt;br /&gt;
#Technological complexity  - relates to ease of fabrication&lt;br /&gt;
#Sourcing localization&lt;br /&gt;
#Production energy requirements&lt;br /&gt;
#Design for disassembly &amp;amp; Lifetime Design&lt;br /&gt;
#Scaleability&lt;br /&gt;
#Adaptability&lt;br /&gt;
#Feedstock abundance&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
1. &#039;&#039;Market&#039;&#039; – potential market size in terms of the dollars of global industry or commodity markets that may be substituted by means of decentralized, right livelihood, flexible production. The scores are: 1: $1Million/year, 2: $10M, 3: $100M, 4: $1Billion, 5: $10B, 6: $100B, 7: $1Trillion, 8: $10T, 9: $100T, 10: $1Quadrillion &lt;br /&gt;
2. &#039;&#039;Job Creation&#039;&#039; - the number of right livelihood jobs that could be created. 1: &amp;lt;1000, 2: 1K&amp;lt;x&amp;lt;10K, 3: 10K&amp;lt;x&amp;lt;100K, 4: 100K&amp;lt;x&amp;lt;1M, 5: 1M&amp;lt;x&amp;lt;10M, 6: 10M&amp;lt;x&amp;lt;100M, 7: 100M&amp;lt;x&amp;lt;1B,&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The respective scores are shown below:&lt;br /&gt;
The 18 key products have been selected from competing alternatives. These are&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Priorities:&lt;br /&gt;
*Open Source Solar turbine, potential components&lt;br /&gt;
**Babington burner - http://www.green-trust.org/2000/biofuel/babington/default.htm&lt;br /&gt;
**Flash boiler -&lt;br /&gt;
**Solar concentrators - similar to http://www.redrok.com/images/hdsolar.jpg but mounted on flat panels for simplicity; check pricing estimates from http://www.hdsolar.com/ and compare to $100/KW thermal capture predictions by OSE&lt;br /&gt;
**Boundary Layer Turbine - http://openfarmtech.org/index.php?title=Solar_Turbine_CHP_System#Component_Design_-_Boundary_Layer_Turbine_.28BLT.29&lt;br /&gt;
**Generator heads - not much available, but check out http://www.scoraigwind.com/axialplans/index.htm&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Outcomes:&lt;br /&gt;
*commercial product via open source, distributed, flexible fabrication, at absolute lowest cost, $1/W&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Means:&lt;br /&gt;
*fabrication optimization, and product in kit for user assembly&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Other priorities:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*CEB&lt;br /&gt;
*Sawmill&lt;br /&gt;
*Multimachine - http://opensourcemachine.org/&lt;br /&gt;
*CNC control&lt;br /&gt;
*Electric motor&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
Vinay&#039;s comment: I think you&#039;re on the right track in a big way on the $60k for 12 thing&lt;br /&gt;
that&#039;s a real break through&lt;br /&gt;
one step away from being a shopping list&lt;br /&gt;
and I can see that the industry of those units could be makig more units&lt;br /&gt;
fueling a cultural transformation&lt;br /&gt;
some very interesting things to consider there&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Volunteers]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Organization]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Jiff64138</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=3D_Scanner_Concept&amp;diff=22197</id>
		<title>3D Scanner Concept</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=3D_Scanner_Concept&amp;diff=22197"/>
		<updated>2011-04-23T03:55:14Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Jiff64138: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;A 3D scanner allows one to recreate a 3-dimensional object digitally, for subsequent use in modeling and [[CAM]]. CAM file generation may relate to 3D plastic or ceramic printing, making of 3D molds with an [[Industrial Robot]], CNC machining, and even to 2D CNC cutting or milling. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*The concept is to produce a device that can be used to scan a 3D object in minutes via a hand-held device costing no more than about $300 in parts.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Examples=&lt;br /&gt;
*http://www.david-laserscanner.com/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
http://www.makerscanner.com/ &lt;br /&gt;
http://wiki.makerbot.com/makerscanner&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Design Rationale]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Jiff64138</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=Links_To_Our_Work&amp;diff=20975</id>
		<title>Links To Our Work</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=Links_To_Our_Work&amp;diff=20975"/>
		<updated>2011-03-25T03:21:45Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Jiff64138: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;==Dynamic Links==&lt;br /&gt;
* {{Backlinks|domain=news.ycombinator.com}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{Backlinks|domain=reddit.com}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{Backlinks|domain=facebook.com}}&lt;br /&gt;
* {{Backlinks|domain=twitter.com}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Key Links==&lt;br /&gt;
#Ecotech on blog - http://openfarmtech.org/weblog/?p=116&lt;br /&gt;
#CEB Prototype done, blog - http://openfarmtech.org/weblog/?p=91&lt;br /&gt;
#OSE PRoduct Cycle - http://openfarmtech.org/index.php?title=Main_Page#Deployment&lt;br /&gt;
#Proposal - http://openfarmtech.org/OSE_Proposal.doc&lt;br /&gt;
#First brick bressed, blog - http://openfarmtech.org/weblog/?p=67&lt;br /&gt;
#Flickr pictures - http://www.flickr.com/photos/11113094@N03/&lt;br /&gt;
#Noblogs, OSTech Icons - http://ose.noblogs.org/post/2006/04/15/ose-yearly-plan-april-2006-april-2007&lt;br /&gt;
#Social Synergy enterprise platform - http://socialsynergyweb.org/opensourceecology/content/ceb-prototype-1-fab-0&lt;br /&gt;
#Fab Lab Neil Gershenfeld on TED - http://www.bittorrent.com/users/tedtalks/torrents/TEDTalks%3A_Neil_Gershenfeld_%282006%29/c5993d59-0ecc-11dc-8dee-00e081411f3f&lt;br /&gt;
#Digital fabrication - http://p2pfoundation.net/Category:Design&lt;br /&gt;
#P2P Foundation on our work: http://blog.p2pfoundation.net/marcin-jakubowskis-open-farm-the-most-important-social-experiment-in-the-world/2008/01/22&lt;br /&gt;
#Worknets CEB designs - http://www.worknets.org/wiki.cgi?OpenSourceEcology/CompressedEarthBlock&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==other links==&lt;br /&gt;
*[http://sjdavies.eu/ Samuel James Davies] designer - small appliances that can be easily taken apart and repaired by the user, to promote a culture of repair&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Links listed with newest on top==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
#2.11 - [D-Build http://d-build.org/blog/]&lt;br /&gt;
#2.3.11 [Kotaku http://kotaku.com/5750681/]&lt;br /&gt;
#2.2.11 [Gizmodo http://kotaku.com/5750681/]&lt;br /&gt;
#7 Jan 11 [http://www.treehugger.com/files/2011/01/awesome-global-village-construction-set.php Treehugger]&lt;br /&gt;
#5.1.11 - [http://www.nikolay-georgiev.net/blog/2011/01/open-source-ecology-overview/ Open Source Ecology Overview] on Nikolay Georgiev&#039;s Blog.&lt;br /&gt;
#5.7.10 - [http://globalguerrillas.typepad.com/globalguerrillas/2010/04/starters-universal-mechanical-power-sources.html Universal Power Source] on Global Guerrillas&lt;br /&gt;
#9.23.09 - http://timbuktuchronicles.blogspot.com/2009/09/openfarmtech.html&lt;br /&gt;
#7.24.09 - http://permaculture.tv/?p=202&lt;br /&gt;
#7.4.09 - One transhumanist&#039;s critique of Open Source Ecology - [http://transhumangoodness.blogspot.com/2009/07/will-becoming-yokel-improve-your-life.html]&lt;br /&gt;
#7.2.09 - Edward Miller in [http://www.sentientdevelopments.com/2009/07/how-to-redesign-our-communities-for.html Sentient Developments]&lt;br /&gt;
#4.15.09 - Non-practitioner&#039;s Critique of the Global Village Construction Set - [http://www.keimform.de/2009/04/15/ox4-notes-ii-open-hardware-challenges-and-ambitions/]&lt;br /&gt;
#2.7.09 - Practice of flex fab - [http://thewellrundry.blogspot.com/2009/02/small-scale-manufacturing-practical.html]&lt;br /&gt;
#3.5.09 - The Guardian - [http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2009/mar/05/open-source]&lt;br /&gt;
#2.21.09 - from blog on network learning, permaculture - [http://learnonline.wordpress.com/2009/02/21/open-source-ecology/]&lt;br /&gt;
#2.15.09 - Mutualist Bleg for OSE - [http://mutualist.blogspot.com/2009/02/bleg-for-open-source-ecology-open.html]&lt;br /&gt;
#http://mutualist.blogspot.com/2009/02/bleg-for-open-source-ecology-open.html&lt;br /&gt;
#Greg Landua, Global Village Institute at The Farm - [http://www.gaiaemerging.com/search?q=open+source+ecology]&lt;br /&gt;
#http://www.gaiaemerging.com/2008/11/open-source-regenerative-revolution.html&lt;br /&gt;
#CEB CSM Proposal - [http://www.docstoc.com/docs/3547062/CEB-Open-Business-Plan-%EF%BF%BD-Community-Supported-Manufacturing]&lt;br /&gt;
# 2.5.09 - http://greenwithagun.blogspot.com/&lt;br /&gt;
#1.22.09 - http://www.justlol.net/blogroll/?p=3765 - on Flex Fab&lt;br /&gt;
# http://forums.reprap.org/read.php?102,8085,20947 - Jan 29-Jan 30, 2009&lt;br /&gt;
# http://www.justlol.net/blogroll/?p=3628 - Jan 31, 2009&lt;br /&gt;
# http://imagina-canarias.blogspot.com/ Jan 13, 2009&lt;br /&gt;
# http://permakent.com Jan 7, 2009&lt;br /&gt;
#12.10.08 - http://peakenergy.blogspot.com/2008/12/do-it-yourself-csp.html - on CSP&lt;br /&gt;
# Solar Turbine on Peak Oil - http://peakenergy.blogspot.com/2008/12/do-it-yourself-csp.html&lt;br /&gt;
# Pamela McLean’s informative pump about us - http://learnbydoinguk.blogspot.com/2008/12/open-farm-and-marcin-jakubowski.html&lt;br /&gt;
#  Reto – ChipIns and discussion - http://nachhaltigbeobachtet.ch/blog/archive/2008/11/26/was-soll-das-oder-gemeinschafts-finanzierte-projekte.html&lt;br /&gt;
#  Wired blog - http://blog.wired.com/sterling/2008/11/meanwhile-down.html&lt;br /&gt;
#  http://commonsblog.wordpress.com/2008/11/02/oscar-open-source-auto-und-open-source-okologie/&lt;br /&gt;
#  Reto again after CEB proposal - http://nachhaltigbeobachtet.ch/blog/archive/2008/10/27/gemeinschafts-unterstuetzte-produktion-ein-entwurf.html&lt;br /&gt;
#  Swedish blog - http://ollehost.dk/blog/2008/10/26/fscons-smari-mccarthy-on-abundance/&lt;br /&gt;
#  Peer-Produktion als dritter Weg - http://nachhaltigbeobachtet.ch/blog/archive/2008/10/24/peer-produktion-als-dritter-weg.html&lt;br /&gt;
#  Open-Source-Bagger in Aktion - http://www.keimform.de/2008/10/24/open-source-bagger-in-aktion/&lt;br /&gt;
#  Vinay’s support OSE message - http://www.globalswadeshi.net/forum/topic/show?id=2097821%3ATopic%3A4851&lt;br /&gt;
#  http://www.justlol.net/blogroll/?p=1110&lt;br /&gt;
#  Richard’s speech at OSN: http://www.ustream.tv/recorded/799433&lt;br /&gt;
#  Factor e Live Summer Bonus - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fxgIZapGNgg&lt;br /&gt;
#  http://blog.p2pfoundation.net/community-supported-manufacturing-careers-in-global-village-engineering/2008/10/20&lt;br /&gt;
#  http://vinay.howtolivewiki.com/blog/hexayurt/factor-e-farm-update-10-taking-dirt-out-of-the-ground-making-bricks-hexayurts-2-1081&lt;br /&gt;
#  http://permakent.com/2008/10/18/%E2%80%9Copen-source-ecology%E2%80%9D-ongoing-activity/&lt;br /&gt;
#  http://www.boingboing.net/2008/09/23/open-source-everythi.html&lt;br /&gt;
#  Fiction about us? - http://rtgarden2019.blogspot.com/2008/10/blue-house.html &lt;br /&gt;
#  http://www.jeffvail.net/2008/10/open-source-ecology-help-needed.html#comments&lt;br /&gt;
#  New Work mention - http://neuearbeitberlin.mixxt.de/networks/wiki/index&lt;br /&gt;
#  http://worknets.ning.com/group/opensourcehardware &lt;br /&gt;
#  Reto again on collaboration- http://nachhaltigbeobachtet.ch/blog/archive/2008/10/02/geschichte-machen-hier-ist-die-chance.html&lt;br /&gt;
#  Sasha on Treehugger - http://forums.treehugger.com/viewtopic.php?f=1&amp;amp;t=6445&lt;br /&gt;
#  Christian Siefkes –UPSet - http://www.keimform.de/2008/09/04/hiddinghausen-talks-1-free-design/#comment-15044 &lt;br /&gt;
#  Kevin Flanagan -http://kevflanagan.wordpress.com/2008/08/08/permaculture-appropriate-technology-and-open-source-ecology/&lt;br /&gt;
#  Lucas on tractor - http://imagina-canarias.blogspot.com/2008/07/tractores-desmontables.html&lt;br /&gt;
#  Reto Stauss - http://nachhaltigbeobachtet.ch/blog/archive/2008/07/10/besser-als-die-siedler-von-catan.html&lt;br /&gt;
#  Brittany Sparking - http://keepingupappearances1056.1974central.com/2008/07/25/watch-idol-secrets-2-online/&lt;br /&gt;
#  Ron Paul forum - http://www.ronpaulforums.com/showthread.php?t=148323&lt;br /&gt;
#  Vince on a discussion group - http://www.3dallusions.com/forums/architecture-design/2622-green-building-systems.html#post35846 &lt;br /&gt;
#  Kevin Carson again - http://www.theartofthepossible.net/2008/07/29/and-i-believe-it-could-be-something-good-has-begun/&lt;br /&gt;
#  http://tmp2.wikia.com/wiki/Open_Source_Everything_Project &lt;br /&gt;
#  OSE Mid-Missouri - http://osemidmo.wiki-site.com/index.php/Main_Page&lt;br /&gt;
#  Jeff Vail - http://www.jeffvail.net/2008/06/rhizome-platform-design.html &lt;br /&gt;
#  Michel on Land - http://blog.p2pfoundation.net/marcin-jakubowski-on-a-policy-to-expand-material-peer-production-through-land/2008/06/25&lt;br /&gt;
#  Richard’s Google Docs - http://docs.google.com/#all&lt;br /&gt;
#  Chaordic permaculture institute = http://permacultureinstitute.pbwiki.com/Marcin &lt;br /&gt;
#  Solar turbine group - http://groups.google.com/group/solar-turbine&lt;br /&gt;
#  Agroinnovations interview - http://agroinnovations.com/component/option,com_mojo/Itemid,182/p,39/lang,en/ &lt;br /&gt;
#  Global Swadeshi interview, How to Live Wiki - http://vinay.howtolivewiki.com/blog/hexayurt/global-swadeshi-dialogs-667 &lt;br /&gt;
#  Spanish syndicate - http://imagina-canarias.blogspot.com/2008/05/primer-ao-en-granja-factor-e.html &lt;br /&gt;
#  Open Econ dev: http://guptaoption.com/5.open_source_development.php &lt;br /&gt;
#  Global Swadeshi - http://www.globalswadeshi.net/?xgsi=1 &lt;br /&gt;
#  Missouri lecture video - http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-710075551990473235 &lt;br /&gt;
#  Greenr.com on us - http://www.greenr.com/blog/category/open-source &lt;br /&gt;
#  Jeff Budderer’s Ecoliving Solutions blog - http://green.onevillage.tv/?p=214 &lt;br /&gt;
#  Richard’s links for us - http://docs.google.com/View?docid=dfzb7phh_16fmssqphk &lt;br /&gt;
#  Product Hacking - http://p2pfoundation.net/Product_Hacking &lt;br /&gt;
#  Interwiki map = http://www.appropedia.org/Interwiki_map &lt;br /&gt;
#  http://p2pfoundation.net/Multiple-Purpose_Production_Technology &lt;br /&gt;
#  http://p2pfoundation.net/Category:Business &lt;br /&gt;
#  http://groups.google.com/group/barcampbank/browse_thread/thread/e16411d14f1d1500 &lt;br /&gt;
#  Wired - http://blog.wired.com/sterling/2008/02/the-liberator-a.html &lt;br /&gt;
# BoingBoing- http://www.boingboing.net/2008/02/25/open-source-compress.html &lt;br /&gt;
#  Gratzel cell - http://www.mpoweruk.com/gratzel.htm &lt;br /&gt;
#  CSPOSI - http://www.csposi.org/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?p=102#102 &lt;br /&gt;
#  OSE Spec - http://openfarmtech.org/index.php?title=OSE_Specifications &lt;br /&gt;
#  Michel and Steve on Marcin - http://blog.p2pfoundation.net/steve-bosserman-on-economic-sustainability-in-a-world-of-open-design/2008/02/19 &lt;br /&gt;
#  Call for open engineering: http://blog.p2pfoundation.net/marcin-jakubowski-a-call-for-open-engineering-and-a-commons-coalition-for-p2p-energy/2008/02/14 &lt;br /&gt;
#  Mike Koch weblog - http://thegreenvoyage.blogspot.com/ &lt;br /&gt;
#  Steve Bosserman on CEB - http://www.newmediaexplorer.org/steve_bosserman/2008/02/09/giving_it_away_making_money.htm &lt;br /&gt;
#  How to add timelines -http://socialsynergyweb.org/opensourceecology/content/how-create-timeline-product-cycles &lt;br /&gt;
#  Lion Kimbro - http://www.communitywiki.org/en/PlainTalk &lt;br /&gt;
#  BarCamp- http://barcamp.org/BigIdeacamp-KansasCity#Schedule  &lt;br /&gt;
#  http://p2pfoundation.ning.com/profile/MarcinJakubowski &lt;br /&gt;
#Interesting on Zeitgeist: http://www.hubculture.com/index.php &lt;br /&gt;
#  Best propaganda yet: http://www.internationalistmagazine.com/2007-earlyfall/2007-earlyfall_commentary.html &lt;br /&gt;
#  OSE Spec - http://blog.p2pfoundation.net/proposed-ose-specifications-aim-to-guarantee-truly-open-physical-peer-production/2008/02/12    &lt;br /&gt;
#http://www.computerworlduk.com/community/blogs/index.cfm?blogid=14&amp;amp;entryid=402 January 22, 2008&lt;br /&gt;
#  dave Pollard’s Environment Link of the Week, Feb. 9, 2008 - http://blogs.salon.com/0002007/2008/02/09.html#a2096&lt;br /&gt;
#  P2P Foundation on our work: http://blog.p2pfoundation.net/marcin-jakubowskis-open-farm-the-most-important-social-experiment-in-the-world/2008/01/22&lt;br /&gt;
#  Sam Rose - http://groups.google.com/group/CooperationCommons/msg/8a8fb3953cce3588&lt;br /&gt;
#  Mel’s blog - http://blog.melchua.com/2008/02/09/pollards-rules-of-life/ &lt;br /&gt;
# CEB Neocommercialization - http://openfarmtech.org/index.php?title=CEB_Press &lt;br /&gt;
#  Overview of Projects - http://openfarmtech.org/index.php?title=Overview&lt;br /&gt;
# Neocommercialization - http://www.p2pfoundation.net/Neocommercialization &lt;br /&gt;
#  Digital fabrication - http://p2pfoundation.net/Category:Design &lt;br /&gt;
#  Fab Lab Neil Gershenfeld on TED - http://www.bittorrent.com/users/tedtalks/torrents/TEDTalks%3A_Neil_Gershenfeld_%282006%29/c5993d59-0ecc-11dc-8dee-00e081411f3f &lt;br /&gt;
#  Social Synergy enterprise platform - http://socialsynergyweb.org/opensourceecology/content/ceb-prototype-1-fab-0 &lt;br /&gt;
#  Noblogs, OSTech Icons - http://ose.noblogs.org/post/2006/04/15/ose-yearly-plan-april-2006-april-2007 &lt;br /&gt;
#  Flickr pictures - http://www.flickr.com/photos/11113094@N03/ &lt;br /&gt;
#  First brick pressed, blog - http://openfarmtech.org/weblog/?p=67 &lt;br /&gt;
#  Proposal - http://openfarmtech.org/OSE_Proposal.doc , http://socialsynergyweb.net/cgi-bin/wiki/ProjectSelectionMetricWiki/HomePage &lt;br /&gt;
#  OSE PRoduct Cycle - http://openfarmtech.org/index.php?title=Main_Page#Deployment &lt;br /&gt;
# CEB Prototype done, blog - http://openfarmtech.org/weblog/?p=91 &lt;br /&gt;
#  Ecotech on blog - http://openfarmtech.org/weblog/?p=116&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==More Links==&lt;br /&gt;
#http://vinay.howtolivewiki.com/blog/global/infoglut-and-cognitive-aesthetics-443#comment-1615&lt;br /&gt;
#http://imagina-canarias.blogspot.com/2008/02/ladrillos-de-conocimiento-abierto.html&lt;br /&gt;
#http://thegreenvoyage.blogspot.com/2007/12/factor-e-farm-visit.html&lt;br /&gt;
#http://www.pathtofreedom.com/neighborhood/index.php?showtopic=1363&lt;br /&gt;
#http://imagina-canarias.blogspot.com/2007/11/ladrillos-para-construcciones-autnomas.html&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Feedback]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Jiff64138</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=Energy_Literacy_101&amp;diff=19734</id>
		<title>Energy Literacy 101</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=Energy_Literacy_101&amp;diff=19734"/>
		<updated>2011-02-27T04:40:44Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Jiff64138: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Prosperity Question Boils Down to Access to Energy.&lt;br /&gt;
Baseline: lOOOW/sq meter Comes from the sun&lt;br /&gt;
Average per capita use in the USA is 400W-electric&lt;br /&gt;
Reality: FeF grass yield is 4000 lb of dry biomass per acre per year, or&lt;br /&gt;
equivalent of 500 gallons offuel&lt;br /&gt;
If burned with 16% efficiency, one acre suffices to meet present electricity needs for one person&lt;br /&gt;
 Is this enough for car transportation?&lt;br /&gt;
Yes, if you could limit your travels from SF to NYC to only 8 times per year in a&lt;br /&gt;
50 mpg  car (24,000 miles).&lt;br /&gt;
Add solar turbine - 2.5% continuous emciency of conversion from solar&lt;br /&gt;
to electric energy, counting nights and bad weather&lt;br /&gt;
16 square meters are then required to produc~11 your energy&lt;br /&gt;
~ Advanced material civilization can be produced on the local scale&lt;br /&gt;
  using local energy&lt;br /&gt;
--&lt;br /&gt;
The news are good. For electrical production, 1kW average US household consumption is replaced by 1/100 acre of solar concentrator.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For transportation  - we can frame it as solar biomass (requires 1/2 acre per person for current average yearly mileage (12k miles/year, in a 50 mpg steam microcar), and 1/6 acre if we commute, say, 5k miles per year (100 miles/week, 50 mpg car) in well-designed, resilient communities. We can further make the claim that with integrated permacultural systems, we can produce both food and fuel without reducing the yields of either. This is quite controversial, but we can back this up completely by pointing to sustainable forestly biomass yields, and extrapolating to the case wherein that biomass crop is a perennial food staple, such as chestnut and hazelnut polyculture with other intercropping.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
We can take that down to 1/200 acre (extrapolated from wattzon.com, which reveals that 400 Watts are required to power a car at the 5k mi/yr level). This occurs if we use the concentrator to produce electricity to power pure electric cars. For hybrid cars, this figure would be somewhere in between.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The average consumption for the entire industrial system is 7 kW/person (outside of home electric use). This means with 100% solar concentrator to produce industrial power, we need 1/15 acre (to accommodate the current design-for-obsolescence lifestyle).  By applying lifetime design and efficiency, we can make a claim of one tenth this, or less than 1/100 acre per person.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The energy issue is a nonissue, readily solved by what I mentioned above. I suspect that because the proposition above is so pedestrian that it does not fit in with the popular paradigm that everything has to be so complicated.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
We should produce a rigorous study of the above, with peer review, as part of our Proposal. I should spend about one week on that to nail this down. The only problem is that very few people have the technical polymath capacity to assess such a study, which makes such a study less valuable than if people actually understood it. Amory and Hunter Lovins would be good people to review this, as would the Princeton Center for Energy and Environmental Studies.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Did you mention a paper which discussed why biofuel crop cannot work? I&#039;d like to review that.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Experts will dismiss the above as the words of Amish on crack. They have different assumptions, and do not see either steam power or solar concentrators as economically feasible options. We should go through wide &#039;peer review&#039; from these people, so we can laugh at them (ie, show to society how backwards our leadership is as part of a study in cultural transformation) in 2 years when we demonstrate the above in practice.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This is a good resource: http://www.withouthotair.com/ and maybe they can review this too. A &amp;quot;study group&amp;quot; might gather around this, with data-hunting crowdsourced at least a bit. [[User:LucasG|LucasG]] 00:01, 30 November 2010 (PST)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Energy]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Jiff64138</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=Energy_Literacy_101&amp;diff=19733</id>
		<title>Energy Literacy 101</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=Energy_Literacy_101&amp;diff=19733"/>
		<updated>2011-02-27T04:39:12Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Jiff64138: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt; Prosperity Question Boils Down to Access to Energy.&lt;br /&gt;
  Baseline: lOOOW/sq meter Comes from the sun&lt;br /&gt;
  Average per capita use in the USA is 400W-electric&lt;br /&gt;
  Reality: FeF grass yield is 4000 lb of dry biomass per acre per year, or&lt;br /&gt;
  equivalent of 500 gallons offuel&lt;br /&gt;
     If burned with 16% efficiency, one acre suffices to meet present electricity needs&lt;br /&gt;
      for one  person&lt;br /&gt;
 Is this enough for car transportation?&lt;br /&gt;
     Yes, if you could limit your travels from SF to NYC to only 8 times per year in a&lt;br /&gt;
     50 mpg  car (24,000 miles).&lt;br /&gt;
  Add solar turbine - 2.5% continuous emciency of conversion from solar&lt;br /&gt;
  to electric energy, counting nights and bad weather&lt;br /&gt;
    16 square meters are then required to produc~11 your energy&lt;br /&gt;
~ Advanced material civilization can be produced on the local scale&lt;br /&gt;
  using local energy&lt;br /&gt;
--&lt;br /&gt;
The news are good. For electrical production, 1kW average US household consumption is replaced by 1/100 acre of solar concentrator.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For transportation  - we can frame it as solar biomass (requires 1/2 acre per person for current average yearly mileage (12k miles/year, in a 50 mpg steam microcar), and 1/6 acre if we commute, say, 5k miles per year (100 miles/week, 50 mpg car) in well-designed, resilient communities. We can further make the claim that with integrated permacultural systems, we can produce both food and fuel without reducing the yields of either. This is quite controversial, but we can back this up completely by pointing to sustainable forestly biomass yields, and extrapolating to the case wherein that biomass crop is a perennial food staple, such as chestnut and hazelnut polyculture with other intercropping.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
We can take that down to 1/200 acre (extrapolated from wattzon.com, which reveals that 400 Watts are required to power a car at the 5k mi/yr level). This occurs if we use the concentrator to produce electricity to power pure electric cars. For hybrid cars, this figure would be somewhere in between.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The average consumption for the entire industrial system is 7 kW/person (outside of home electric use). This means with 100% solar concentrator to produce industrial power, we need 1/15 acre (to accommodate the current design-for-obsolescence lifestyle).  By applying lifetime design and efficiency, we can make a claim of one tenth this, or less than 1/100 acre per person.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The energy issue is a nonissue, readily solved by what I mentioned above. I suspect that because the proposition above is so pedestrian that it does not fit in with the popular paradigm that everything has to be so complicated.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
We should produce a rigorous study of the above, with peer review, as part of our Proposal. I should spend about one week on that to nail this down. The only problem is that very few people have the technical polymath capacity to assess such a study, which makes such a study less valuable than if people actually understood it. Amory and Hunter Lovins would be good people to review this, as would the Princeton Center for Energy and Environmental Studies.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Did you mention a paper which discussed why biofuel crop cannot work? I&#039;d like to review that.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Experts will dismiss the above as the words of Amish on crack. They have different assumptions, and do not see either steam power or solar concentrators as economically feasible options. We should go through wide &#039;peer review&#039; from these people, so we can laugh at them (ie, show to society how backwards our leadership is as part of a study in cultural transformation) in 2 years when we demonstrate the above in practice.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This is a good resource: http://www.withouthotair.com/ and maybe they can review this too. A &amp;quot;study group&amp;quot; might gather around this, with data-hunting crowdsourced at least a bit. [[User:LucasG|LucasG]] 00:01, 30 November 2010 (PST)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Energy]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Jiff64138</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=Energy_Literacy_101&amp;diff=19732</id>
		<title>Energy Literacy 101</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=Energy_Literacy_101&amp;diff=19732"/>
		<updated>2011-02-27T04:38:18Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Jiff64138: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt; Prosperity Question Boils Down to&lt;br /&gt;
         Access to Energy&lt;br /&gt;
·  Baseline: lOOOW/sq meter Comes from the sun&lt;br /&gt;
·  Average per capita use in the USA is 400W-electric&lt;br /&gt;
·  Reality: FeF grass yield is 4000 lb of dry biomass per acre per year, or&lt;br /&gt;
  equivalent of 500 gallons offuel&lt;br /&gt;
   ·  If burned with 16% efficiency, one acre suffices to meet present electricity needs&lt;br /&gt;
      for one  person&lt;br /&gt;
·  Is this enough for car transportation?&lt;br /&gt;
   ·  Yes, if you could limit your travels from SF to NYC to only 8 times per year in a&lt;br /&gt;
     50 mpg  car (24,000 miles).&lt;br /&gt;
·  Add solar turbine - 2.5% continuous emciency of conversion from solar&lt;br /&gt;
  to electric energy, counting nights and bad weather&lt;br /&gt;
   ·   16 square meters are then required to produc~11 your energy&lt;br /&gt;
·  ~ Advanced material civilization can be produced on the local scale&lt;br /&gt;
  using local energy&lt;br /&gt;
--&lt;br /&gt;
The news are good. For electrical production, 1kW average US household consumption is replaced by 1/100 acre of solar concentrator.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For transportation  - we can frame it as solar biomass (requires 1/2 acre per person for current average yearly mileage (12k miles/year, in a 50 mpg steam microcar), and 1/6 acre if we commute, say, 5k miles per year (100 miles/week, 50 mpg car) in well-designed, resilient communities. We can further make the claim that with integrated permacultural systems, we can produce both food and fuel without reducing the yields of either. This is quite controversial, but we can back this up completely by pointing to sustainable forestly biomass yields, and extrapolating to the case wherein that biomass crop is a perennial food staple, such as chestnut and hazelnut polyculture with other intercropping.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
We can take that down to 1/200 acre (extrapolated from wattzon.com, which reveals that 400 Watts are required to power a car at the 5k mi/yr level). This occurs if we use the concentrator to produce electricity to power pure electric cars. For hybrid cars, this figure would be somewhere in between.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The average consumption for the entire industrial system is 7 kW/person (outside of home electric use). This means with 100% solar concentrator to produce industrial power, we need 1/15 acre (to accommodate the current design-for-obsolescence lifestyle).  By applying lifetime design and efficiency, we can make a claim of one tenth this, or less than 1/100 acre per person.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The energy issue is a nonissue, readily solved by what I mentioned above. I suspect that because the proposition above is so pedestrian that it does not fit in with the popular paradigm that everything has to be so complicated.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
We should produce a rigorous study of the above, with peer review, as part of our Proposal. I should spend about one week on that to nail this down. The only problem is that very few people have the technical polymath capacity to assess such a study, which makes such a study less valuable than if people actually understood it. Amory and Hunter Lovins would be good people to review this, as would the Princeton Center for Energy and Environmental Studies.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Did you mention a paper which discussed why biofuel crop cannot work? I&#039;d like to review that.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Experts will dismiss the above as the words of Amish on crack. They have different assumptions, and do not see either steam power or solar concentrators as economically feasible options. We should go through wide &#039;peer review&#039; from these people, so we can laugh at them (ie, show to society how backwards our leadership is as part of a study in cultural transformation) in 2 years when we demonstrate the above in practice.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This is a good resource: http://www.withouthotair.com/ and maybe they can review this too. A &amp;quot;study group&amp;quot; might gather around this, with data-hunting crowdsourced at least a bit. [[User:LucasG|LucasG]] 00:01, 30 November 2010 (PST)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Energy]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Jiff64138</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=Solar_Cells&amp;diff=18671</id>
		<title>Solar Cells</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=Solar_Cells&amp;diff=18671"/>
		<updated>2011-02-16T03:00:39Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Jiff64138: /* Soldering Leads to Solar Cells */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Category=Solar Power}}&lt;br /&gt;
Also see the [[Solar Panels at Factor e Farm]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Solar Cells=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These are the solar cells that we have from [http://www.ersol.de/en/products/solarcells/multicrystallinecells/solarcelle6bluepower/ Ersol]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:solar cell.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:solar cell back.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:bluepower.gif]]&lt;br /&gt;
==Soldering Contacts==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Recommendations for processing:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* maximum of 24 cells per bypass diode&lt;br /&gt;
* solder joint&lt;br /&gt;
**tin-coated copper strips&lt;br /&gt;
**2.3 mm x 0.15 mm&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Bypass diodes - [http://www.udel.edu/igert/pvcdrom/index.html]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Diode, 8 amp, $2.25 - [http://store.solar-electric.com/8ampbypdiod.html]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Air Mass Calculation==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In winter, the sun at high noon travels through an air mass of 2.2. See calculator at&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
http://www.udel.edu/igert/pvcdrom/SUNLIGHT/AIRMASS.HTM&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This means that the solar irradiance available to the solar cells is about 0.8 kW per square meter, compared to 1 kW per square meter in summer.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Soldering=&lt;br /&gt;
#SN60 40/60 and SN 63 is widely available in the plumbing section at your local/global enterprise hardware store.  SN refers to tin, thus 60%, and the rest is lead.&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Technique is such that a low power iron or variable power iron is required.  High power is generally for plumbing applications. High power will cause the solder to ball up and be of little use.  The guide below is the most detailed description we have of how to solder the leads or &amp;quot;tabs&amp;quot; to the cells.  If anyone has more info on this topic let us know please! &lt;br /&gt;
#WORKING QUESTIONS: &lt;br /&gt;
#1. alternatives to lead? lead free solder that still works for this application? given the lifetime of the panels and amount of PB necessarily a huge factor?&lt;br /&gt;
#2. Width of solder?  many sizes available, usually .31 and .75 are widely available.  No guides&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Encapsulation=&lt;br /&gt;
#Information on encapsulation from Ebay  - [http://cgi.ebay.com/Solar-Panels-Cells-How-To-Guide-Ver-1-5-EVA-Update_W0QQitemZ350035285233QQihZ022QQcategoryZ41981QQssPageNameZWDVWQQrdZ1QQcmdZViewItem]&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;Comment&#039;&#039;&#039;: item appears to be unavailable; 2 negative feedbacks on item not being delivered&lt;br /&gt;
#YouTube video on encapsulation - [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qYeynLy6pj8&amp;amp;mode=related&amp;amp;search]&lt;br /&gt;
#Instructables reference - [http://www.instructables.com/id/SIBMZ38FDO29L3U/]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Soldering Leads to Solar Cells=&lt;br /&gt;
Attaching Leads to Solar Cells&lt;br /&gt;
    To solder your solar cells, you must use a tow temperature solder iron (if you have a variable temperature iron, set it for 280&#039; C) Use only good quality resin or rosin core SN60, 60/40 or SN63 solder and follow these steps:&lt;br /&gt;
1 Wear eye protection safety goggles or safety eyeglasses&lt;br /&gt;
2.Set cell on a cardboard surface.&lt;br /&gt;
3.Carefully scrape the metal bar on top of the cell with a hoboy knife or razor blade. Be very careful not to scrape too hard as you can easily break the cell The oar should be shiny where you have scraped.&lt;br /&gt;
4.Now draw the tip of your iron and some solder across the bar where you have scraped it and the solder should adhere. Now, carefully attach a flexible 28 ga (small) lead to the sokler contact (youII have to reheat it).&lt;br /&gt;
5.Note: if the solder just balls up:&lt;br /&gt;
  a.Your soldering iron tip rs too hot&lt;br /&gt;
OR&lt;br /&gt;
  b.You didn&#039;t scrape the bar properly&lt;br /&gt;
6. After you have made your connection to the top, let it cool and then flip the cell over 7 You should not scrape the bottom as the solder will adhere without any special treatments. Just remember these facts&lt;br /&gt;
a.On cells that have a dark gray background youH see squared off &#039;silver&amp;quot; areas to solder to.&lt;br /&gt;
b.On all silver colored cell backs, solder to the &amp;quot;dull&amp;quot; looking areas only.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Practical Guides=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
http://www.sungroper.asn.au/project/solar-panel.html &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
and &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
http://www.goodideacreative.com/solarpanel.html&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
are the best guides so far.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Other:&lt;br /&gt;
#Homemade Solar Panels[http://www.fieldlines.com/story/2005/1/5/51211/79555]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Further Information=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
From Richard Schulte:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Most of the guides I have seen have all said the exact same thing about soldering the cells together. The process seems to be simple and more time consuming than anything. When it comes to encapsulating, however, there is a large amount of variance, though more people use plexiglass than I had thought would.  Several guides have suggested the same sealant:&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
http://pyronet.50megs.com/RePower/Homemade%20Solar%20Panels.htm&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Edit: I&#039;ve been informed that fiberglass resin is a polyester resin and will not hold the moisture out very well. The best thing to use, which I&#039;m switching to is a aluminum epoxy type sealer called ALUTHANE which can be found Here. &amp;lt;http://www.epoxyproducts.com/e_nonepoxy.html&amp;gt;&amp;quot;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
We need to make sure you have the right kind of soldering iron as well.  It must be fixed at low temperature or have a variable temp, or else the kind of solder we are using will ball up. One site, http://www.mdpub.com/SolarPanel/index.html, suggested mounting them on pegboard, and using silicone caulk to attach them.&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Materials and Implementation for Factor e Farm=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Solar Panels at Factor e Farm]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Links=&lt;br /&gt;
*[http://www.sungroper.asn.au/project/solar-panel.html Solar Panel Construction]&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*[http://pyronet.50megs.com/RePower/Homemade%20Solar%20Panels.htm Homemade Solar Panels - Pyronet]&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*[http://www.mdpub.com/SolarPanel/index.html Homemade Solar Panels - MDPub]&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*[http://www.goodideacreative.com/solarpanel.html Homemade Solar Panels - Good Idea Creative Services]&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*[http://www.virtualsecrets.com/build-a-solar-panel.html Homemade Solar Panels - VirtualSecrets]&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*[http://www.siliconsolar.com/practical-photovoltaics-p-16423.html Book on PVs]&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
*[http://www.greenlivings.biz/home-made-renewable-energy/home-solar-energy/diy-home-solar-panels/learn-how-to-build-solar-panels-from-scratch Homemade Solar Panels - Green Livings]&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Jiff64138</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=Water&amp;diff=18367</id>
		<title>Water</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=Water&amp;diff=18367"/>
		<updated>2011-02-15T02:05:31Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Jiff64138: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Category=Water}}&lt;br /&gt;
==Useful Links==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
OpenSource Wiki for Water and Sanitation:&lt;br /&gt;
*http://www.akvo.org/wiki/index.php/Main_Page&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Appropedia water portal&lt;br /&gt;
*http://www.appropedia.org/Category:Water&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Aquaeous Solutions: Open Source for Self-Reliance in drinking Water Systems&lt;br /&gt;
*http://www.aqsolutions.org/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Stockholm Environment Institute - Ecological Sanitation Research: Sustainable Sanitation for the developing world; not open source but most publications are  free of charge and worth reading! part of the SIDA (see below again)&lt;br /&gt;
*http://www.ecosanres.org/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==That is out there too-links==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Global Water Partnership: from the website: &amp;quot;founded in 1996 by the World Bank, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), and the Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA) to foster integrated water resource management (IWRM)...&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*http://www.gwpforum.org/servlet/PSP&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
provides a free Toolbox - Open Database:&lt;br /&gt;
*http://www.gwptoolbox.org/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Toolbox Manual on PDF, provided by Boku:&lt;br /&gt;
*http://www.wau.boku.ac.at/fileadmin/_/H81/H811/Skripten/811332/2008/integratedwaterresourcemanagementtoolbox.pdf&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Free Repository of shared water information from Tufts University:&lt;br /&gt;
*http://wikis.uit.tufts.edu/confluence/display/aquapedia/Home;jsessionid=1E5E6F69194A3461A697A024397DC613&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Lifewater Library: Lifewater is a religious organisation, the library is free, but copyright on the articles varies&lt;br /&gt;
*http://lifewater.org/resources/tech_library&lt;br /&gt;
*http://www.lifewater.org/technical-library&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Jiff64138</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=Water&amp;diff=18366</id>
		<title>Water</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=Water&amp;diff=18366"/>
		<updated>2011-02-15T02:04:07Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Jiff64138: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Category=Water}}&lt;br /&gt;
==Useful Links==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
OpenSource Wiki for Water and Sanitation:&lt;br /&gt;
*http://www.akvo.org/wiki/index.php/Main_Page&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Appropedia water portal&lt;br /&gt;
*http://www.appropedia.org/Category:Water&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Aquaeous Solutions: Open Source for Self-Reliance in drinking Water Systems&lt;br /&gt;
*http://www.aqsolutions.org/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Stockholm Environment Institute - Ecological Sanitation Research: Sustainable Sanitation for the developing world; not open source but most publications are  free of charge and worth reading! part of the SIDA (see below again)&lt;br /&gt;
*http://www.ecosanres.org/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==That is out there too-links==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Global Water Partnership: from the website: &amp;quot;founded in 1996 by the World Bank, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), and the Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA) to foster integrated water resource management (IWRM)...&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*http://www.gwpforum.org/servlet/PSP&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
provides a free Toolbox - Open Database:&lt;br /&gt;
*http://www.gwptoolbox.org/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Toolbox Manual on PDF, provided by Boku:&lt;br /&gt;
*http://www.wau.boku.ac.at/fileadmin/_/H81/H811/Skripten/811332/2008/integratedwaterresourcemanagementtoolbox.pdf&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Free Repository of shared water information from Tufts University:&lt;br /&gt;
*http://wikis.uit.tufts.edu/confluence/display/aquapedia/Home;jsessionid=1E5E6F69194A3461A697A024397DC613&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Lifewater Library: Lifewater is a religious organisation, the library is free, but copyright on the articles varies&lt;br /&gt;
*http://lifewater.org/resources/tech_library&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Jiff64138</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=Arduino_Inverter&amp;diff=18270</id>
		<title>Arduino Inverter</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=Arduino_Inverter&amp;diff=18270"/>
		<updated>2011-02-13T07:05:25Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Jiff64138: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;http://www.arduino.cc/cgi-bin/yabb2/YaBB.pl?num=1287161833&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
http://www.kerrywong.com/2010/03/12/a-power-inverter-with-arduino-pulse-source/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Questions=&lt;br /&gt;
*Do we want to use a solid-state transformer? Is a solid-state transformer more efficient than a wound transformer? &lt;br /&gt;
*What is the weight savings from using a solid state transformer?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=proposed answers= &lt;br /&gt;
[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1272/is_2661_128/ai_62685276/]&lt;br /&gt;
not sure about within small systems but at-least more efficient within a power grid &amp;quot;Solid-state transformers would eliminate all such power-quality problems as well as lowering the amount of current required to supply devices such as electric machinery, cutting down on losses associated with the transmission of electricity throughout the power grid.&amp;quot;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Jiff64138</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=Arduino_Inverter&amp;diff=18268</id>
		<title>Arduino Inverter</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=Arduino_Inverter&amp;diff=18268"/>
		<updated>2011-02-13T07:03:18Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Jiff64138: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;http://www.arduino.cc/cgi-bin/yabb2/YaBB.pl?num=1287161833&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
http://www.kerrywong.com/2010/03/12/a-power-inverter-with-arduino-pulse-source/&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Questions=&lt;br /&gt;
*Do we want to use a solid-state transformer? Is a solid-state transformer more efficient than a wound transformer? &lt;br /&gt;
*What is the weight savings from using a solid state transformer?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=proposed answers= &lt;br /&gt;
[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1272/is_2661_128/ai_62685276/]&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;Solid-state transformers would eliminate all such power-quality problems as well as lowering the amount of current required to supply devices such as electric machinery, cutting down on losses associated with the transmission of electricity throughout the power grid.&amp;quot;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Jiff64138</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=Refrigeration&amp;diff=18255</id>
		<title>Refrigeration</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=Refrigeration&amp;diff=18255"/>
		<updated>2011-02-13T02:12:29Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Jiff64138: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Category=Food Storage and Processing}}&lt;br /&gt;
==Einstein fridge==&lt;br /&gt;
Albert Einstein invented a refrigerator with no moving parts. It is powered by applying heat to one of the chambers; no electricity is required. The [http://openfarmtech.org/index.php?title=File:Einstein_Fridge.pdf expired patent] gives basic plans of how it works. This should be developed into a full open-source design with building instructions, bill of materials etc. It fulfils all the criteria for an Open Ecology product: it is in the public domain, it should last a lifetime and be cheap to build, it would be extremely useful to an off-grid community, it could help alleviate poverty .&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:EinsteinFridge.JPG|center|650px]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Thermal mass fridge==&lt;br /&gt;
Described in Volume III of the [[Earthships|Earthship]] manual. Basically uses the coolness of the earth in summer to keep cool.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Persian windcatchers==&lt;br /&gt;
A [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windcatcher windcatcher] is a tower rising up to catch high winds and funnel them down into an area to be cooled. Simultaneously, it acts as a chimney letting hot air rise out. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Concept for combined thermal mass/ windcatcher system==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Concept for fridge.JPG|thumb|300px|center|The top of the tower is high above the ground, where air is cooler and wind is faster. The wind catching in the sail turns the mouth of the tower to face into the wind, in the same manner as a weathercock. This wind goes down into the underground pit and cools it. During hot weather, the pit is cooled by the thermal storage of the earth. Hot air rises out of the tower. Food stored in the pit would need little to no energy to keep it refrigerated.]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==possible Fridge Efficiency methods==&lt;br /&gt;
fullness: If a fridge has more space it thus has more air to cool to keep food below room temperature, So keeping space occupied in a fridge leads to energy savings.&lt;br /&gt;
Shape: Simply put it should be a box with a lid that holds the cold air in when it opened like a deep-freeze.&lt;br /&gt;
[http://www.thesimpledollar.com/2009/08/10/freezer-and-fridge-hacks-seven-ways-to-maximize-the-value-of-your-refrigerator-and-freezer/]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Jiff64138</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=LED_growlights&amp;diff=18239</id>
		<title>LED growlights</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=LED_growlights&amp;diff=18239"/>
		<updated>2011-02-12T23:54:29Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Jiff64138: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Category=Controlled-environment growing}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Researchers report approximately 40% yield win from using LED lights&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[http://www.greenhousecanada.com/content/view/1562/38/]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;. They are also much more energy-efficient than other kinds of lighting.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Plants need a mixture of blue and red lights, at a ratio of about two red LEDs to each blue LED. You can buy LED grow panels, but it should be much cheaper to just get bulk LEDs from Alibaba or a similar site. We need to research this.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Large High-Output LED Array for&lt;br /&gt;
Plant Growth slidshow by orbitech&lt;br /&gt;
[http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&amp;amp;q=cache:y2J4wNlxck0J:www.lssc.nasa.gov/als/ncera/Session%2520D/Morrow%2520NCERA%2520101.pdf+nasa+red+and+blue+leds&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;gl=us&amp;amp;pid=bl&amp;amp;srcid=ADGEEShaMXyXF87HRJiYvdLdMtTaHOJ1bL-PFM4R1jTvDDWKOcvfyslTvevjDS5NTJhFd5RRAJbfhjXNpQteyf9lLgXgzJEQfhJw9su3xLDUFTgFUY5DYYruExNxvD3RBLYhDOC6Sf2_&amp;amp;sig=AHIEtbSbFMSDmZur_wv3fOONSlyBFFrfYw]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Jiff64138</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=LED_growlights&amp;diff=18238</id>
		<title>LED growlights</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=LED_growlights&amp;diff=18238"/>
		<updated>2011-02-12T23:51:48Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Jiff64138: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Category=Controlled-environment growing}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Researchers report approximately 40% yield win from using LED lights&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;[http://www.greenhousecanada.com/content/view/1562/38/]&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;. They are also much more energy-efficient than other kinds of lighting.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Plants need a mixture of blue and red lights, at a ratio of about two red LEDs to each blue LED. You can buy LED grow panels, but it should be much cheaper to just get bulk LEDs from Alibaba or a similar site. We need to research this.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&amp;amp;q=cache:y2J4wNlxck0J:www.lssc.nasa.gov/als/ncera/Session%2520D/Morrow%2520NCERA%2520101.pdf+nasa+red+and+blue+leds&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;gl=us&amp;amp;pid=bl&amp;amp;srcid=ADGEEShaMXyXF87HRJiYvdLdMtTaHOJ1bL-PFM4R1jTvDDWKOcvfyslTvevjDS5NTJhFd5RRAJbfhjXNpQteyf9lLgXgzJEQfhJw9su3xLDUFTgFUY5DYYruExNxvD3RBLYhDOC6Sf2_&amp;amp;sig=AHIEtbSbFMSDmZur_wv3fOONSlyBFFrfYw Large High-Output LED Array for&lt;br /&gt;
Plant Growth slidshow by orbitech]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Jiff64138</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=Greenhouses&amp;diff=18235</id>
		<title>Greenhouses</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=Greenhouses&amp;diff=18235"/>
		<updated>2011-02-12T23:30:55Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Jiff64138: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{Category=Controlled-environment growing}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Greenhouses are rooms that maximize natural light and can be used for controlled-environment growing. They may be stand-alone or part of a house. We aim to open source robust growing systems. This will empower people to grow high-value crops such as herbs - for self-sufficiency and for market.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Inflatable greenhouses==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Pillowdome.JPG|right|354px]]Nick says: Inflatable greenhouses such as [http://www.isawitonthebox.com/tv/this-morning/inflatable-greenhouse-as-seen-on-this-morning this one] would eliminate frame material and make for quick easy setup. The only trick would be creating a good seal around the air columns.  Most greenhouse film is a UV resitant type of polyethylene and can be &amp;quot;welded&amp;quot;. [http://www.delviesplastics.com/welding.htm Here] is a kit for $288.  There may be better ways of doing but the concept seems to have potential.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Bob says check out [http://www.thegreencenter.net/pdf/dome1985.pdf pillow domes] - a kind of geodesic dome devised by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Baldwin Jay Baldwin] (a Bucky Fuller student) with Argon-inflated pillows of long lived UV transparent plastic ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tefzel Tefzel]). The concept was later applied on a much larger scale in the [http://www.edenproject.com/ Eden Project].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Passive solar greenhouses==&lt;br /&gt;
Solar greenhouses incorporate special design features to maximize use of the Sun&#039;s heat so they can run without an input of energy. The article &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;[http://www.maximumyield.com/article_sh_db.php?articleID=289 Those Remarkable Bolivian Solarhouses]&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; from Maximum Yield magazine describes a UN project in Bolivia. Over 300 solarhouses were built. They cost  $6/m&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; (56c per square foot) and proved themselves capable of growing warm-climate vegetables throughout winter high in the Andes without heaters. The article gives detailed descriptions of how they are built. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The design needs to do two things in order to achieve a comfortable growing temperature year-round: firstly, to maximise the use of the Sun&#039;s heat and light and secondly, to create a &#039;thermal mass&#039; effect i.e. include elements that do not change temperature easily, to stabilize the indoor temperature.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Solar greenhouse design features can include -&lt;br /&gt;
*Low walls, only 100-120cm high (39-47 inches), painted black. Made of adobe and straw. For OSE, [[Superinsulated CEB Construction‎]] would be perfect. Alternatively, the floor could be sunk below ground level to provide better thermal mass, but this would require more labour to build.&lt;br /&gt;
*A domed or sloped roof of wooden poles stretched over clear polyethylene sheeting&lt;br /&gt;
*&amp;quot;Small windows are constructed in the adobe walls to allow for opening and closing to raise or lower temperature&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
*The floor can be painted black or covered with something black to increase the heat it stores. &lt;br /&gt;
*If thermal mass needs to be increased more, fill black plastic bags with gravel or sand; these will store heat. In the Bolivian project, two liter bottles were painted black and filled with sand for this purpose. Black stones can also be used. &lt;br /&gt;
*Water tanks also act as a heat store. It might be worth considering [[Aquaponics|aquaponics]] in a solar greenhouse, as a large fishtank will regulate the temperature of the room. A large rainwater catchment, painted black, will work too.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;div style=&amp;quot;text-align: center&amp;quot;&amp;gt;[[File:Bolivian solar greenhouse.JPG]]&amp;lt;/div&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===FAO booklet===&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;[http://www.fao.org/docrep/T4470E/t4470e0b.htm#TopOfPage 8. Solar house]&#039;&#039;&#039;&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
8.1. The combined passive solar energy training building&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
8.2. The passive and active combined solar working office&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;[http://www.fao.org/docrep/T4470E/t4470e0c.htm#TopOfPage 9. Research on the temperature environment of solar greenhouse]&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
9.1. The temperature simulation and structural optimization of the solar greenhouse&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
9.2. The underground heat exchange system of protected vegetable cultivation&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
9.3. The benefit of vegetable production in the underground heat exchange solar greenhouse&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&#039;&#039;&#039;[http://www.fao.org/docrep/T4470E/t4470e0d.htm#TopOfPage 10. Integrated energy self-served animal and plant complementary ecosystem in China]&#039;&#039;&#039; &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
10.1. Introduction (about CO2 enrichment) &amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
10.2. History and principle of the integrated energy self-served animal and plant complementary producing system&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
10.3. The investigation of the problems of the integrated energy self-served ecosystem&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
10.4. The structure improvement of the energy self-served animal and plant complementary ecosystem&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
10.5. The study and test of the ventilation system in the E-W form of the ecosystem&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Walipini/ Pit greenhouses==&lt;br /&gt;
A greenhouse can be built by digging a hole in the ground and covering it with glass. This takes advantage of the heat stored in the earth during the cold season (warmth in winter, cooling in summer). It is an adaptation of the idea of [http://earthshelters.com/faq/passive-annual-heat-storage-definition/ passive annual heat storage (PAHS)] to the greenhouse. Therefore very suitable for climates with cold winters. At the depth of several meters, there is very little seasonal variation in temperature. The earth around the greenhouse structure has large thermal mass. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Walipini.jpg|right]]The Benson Agriculture and Food Institute at Brigham Young University examined the concept in detail and has [http://www.bensoninstitute.org/Publication/Manuals/Walipini.pdf put together a manual] with specific designs ([http://openfarmtech.org/wiki/File:Walipini.pdf internal copy here]). Their design costs $250-$300 in materials and is designed to provide vegetables year-round for seven people. They recommend a minimum of 94 square feet (less than 8.75m&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;) of growing space per person. This will provide vegetables year-round. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
These underground greenhouses are called &#039;&#039;&amp;quot;Walipini&amp;quot;&#039;&#039; (pit greenhouse) in South America. The Benson Institute&#039;s experiment was built in Bolivia, high up in the Andes where it gets &#039;&#039;really&#039;&#039; cold.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Mike Oehler of [http://undergroundhousing.com/ UndergroundHousing.com], described a similar concept in &#039;&#039;The Earth-Sheltered Solar Greenhouse Book&#039;&#039;, available [http://www.downarchive.com/ebooks/313290-the-earth-sheltered-solar-greenhouse-book-by-mike.html here]. This is an adaptation from his earlier work on [[Underground Housing|underground housing]] for residential purposes. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Product Ecology=== &lt;br /&gt;
* [[biochar]] to improve [[:Category:Soil and compost|soil]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Aquaponics]], [[Integrated Food and Waste Management System]], [[Organoponic Raised Bed Gardening]], vermicompost, [[Black Soldier Fly]]&lt;br /&gt;
* CEBs for walls and stairs  &lt;br /&gt;
* compressed air for ventilation &lt;br /&gt;
* plastic extruder for films and pipes&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Links=== &lt;br /&gt;
* UndergroundHousing.com [http://undergroundhousing.com/]&lt;br /&gt;
* Wikipedia entry on Seasonal Thermal Store [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seasonal_thermal_store]&lt;br /&gt;
* Conversion of a [http://www.treehugger.com/files/2010/08/garden-pool-family-of-four-grows-food-in-swimming-pool-arizona.php swimming pool into a greenhouse].&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Jiff64138</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=Forum_Policy&amp;diff=18080</id>
		<title>Forum Policy</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=Forum_Policy&amp;diff=18080"/>
		<updated>2011-02-10T06:16:47Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Jiff64138: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;=Introduction=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The forum is a platform where both general discussion and technical development can occur. The general discussion is moderated, and includes both Introductions and General Discussion on all topics - questions about the projects.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To increase the quality of discussion - we recommend that participants:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*Read the [[Crash Course]] and [[FAQs]]&lt;br /&gt;
*Technical contributors (both organizational and technological) read [[OSE Specifications]]&lt;br /&gt;
*Technical discussion is the next level of forum discussion. For Technical Discussion, people are required to fill in the [[Team Culturing]] prior to starting their contributions.&lt;br /&gt;
*Read the Forum Discussion Standards below.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Moving Forward=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Issues to address:&lt;br /&gt;
*Who is general moderator team?&lt;br /&gt;
**Elifarley - admin, permissions, logins&lt;br /&gt;
*Clarity on zero spam tolerance in technical development, no personal attacks, adhering to absolute creative approach&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Content=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Desirable Forums list:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;General Discussion&#039;&#039;&#039;. Includes general discussion and introductions. Product sales, fabrication, and many other discussions could be handled here. This should be a place that we could direct many new people.&lt;br /&gt;
**Moderator?&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Web Development and Support&#039;&#039;&#039; - all discussion on internet infrastructure. Wiki, cms, CiviCRM, blog, opensourceecology.org, forums, development needs, traffic - and policies for each &lt;br /&gt;
**Who will moderate?&lt;br /&gt;
**&#039;&#039;&#039;Translations&#039;&#039;&#039; subsection&lt;br /&gt;
**&#039;&#039;&#039;Wiki Policy&#039;&#039;&#039; subsection&lt;br /&gt;
**&#039;&#039;&#039;Forum Policy&#039;&#039;&#039; - discussion of how this policy should be maintained and upgraded&lt;br /&gt;
**&#039;&#039;&#039;Linux Support&#039;&#039;&#039; - support on OSE infrastructure in Linux - from installations, compatibility, software choices (such as what is the best Video editing software), Linux connection to iPhone, etc.&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Organizational Development&#039;&#039;&#039;- all organizational topics for bringing about an infrastructure to support [[50/2/2]]&lt;br /&gt;
*Open Source Flexible Fabrication - Initial discussion on digital fab with a torch table for tractors and CEB presses; cnc machining, automation, robotics, hot metal processing (induction furnace)&lt;br /&gt;
**Who will moderate?&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;CEB Construction&#039;&#039;&#039; - includes tractor, CEB press, pulverizer&lt;br /&gt;
**Who will moderate?&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Open Source Tractor&#039;&#039;&#039; - discussion on LifeTrac, MicroTrac, bulldozer conversion&lt;br /&gt;
**Who will moderate?&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Open Source Car&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
**Who will moderate?&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Solar Concentrator Electric System&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
**Who will moderate?&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;50 kW Wind Turbine&#039;&#039;&#039;&lt;br /&gt;
**Who will moderate?&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Local Biomass Power&#039;&#039;&#039; - includes moderns steam engine system, electric generator, gasifier burner, fuel crops, haying equipment, pelletizer, combined heat and power systems.&lt;br /&gt;
**Who will moderate?&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Water&#039;&#039;&#039; - well drilling rig, closed-loop water systems, Living Machines, biofilters, redworms, closed-loop flush toilets, rain catchment, berming, ponds, irrigation, condensation&lt;br /&gt;
**Who will moderate?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Agriculture&#039;&#039;&#039; - includes agriculture discussions and the creation of comprehensive gene banks (http://openfarmtech.org/wiki/Community_Gene_Bank). The goal of our agriculture discussion is focused on open source agroecology - combination of best organic practices, with access to mechanical and processing tools, with access to gene banks for replicating perennial-based food systems. We want to cultivate cutting-edge discussion on replicable, complete, year-round, local food systems. Our point of differentiation is that we are interested in creating the world&#039;s first complete and replicable farm - a farm that produces the entire diet for a community. There is no precedent for this in the developed world, but we want to show an example that it is possible to do a complete operation in one place. There is a number of people engaged in organic, local food systems - all of which are doing great work - but to date, i have not seen an example of a replicable, single farm that produces a complete, year-round diet. The second point of differentiation is that we want to make such an operation affordable to the common man, not just to eco-elites, as is common for most of the organic farming movement.&lt;br /&gt;
**Who will moderate?&lt;br /&gt;
*&#039;&#039;&#039;Power Electronics&#039;&#039;&#039; - includes all power electronics devices from the GVCS&lt;br /&gt;
**Who will moderate?&lt;br /&gt;
*&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Forum Discussion Standards=&lt;br /&gt;
==Intention==&lt;br /&gt;
The purpose of the OSE Forums is to promote the [[Current Scope]] of the project. The general culture of the forums is:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*Adherence to [[Core Values of OSE]]&lt;br /&gt;
*An &#039;absolute creative approach&#039; with respect to finding creative solutions as opposed to dwelling on negatives. Read this [[Essay on Creative Problem-Solving]] for an in-depth discussion on this important topic.&lt;br /&gt;
*We have a zero tolerance policy for personal attacks, trolling, or other disrespectful behavior. THerefore, we will moderate such behavior actively, and eggregious behavior will result in immediate ban from the forum. Violators will have an option to make amends.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Jiff64138</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=Essay_on_Creative_Problem-Solving&amp;diff=18070</id>
		<title>Essay on Creative Problem-Solving</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=Essay_on_Creative_Problem-Solving&amp;diff=18070"/>
		<updated>2011-02-10T02:01:50Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Jiff64138: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;It is easy to troll and criticize others&#039; work. There is a fine line between complaining and creating, and all of our moderators should become familiar with what it means to be constructive. As our project grows, people&#039;s stakes in it increase, and emotional charge of participants will also increase. Emotional charge increases because we are proposing potentially disruptive changes that crack peoples&#039; preconceptions, inspire, and cross boundaries in an iconoclastic fashion. This means that there will be many challenges to engaging in a rational, solutions-based approach. The intensity of this work is increasing with time, so it is important to establish clarity on how to manage Forums and other public discussion. This is especially true as hundreds, thousands, and eventually millions of contributors are absorbed into the project. I can only say that we are undergoing explosive growth, that this trend is not likely to stop any time soon, and we need to be prepared and aligned in order to manage our growth successfully.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Clarity on our goals for 2011-2012 is critical. It is [[50/2/2]]. This is clearly ambitious, but likewise doable - assuming that the proper [[GVCS Organizational Infrastructure]] is established.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Thus, all of our discussion should be passed through the 50/2/2 filter. Other discussions can occur, but it would be better if our entire team is aligned to the 50/2/2 until 2012 - such that a first real community can be built by 2014, and that this can be thousand-fold replicated by 2016.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Note also that the above goals are one application of the project, while the general position of the project is as a &#039;neutral set of enabling tools&#039; for a wide variety of applications that emerge from open access to GVCS documentation. Most people have a hard time imagining why we should be building ab-initio communities. Most people think that the GVCS should be applied to the 3rd world. Our answer that the GVCS can be applied to any scenario: from retrofitting existing infrastructures (such as the [[Transition Towns]] movement for relocalization), to the 3rd world development, to the creation of new communities, to space colonies. Read this further discussion about [[Why Creating New Communities is not a Crazy Idea]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Absolute no-no:&lt;br /&gt;
*Any personal attacks will result in banning of a person. A person, upon making proper amends, may be readmitted to a forum.&lt;br /&gt;
*Clear nay-saying without indicating any possible solutions&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Here are finer points to consider:&lt;br /&gt;
*To deal with nay-saying that provides potential solutions - the Moderator should be sufficiently informed about the subject matter that s/he can assess the value of the proposition, and therefore, respond appropriately. A moderator should have at least some direct experience with, if not subject matter expertise, on the topic that they are moderating. This has the power to short-circuit discussion that leads to dead ends - while maximizing the creative potential of discussions.&lt;br /&gt;
*Bringing people up to speed is most important when working with new people. I have seen a number of comments on the blog that come simply from ignorance - justifiably so, because our web presence is disorganized. As we move to the next level, We should be clear to point people to background reading when hints of ignorance are visible. We should politely refer the contributor who has not read [[OSE Project Status]], [[GVCS Status]], [[GVCS Funding Status]], [[GVCS Proposal 2012]], [[FAQs]], [[GVCS Development Template]], [[GVCS Documentation Template]], [[OSE Specifications]], [[Main OSE Website]].&lt;br /&gt;
*It is easy to criticize, and most poeple are good at this. However, it serves no purpose with respect to 50/2/2, so such discussion should be kindly cut off at the knees.&lt;br /&gt;
*Here is the most challenging point: I&#039;ve seen a number of discussions where people have a load of positive, crative solutions - but on closer inspection, the discussion is just another distraction. I have seen this a number of times, where people provide awesome solutions - but solutions which clearly violate one or many of the [[OSE Specifications]]. Yes, the contributor&#039;s solutions could be perfectly reasonable, but it may turn out that it does not move the GVCS development forward. Thus, Moderators need to be intimately familiar with OSE Specifications, and how these are prioritized in case of ambiguity. There is never a perfect silver bullet solution - so sometimes judgment calls have to be made when evaluating some decision point based on the GVCS Specifications.&lt;br /&gt;
*Here are the most salient features of [[OSE Specifications]] that inform our work. Also, note that OSE Specifications apply not only to the actual GVCS tools - but also to the organizational infrastructure and processes pursued in the development of these tools.&lt;br /&gt;
**Open source design, open business models for distributive economics&lt;br /&gt;
**Lifetime, modular, scalable, replicable, design-for-disassembly&lt;br /&gt;
**Integrated, product ecology, complete community infrastructure&lt;br /&gt;
**New economy, new politics, new human relations emerge from the GVCS&lt;br /&gt;
**Iconoclastic solutions that they do not teach you in school&lt;br /&gt;
**Simplicity, transparency of design&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Jiff64138</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=Earthship&amp;diff=17470</id>
		<title>Earthship</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=Earthship&amp;diff=17470"/>
		<updated>2011-01-31T20:53:25Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Jiff64138: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[Image:RegularEarthshipDesign.svg|thumb|300px|The design used with most earthships. A large series of windows characterise the earthsheltered building and the use of tires]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Exterior Jacobsen House Earthship 2009.JPG|thumb| the exterior of a very modern Earthship]]&lt;br /&gt;
An &#039;&#039;&#039;Earthship&#039;&#039;&#039; is a type of passive solar home made of natural and recycled materials. Designed and marketed by Earthship Biotecture of Taos, New Mexico,  the homes are primarily constructed to work Autonomous building|autonomously and are generally made of earth-filled tires,  using thermal mass construction to naturally regulate indoor temperature. They also usually have their own special natural ventilation system. Earthships are generally [[Off-the-grid]] homes, minimizing their reliance on public utilities and fossil fuels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The original Earthships&#039; designs were at first very experimental, but with practice and evolution the houses began looking attractive.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Earthships are built to utilize the available local resources, especially energy from the Sun. For example, windows on sun-facing walls admit lighting and heating, and the buildings are often horseshoe-shaped to maximize natural light and solar-gain during winter months. The thick, dense inner walls provide thermal mass that naturally regulates the interior temperature during both cold and hot outside temperatures.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Internal, non-load-bearing walls are often made of a [[Honeycomb (geometry)|honeycomb]] of recycled cans joined by concrete and are referred to as [[tin can wall]]s. These walls are usually thickly plastered with stucco.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The roof of an Earthship is heavily insulated – often with earth or adobe – for added energy efficiency.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==History==&lt;br /&gt;
The Earthship, as it exists today, began to take shape in the 1970s. Mike Reynolds (architect)|Mike Reynolds, founder of Earthship Biotecture, a company that specializes in designing and building Earthships, wanted to create a home that would do three things; first, it would be sustainable, using material indigenous to the entire planet as well as recycled materials wherever possible. Second, the homes would rely on natural energy sources and be independent from the “grid”, therefore being less susceptible to natural disasters and free from the electrical and water lines that Reynolds considered unsightly and wasteful. Finally, it would be economically feasible for the average person with no specialized construction skills to be able to create.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Eventually, Reynolds&#039; vision took the form of the common U-shaped earth-filled tire homes seen today.  As a concept, the Earthship was not limited to tires – any dense material with a potential for thermal mass, such as concrete, adobe, or stone could theoretically be used to create an Earthship.  However, the earth-rammed tire version of the Earthship is now the most common design,  and is usually the only structure referred to as “Earthship”.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unlike other materials, rammed-earth tires are more accessible to the average person.  Scrap tires are ubiquitous around the world and easy to come by; there are an estimated 2 billion tires throughout the United States.  As of 1996, as many as 253 million scrap tires were being generated each year in the United States, with 70% being reclaimed by the scrap tire market (leaving perhaps 75 million scrap tires available for reuse as whole tires).&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Tom Verde, [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0CE0DA133CF931A35751C1A960958260&amp;amp;n=Top%2FReference%2FTimes%20Topics%2FSubjects%2FT%2FTires At Heart of Dispute, Tires by the Acre] (December 2, 1996), The New York Times.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In addition to the availability of scrap tires, the method by which they are converted into usable &amp;quot;bricks&amp;quot;, the ramming of the earth, is simple and affordable.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The earth-rammed tires of an Earthship are usually assembled by teams of two people working together as part of a larger construction team.  One member of the two person team shovels dirt, which usually comes from the building site, placing it into the tire one scoop at a time.  The second member, who stands on the tire, uses a sledge hammer to pack the dirt in.  The second person moves in a circle around the tire to keep the dirt even and avoid warping the tire.  These [[rammed earth]] tires in an Earthship are made in place because, when properly made, they weigh as much as 300 pounds and can be very difficult to relocate.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Additional benefits of the rammed earth tire are its great load-bearing capacity and its resistance to fire.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A fully rammed tire, which is about 2 feet 8&amp;amp;nbsp;inches wide, is massive enough to surpass conventional requirements for structural load distribution to the earth.  Because the tire is full of soil, it does not burn when exposed to fire.  In 1996 after a fire swept through many conventional homes in New Mexico, an Earthship discovered in the aftermath was relatively unharmed. Only the south-facing wall and the roof had burned away, compared to the total destruction of the conventional homes.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Currently, Earthships are in use in almost every state in the United States, as well as many countries in Europe.  The use of insulation on the outside of tire walls, which was not common in early designs, is improving the viability of Earthships in every climate without compromising their durability.  In the year 2000, Mike Reynolds, in partnership with Daren Howarth, launched Earthship Biotecture Europe, an organization that aims to explore and evolve the concept of the Earthship within a European context.  Two more directors were appointed to Earthship Biotecture Europe in July 2006 – Kevan Trott and Kirsten Jacobsen.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Earthship biotecture has now finalized plans for a planning application to build on a valuable development site overlooking the [[Brighton Marina]] in the UK. The application follows the successful six-month feasibility study funded by the UK Environment Agency and the Energy Savings Trust. The application calls for sixteen one, two, and three-bedroom earthship homes on this site. The homes are all designed according to basic earthship principles developed in the United States. 15,000 tires will be recycled to construct these homes (the UK burns approximately 40 million tires each year). The plans include the enhancement of habitats on the site for [[lizard]]s that already live there, which is the reasoning behind entitling the project &amp;quot;The Lizard&amp;quot;. This will be the first development of its kind in Europe, and successful development in [[Brighton]] may help to pave the way for similar projects around the UK and other places.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://web.archive.org/web/20071213144133/http://www.earthship.co.uk/earthship-homes.htm Earthship Homes development] (archived from [http://www.earthship.co.uk/earthship-homes.htm the original] on 2007-12-13).&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first official Earthship home in mainland Europe with official planning commission approval was built in a small French village called Ger. The home, which is owned by Kevan and Gillian Trott, was built in April 2007 by Kevan, Mike Reynolds and an Earthship Crew from Taos. The design was modified for a European climate and is seen as the first of many for the European arena. It is currently used as a holiday home for eco-tourists.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kevin Telfer, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/travel/2008/apr/26/top100flightfreeholidays.green Super green European breaks] (26 April 2008 ), The Guardian.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Systems==&lt;br /&gt;
The Earthship was designed as a structure that would exist in harmony with its environment and be freed from the constraints of modern shelters which rely on centralized utilities.  It is important that the Earthship create its own utilities as well as use readily available and sustainable materials.  In order to be entirely self-sufficient the Earthship needs to be able to handle the three systems of water, electricity, and climate. While these systems are not exclusive to Earthships, a properly designed Earthship must have these systems.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Water==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Interior Jacobsen House Earthship Botanical Cell 2009.JPG|upright|thumb|A botanical cell for greywater treatment featuring interior banana trees]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Rainwater harvesting system.svg|thumb|A domestic rainwater harvesting system]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Active Solar Water Heater Diagram.svg|thumb|Schematic of an active solar heating system]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Collection ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Earthships are designed to catch and use water from the local environment without bringing in water from a centralized source. Water used in an Earthship is harvested from rain, snow and condensation.  As water collects on the roof it is channeled through a silt-catching device and into a cistern.  The cisterns are positioned so they gravity-feed a WOM (water organization module), that filters out bacteria and contaminants, and makes it suitable for drinking. The WOM consists of filters and a DC-pump that are screwed into a panel. Water is then pushed into a conventional pressure tank to create common household water pressure.  Water collected in this fashion is used for any household activity except flushing toilets the conventional way. Rather, the water used for flushing toilets has been used at least once already: frequently it is filtered waste-water from sinks and showers, and described as &amp;quot;Greywater&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Greywater ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Greywater]], water that has been used and is unsuitable for drinking, is used within the Earthship for a multitude of purposes once it is reclaimed.  First, before the greywater can be reused, it is channeled through a grease and particle filter/digester and into a 30”-60&amp;quot; deep rubber-lined [[botanical cell]], a miniature [[living machine]], within the Earthship. This filter with imbedded plants can potentially also be used to produce food (by using a [[fruit tree]], ...). [[Water oxygenation|Oxygenation]], [[filtration]], [[transpiration]], and bacteria-encounter all take place within the cell and help to cleanse the water (Reynolds 2000).  Within the botanical cell, filtration is achieved by passing the water through a mixture of gravel and plant roots.  Because of the nature of plants, oxygen is added to the water as it filters, while nitrogen is removed.  Water taken up through the plants and transpired at their tops helps to humidify the air.  In the cell, bacteria will naturally grow and help to cleanse the water.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Water from the low end of the botanical cell is then directed through a peat-moss filter and collected in a reservoir or well.  This reclaimed water is then passed once more through a greywater board and used to flush conventional toilets.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Often, any greywater that is made at earthships is not polluted enough to justify treatment (its &amp;quot;pollution&amp;quot; being usually just soap, which is often not environmentally damaging). At earthships, the use of plants placed at outlets of fixtures is then practiced to regain the water and the nutrients lost (from the soaps, etc.).. Usually, a single plant is placed directly in front of the pipe, but mini drain-fields are also sometimes used. The pipe is made large enough (5,08&amp;amp;nbsp;cm) so that the formation of underground gas (from the greywater) is avoided. This is done with kitchen and bathroom sinks, and even showers, washing machines, and dishwashing machines. The plants are usually placed indoors with the sinks and outdoors with the washing/dishwashing machines and shower (to avoid indoor &amp;quot;floods&amp;quot;). Also, with the latter, larger drain-fields are used instead of a mere plant being placed before an outlet.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://melinathinks.wordpress.com/category/earthship-greywater-plantergreenhouse/ Plants placed at fixtures]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.greenhomebuilding.com/earthship.htm Plants placed at fixtures in earthships]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Black water===&lt;br /&gt;
[[Blackwater (waste)|Black water]], water that has been used in a toilet, was usually not created within many of the earliest earthships as the use of conventional toilets was discouraged.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Earthship Volume 2:Systems and components&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Instead, in the early days [[composting toilet]]s were advocated, which use no water at all. However, with the new greywater treatment system design (used in Nautilus, Helios, ...) created by Michael Reynolds, flush toilets have now found a place in the earthship and the general water system has been redesigned according to the new &amp;quot;6-step process&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://heliohouse.com/tech.htm New water purification system process at Helios house: overview with pictures]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.earthship.net/modules.php?name=News&amp;amp;file=article&amp;amp;sid=25 Wastewater path]{{Citation broken|date=March 2009}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Now, when the newly included flush-toilets are used, blackwater is not reused within the Earthship.  Instead, blackwater is sent to a solar-enhanced septic tank with leach-field and planter cells (the whole being often referred to as the “incubator”).  The solar-enhanced septic tank is a regular [[septic tank]] which is heated by the sun and glazed with an equator-facing window. The incubator stores the sun&#039;s heat in its concrete mass, and is insulated, to help the anaerobic process.  Water from the incubator is channeled out to an exterior [[leach field]] and then to landscaping &amp;quot;planter cells&amp;quot; (spaces surrounded by concrete in which plants have been put). The cells are similar to the botanical cell used in greywater treatment and are usually placed just before and under the windows of the earthship.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In cases where it is not possible to use flush-toilets operating on water, [[dry solar toilet]]s are now advocated, instead of &#039;&#039;regular&#039;&#039; [[composting toilet]]s. If this is the case, obviously no black water is formed and the use of an incubator is thus (usually) not necessary. Instead, regular &amp;quot;planters&amp;quot; (plants used for sucking up water/nutrients) are then used. When using regular planters as well, no chemical soaps or detergents can be used.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The space where the WOM (water organization module), graywater pump panel, pressure tank, (first set of) batteries, and POM (power organising module) are stored is in a small room referred to as the &amp;quot;systems package&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Electricity==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Wind generator system.jpg|upright|thumb|Parts of DIY Wind turbine]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:PVSolarSystem.svg|thumb|A PV-solar system]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Earthships are designed to collect and store their own energy from a variety of sources.  The majority of electrical energy is harvested from the sun and wind.  [[Photovoltaic]] panels and [[windturbine]]s located on or near the Earthship generate DC energy that is then stored in several types of [[deep-cycle batteries]]. The space in which the batteries are kept is usually a special, purpose-built room placed on the roof. Additional energy, if required, can be obtained from gasoline-powered generators or by integrating with the city grid.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In an Earthship, a Power Organizing Module is used to take stored energy from batteries and [[Inverter (electrical)|invert]] it for AC use.  The Power Organizing Module is a prefabricated system provided by Earthship Biotecture that is simply attached to a wall on the interior of the Earthship and wired in a conventional manner. It includes the necessary equipment such as [[circuit breakers]] and [[Voltage converter|converters]]. The energy run through the Power Organizing Module can be used to run any house-hold appliance including washing machines, computers, kitchen appliances, print machines, vacuums, etc.  Generally, none of the electrical energy in an Earthship is used for heating or cooling.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://earthship.com/systems/energy.php] {{Dead link|date=March 2009|url=http://earthship.com/systems/energy.php}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;{{Failed verification|date=March 2009}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Climate==&lt;br /&gt;
The interior climate of an Earthship is stabilized and made comfortable by taking advantage of many phenomena. Mainly, the Earthship tries to take advantage of the properties of thermal mass and passive solar heating and cooling. Examples are large front windows with integrated [[shades]], [[trombe wall]]s and other technologies such as [[Skylight (window)#Skylights|skylights]] or [[Steve Baer|Track Rack solar trackers]] (dualling as an energy generation device and passive solar source.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The load-bearing walls of an Earthship, which are made from [[Steel-belted radial|steel-belted tires]] rammed with earth, serve two purposes. First, they hold up the roof, and second, they provide a dense [[thermal mass]] that will soak up heat during the day and radiate heat during the night, keeping the interior climate relatively comfortable all day.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition to high thermal mass, some Earthships may be [[Earth sheltering|earth-sheltered]].  The benefits of earth-sheltering are twofold because it adds to the thermal mass and, if the Earthship is buried deep enough, allows the structure to take advantage of the Earth&#039;s stable temperature.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Earthship is designed in such a way that the sun provides heating, ventilation, and lighting.  To take advantage of the sun, an Earthship is positioned so that its principal wall, which is nonstructural and made mostly of glass sheets, faces directly towards the equator.  This positioning allows for optimum solar exposure.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To allow the sun to heat the mass of the Earthship, the solar-orientated wall is angled so that it is perpendicular to light from the winter sun.  This allows for maximum exposure in the winter, when heat is wanted, and lesser exposure in the summer, when heat is to be avoided.  Some Earthships, especially those built in colder climates, use insulated shading on the solar-orientated wall to reduce heat loss during the night (Reynolds 2000).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Natural ventilation===&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:EarthshipVentilation new.png|thumb|The ventilation system of an earthship]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The earthships usually use their own [[natural ventilation]] system. It consists of cold(er) air coming in from a front (&amp;quot;hopper&amp;quot;) window, especially made for this purpose and flowing out through (one of) the skylights that are placed on the earthship. As hot air rises, the system maintains itself and keeps sucking in (and out), air.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Heating problems==&lt;br /&gt;
Bottle walls are used in earthships such as this earthship bathroom, located in Phoenix Earthship, Taos, NM, USA]]&lt;br /&gt;
Earthships rely on a balance between the solar heat gain and the ability of the tire walls and subsoil to transport and store heat.  The design intends to require little if any auxiliary heat. Some earthships have suffered from over-heating and some from over-cooling.&amp;lt;!-- please provide a reference(s) to substantiate the claim that this problem is due to &amp;quot;failure to adjust to local conditions&amp;quot; and not a broader problem with the fundamental design --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Some earthships appear to have serious problems with heat loss. In these cases heat appears to be leaking into the ground constantly during the heating season and being lost. This situation may have arisen from the mistaken belief that ground-coupled structures (building in thermal contact with the ground) do not require insulation. The situation may also be due to large climatic differences between the sunny, arid, and warm Southwest (of the USA) where earthships were first built and the cloudier, cooler, and wetter climates where some are now being built. [[Malcolm Wells]], an architect and authority on earth-sheltered design, recommends [[R-value (insulation)|R-value]] 10 insulation between deep soils and heated spaces. Wells&#039;s insulation recommendations increase as the depth of the soil decreases.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In very limited and specific situations, uncommon during the heating season, thermal mass can marginally increase the apparent R-value of a building assembly such as a wall.  Generally speaking [[thermal mass]] and [[R-value (insulation)|R-value]] are distinct thermodynamic properties and should not be equated.  Thermal performance problems apparently seen in some earthship designs may have occurred because of thermal mass being erroneously equated to R-value. The R-value of soil is about 1 per foot.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.engext.ksu.edu/ees/henergy/envelope/basement.html Kansas State University Extension Service]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Potential advantages==&lt;br /&gt;
* Having an earth-bermed home with windows facing the sun is a good idea in any climate where heating is required.&lt;br /&gt;
* Collecting rainwater that falls on the roof reduces the runoff impact of the building and may reduce water and even sewer service fees.&lt;br /&gt;
* Having a combination of photovoltaic cells and wind generation is a prudent way to provide electricity in many situations.&lt;br /&gt;
* Using curved modules as horizontal arches to resist earth loads is a sound structural design.&lt;br /&gt;
* On-site processing of runoff water, grey water, and black water using plant beds reduces the environmental impact of the building.&lt;br /&gt;
* Rubber tires make a wind- and puncture- resistant wall.  They may be safe from outgassing when plastered semi-airtight.&lt;br /&gt;
* Rubber tires are usually free and it may be possible to be paid to take them.  It also is beneficial to keep them out of landfills or prevent them from being illegally burnt.&lt;br /&gt;
*Potential to eliminate utility bills.&lt;br /&gt;
*The structure is highly moldable to different aesthetic tastes.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Potential disadvantages==&lt;br /&gt;
* The sloped glazing may be hard to keep watertight and in warm climates allows excessive solar gain in summer. In colder climates, the glazing itself, which has far poorer insulating properties than any other component, will obviously be the major conduit of heat loss in winter. New designs call for vertical windows with an overhang.&lt;br /&gt;
* Uninsulated ground-coupled thermal mass presents a large potential for heat loss, especially in climates with a heating season.  This varies to a degree with soil type and moisture content.&lt;br /&gt;
* Rubber-tire walls tend to lack structural stiffness and may require perpendicular stiffening ribs.&lt;br /&gt;
* Most solar photovoltaic systems suffer from poor efficiency and some wind systems only generate in periods of high wind velocity.&lt;br /&gt;
* The novel design may diminish resale value or make buyers more difficult to find.&lt;br /&gt;
* The intimate ground contact inherent in this approach may increase hazards due to soil gases including Radon, and those due to water intrusion.&lt;br /&gt;
* Packing or ramming dirt into the inside of tires is a very labor-intensive process.&lt;br /&gt;
* Many Earthship builders are drawn to this system by its apparently low environmental impact.  However, this is only valid if the design is highly thermally efficient. Earthship designs may require substantial thermal analysis and redesign to be adapted to non-Southwest USA climate.&lt;br /&gt;
* Earthships built with concrete, sand bags, or adobe and with better solar and heat control perform better.&lt;br /&gt;
* Earthships are usually built in areas of extremely low population density, so unless they are entirely self-sufficient, a significant amount of fossil fuels could have to be expended in their construction because of the transportation of materials and workers.  They can be built anywhere, however, and this can mitigate certain issues dealing with fossil fuels and transportation.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== References ==&lt;br /&gt;
* Hewitt, M. and Telfer, K. (2007). &#039;&#039;Earthships: building a zero carbon future for homes&#039;&#039;. ISBN 9781860819728&lt;br /&gt;
* Klippel, James H. http://www.garrellassociates.com/EcoDesign.html, green page&lt;br /&gt;
* Reynolds, Mike. (2000).  &#039;&#039;Comfort In Any Climate&#039;&#039;, Taos: Solar Survival P. ISBN 0962676748&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Further reading==&lt;br /&gt;
*  Schirber, Michael. [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/21755230/ &amp;quot;Making Earthships Mainstream&amp;quot;] on &#039;&#039;Going Green at [[msnbc.com]]&#039;&#039;, November 12, 2007.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External links ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{commonscat-inline}}&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.earthshipfloridaproject.com Earthship Florida Project]&lt;br /&gt;
*{{dmoz|Business/Construction_and_Maintenance/Building_Types/Sustainable_Architecture/Earthships/|Earthships}}&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Jiff64138</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=Earthship&amp;diff=17469</id>
		<title>Earthship</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=Earthship&amp;diff=17469"/>
		<updated>2011-01-31T20:50:08Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Jiff64138: /* Potential advantages */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[Image:RegularEarthshipDesign.svg|thumb|300px|The design used with most earthships. A large series of windows characterise the earthsheltered building and the use of tires]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Earthship1.jpg|thumb|A somewhat customized earthship built at [[Rio Arriba County, New Mexico]], USA and shot from the side]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Exterior Jacobsen House Earthship 2009.JPG|thumb| the exterior of a very modern Earthship]]&lt;br /&gt;
An &#039;&#039;&#039;Earthship&#039;&#039;&#039; is a type of passive solar home made of natural and recycled materials. Designed and marketed by Earthship Biotecture of Taos, New Mexico,  the homes are primarily constructed to work [[Autonomous building|autonomously]] and are generally made of earth-filled tires,  using thermal mass construction to naturally regulate indoor temperature. They also usually have their own special natural ventilation system. Earthships are generally [[Off-the-grid]] homes, minimizing their reliance on public utilities and fossil fuels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The original Earthships&#039; designs were at first very experimental, but with practice and evolution the houses began looking attractive.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Earthships are built to utilize the available local resources, especially energy from the Sun. For example, windows on sun-facing walls admit lighting and heating, and the buildings are often horseshoe-shaped to maximize natural light and solar-gain during winter months. The thick, dense inner walls provide thermal mass that naturally regulates the interior temperature during both cold and hot outside temperatures.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Internal, non-load-bearing walls are often made of a [[Honeycomb (geometry)|honeycomb]] of recycled cans joined by concrete and are referred to as [[tin can wall]]s. These walls are usually thickly plastered with stucco.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The roof of an Earthship is heavily insulated – often with earth or adobe – for added energy efficiency.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==History==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Interior Jacobsen House Bathroom Earthship 2009.JPG |thumb|right| a bottle wall of an Earthship bathroom]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Earthship Bathroom.JPG|thumb|right| an Earthship bathroom]]&lt;br /&gt;
The Earthship, as it exists today, began to take shape in the 1970s. Mike Reynolds (architect)|Mike Reynolds, founder of Earthship Biotecture, a company that specializes in designing and building Earthships, wanted to create a home that would do three things; first, it would be sustainable, using material indigenous to the entire planet as well as recycled materials wherever possible. Second, the homes would rely on natural energy sources and be independent from the “grid”, therefore being less susceptible to natural disasters and free from the electrical and water lines that Reynolds considered unsightly and wasteful. Finally, it would be economically feasible for the average person with no specialized construction skills to be able to create.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Eventually, Reynolds&#039; vision took the form of the common U-shaped earth-filled tire homes seen today.  As a concept, the Earthship was not limited to tires – any dense material with a potential for thermal mass, such as concrete, adobe, or stone could theoretically be used to create an Earthship.  However, the earth-rammed tire version of the Earthship is now the most common design,  and is usually the only structure referred to as “Earthship”.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Bottle, Tire and Brick walls of Earthships.JPG|thumb|right|Earthships are made of Earth-rammed tires, bottles and cans]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unlike other materials, rammed-earth tires are more accessible to the average person.  Scrap tires are ubiquitous around the world and easy to come by; there are an estimated 2 billion tires throughout the United States.  As of 1996, as many as 253 million scrap tires were being generated each year in the United States, with 70% being reclaimed by the scrap tire market (leaving perhaps 75 million scrap tires available for reuse as whole tires).&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Tom Verde, [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0CE0DA133CF931A35751C1A960958260&amp;amp;n=Top%2FReference%2FTimes%20Topics%2FSubjects%2FT%2FTires At Heart of Dispute, Tires by the Acre] (December 2, 1996), The New York Times.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In addition to the availability of scrap tires, the method by which they are converted into usable &amp;quot;bricks&amp;quot;, the ramming of the earth, is simple and affordable.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The earth-rammed tires of an Earthship are usually assembled by teams of two people working together as part of a larger construction team.  One member of the two person team shovels dirt, which usually comes from the building site, placing it into the tire one scoop at a time.  The second member, who stands on the tire, uses a sledge hammer to pack the dirt in.  The second person moves in a circle around the tire to keep the dirt even and avoid warping the tire.  These [[rammed earth]] tires in an Earthship are made in place because, when properly made, they weigh as much as 300 pounds and can be very difficult to relocate.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Additional benefits of the rammed earth tire are its great load-bearing capacity and its resistance to fire.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A fully rammed tire, which is about 2 feet 8&amp;amp;nbsp;inches wide, is massive enough to surpass conventional requirements for structural load distribution to the earth.  Because the tire is full of soil, it does not burn when exposed to fire.  In 1996 after a fire swept through many conventional homes in New Mexico, an Earthship discovered in the aftermath was relatively unharmed. Only the south-facing wall and the roof had burned away, compared to the total destruction of the conventional homes.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Currently, Earthships are in use in almost every state in the United States, as well as many countries in Europe.  The use of insulation on the outside of tire walls, which was not common in early designs, is improving the viability of Earthships in every climate without compromising their durability.  In the year 2000, Mike Reynolds, in partnership with Daren Howarth, launched Earthship Biotecture Europe, an organization that aims to explore and evolve the concept of the Earthship within a European context.  Two more directors were appointed to Earthship Biotecture Europe in July 2006 – Kevan Trott and Kirsten Jacobsen.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Europe ==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Brighton Earthship.JPG|thumb|Brighton Earthship, UK]]&lt;br /&gt;
In 2004, the very first Earthship in the UK was opened at [[Kinghorn]] Loch in Fife, Scotland. It was built by volunteers of the SCI charity. In 2005, the first earthship in England was established in [[Stanmer Park]], [[Brighton]] with the [[Low Carbon Trust]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Earthship biotecture has now finalized plans for a planning application to build on a valuable development site overlooking the [[Brighton Marina]] in the UK. The application follows the successful six-month feasibility study funded by the UK Environment Agency and the Energy Savings Trust. The application calls for sixteen one, two, and three-bedroom earthship homes on this site. The homes are all designed according to basic earthship principles developed in the United States. 15,000 tires will be recycled to construct these homes (the UK burns approximately 40 million tires each year). The plans include the enhancement of habitats on the site for [[lizard]]s that already live there, which is the reasoning behind entitling the project &amp;quot;The Lizard&amp;quot;. This will be the first development of its kind in Europe, and successful development in [[Brighton]] may help to pave the way for similar projects around the UK and other places.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://web.archive.org/web/20071213144133/http://www.earthship.co.uk/earthship-homes.htm Earthship Homes development] (archived from [http://www.earthship.co.uk/earthship-homes.htm the original] on 2007-12-13).&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first official Earthship home in mainland Europe with official planning commission approval was built in a small French village called Ger. The home, which is owned by Kevan and Gillian Trott, was built in April 2007 by Kevan, Mike Reynolds and an Earthship Crew from Taos. The design was modified for a European climate and is seen as the first of many for the European arena. It is currently used as a holiday home for eco-tourists.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kevin Telfer, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/travel/2008/apr/26/top100flightfreeholidays.green Super green European breaks] (26 April 2008 ), The Guardian.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Africa ==&lt;br /&gt;
The first earthship was built by Angel and Yvonne Kamp from 1996 to 1998. They rammed a total of 1,500 tires for the walls. The earthship, near Hermanus, is located in a 60 hectare private nature reserve which is part of a 500000ha area enclosed in a game fence and borders the [[Walker Bay]] Nature Reserve.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;http://www.fynbos.co0.za/html/chaynouqua.htm&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Two new projects are also in early development in [[Africa]], an information and training centre in [[Orania, Northern Cape|Orania]], South Africa&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.aardskip.com Project/Projek Aardskip]. Aardskip.com. Retrieved on 2010-11-26.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and a residential house in [[Swaziland]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.earthships.co.za Sustainable Buildings Earthships » Earthships Sustainable Living South Africa Swaziland]. Earthships.co.za. Retrieved on 2010-11-26.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Systems==&lt;br /&gt;
The Earthship was designed as a structure that would exist in harmony with its environment and be freed from the constraints of modern shelters which rely on centralized utilities.  It is important that the Earthship create its own utilities as well as use readily available and sustainable materials.  In order to be entirely self-sufficient the Earthship needs to be able to handle the three systems of water, electricity, and climate. While these systems are not exclusive to Earthships, a properly designed Earthship must have these systems.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Water==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Interior Jacobsen House Earthship Botanical Cell 2009.JPG|upright|thumb|A botanical cell for greywater treatment featuring interior banana trees]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Rainwater harvesting system.svg|thumb|A domestic rainwater harvesting system]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Active Solar Water Heater Diagram.svg|thumb|Schematic of an active solar heating system]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Collection ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Earthships are designed to catch and use water from the local environment without bringing in water from a centralized source. Water used in an Earthship is harvested from rain, snow and condensation.  As water collects on the roof it is channeled through a silt-catching device and into a cistern.  The cisterns are positioned so they gravity-feed a WOM (water organization module), that filters out bacteria and contaminants, and makes it suitable for drinking. The WOM consists of filters and a DC-pump that are screwed into a panel. Water is then pushed into a conventional pressure tank to create common household water pressure.  Water collected in this fashion is used for any household activity except flushing toilets the conventional way. Rather, the water used for flushing toilets has been used at least once already: frequently it is filtered waste-water from sinks and showers, and described as &amp;quot;Greywater&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Greywater ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Greywater]], water that has been used and is unsuitable for drinking, is used within the Earthship for a multitude of purposes once it is reclaimed.  First, before the greywater can be reused, it is channeled through a grease and particle filter/digester and into a 30”-60&amp;quot; deep rubber-lined [[botanical cell]], a miniature [[living machine]], within the Earthship. This filter with imbedded plants can potentially also be used to produce food (by using a [[fruit tree]], ...). [[Water oxygenation|Oxygenation]], [[filtration]], [[transpiration]], and bacteria-encounter all take place within the cell and help to cleanse the water (Reynolds 2000).  Within the botanical cell, filtration is achieved by passing the water through a mixture of gravel and plant roots.  Because of the nature of plants, oxygen is added to the water as it filters, while nitrogen is removed.  Water taken up through the plants and transpired at their tops helps to humidify the air.  In the cell, bacteria will naturally grow and help to cleanse the water.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Water from the low end of the botanical cell is then directed through a peat-moss filter and collected in a reservoir or well.  This reclaimed water is then passed once more through a greywater board and used to flush conventional toilets.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Often, any greywater that is made at earthships is not polluted enough to justify treatment (its &amp;quot;pollution&amp;quot; being usually just soap, which is often not environmentally damaging). At earthships, the use of plants placed at outlets of fixtures is then practiced to regain the water and the nutrients lost (from the soaps, etc.).. Usually, a single plant is placed directly in front of the pipe, but mini drain-fields are also sometimes used. The pipe is made large enough (5,08&amp;amp;nbsp;cm) so that the formation of underground gas (from the greywater) is avoided. This is done with kitchen and bathroom sinks, and even showers, washing machines, and dishwashing machines. The plants are usually placed indoors with the sinks and outdoors with the washing/dishwashing machines and shower (to avoid indoor &amp;quot;floods&amp;quot;). Also, with the latter, larger drain-fields are used instead of a mere plant being placed before an outlet.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://melinathinks.wordpress.com/category/earthship-greywater-plantergreenhouse/ Plants placed at fixtures]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.greenhomebuilding.com/earthship.htm Plants placed at fixtures in earthships]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Black water===&lt;br /&gt;
[[Blackwater (waste)|Black water]], water that has been used in a toilet, was usually not created within many of the earliest earthships as the use of conventional toilets was discouraged.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Earthship Volume 2:Systems and components&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Instead, in the early days [[composting toilet]]s were advocated, which use no water at all. However, with the new greywater treatment system design (used in Nautilus, Helios, ...) created by Michael Reynolds, flush toilets have now found a place in the earthship and the general water system has been redesigned according to the new &amp;quot;6-step process&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://heliohouse.com/tech.htm New water purification system process at Helios house: overview with pictures]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.earthship.net/modules.php?name=News&amp;amp;file=article&amp;amp;sid=25 Wastewater path]{{Citation broken|date=March 2009}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Now, when the newly included flush-toilets are used, blackwater is not reused within the Earthship.  Instead, blackwater is sent to a solar-enhanced septic tank with leach-field and planter cells (the whole being often referred to as the “incubator”).  The solar-enhanced septic tank is a regular [[septic tank]] which is heated by the sun and glazed with an equator-facing window. The incubator stores the sun&#039;s heat in its concrete mass, and is insulated, to help the anaerobic process.  Water from the incubator is channeled out to an exterior [[leach field]] and then to landscaping &amp;quot;planter cells&amp;quot; (spaces surrounded by concrete in which plants have been put). The cells are similar to the botanical cell used in greywater treatment and are usually placed just before and under the windows of the earthship.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In cases where it is not possible to use flush-toilets operating on water, [[dry solar toilet]]s are now advocated, instead of &#039;&#039;regular&#039;&#039; [[composting toilet]]s. If this is the case, obviously no black water is formed and the use of an incubator is thus (usually) not necessary. Instead, regular &amp;quot;planters&amp;quot; (plants used for sucking up water/nutrients) are then used. When using regular planters as well, no chemical soaps or detergents can be used.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The space where the WOM (water organization module), graywater pump panel, pressure tank, (first set of) batteries, and POM (power organising module) are stored is in a small room referred to as the &amp;quot;systems package&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Electricity==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Wind generator system.jpg|upright|thumb|Parts of DIY Wind turbine]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:PVSolarSystem.svg|thumb|A PV-solar system]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Earthships are designed to collect and store their own energy from a variety of sources.  The majority of electrical energy is harvested from the sun and wind.  [[Photovoltaic]] panels and [[windturbine]]s located on or near the Earthship generate DC energy that is then stored in several types of [[deep-cycle batteries]]. The space in which the batteries are kept is usually a special, purpose-built room placed on the roof. Additional energy, if required, can be obtained from gasoline-powered generators or by integrating with the city grid.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In an Earthship, a Power Organizing Module is used to take stored energy from batteries and [[Inverter (electrical)|invert]] it for AC use.  The Power Organizing Module is a prefabricated system provided by Earthship Biotecture that is simply attached to a wall on the interior of the Earthship and wired in a conventional manner. It includes the necessary equipment such as [[circuit breakers]] and [[Voltage converter|converters]]. The energy run through the Power Organizing Module can be used to run any house-hold appliance including washing machines, computers, kitchen appliances, print machines, vacuums, etc.  Generally, none of the electrical energy in an Earthship is used for heating or cooling.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://earthship.com/systems/energy.php] {{Dead link|date=March 2009|url=http://earthship.com/systems/energy.php}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;{{Failed verification|date=March 2009}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Climate==&lt;br /&gt;
The interior climate of an Earthship is stabilized and made comfortable by taking advantage of many phenomena. Mainly, the Earthship tries to take advantage of the properties of thermal mass and passive solar heating and cooling. Examples are large front windows with integrated [[shades]], [[trombe wall]]s and other technologies such as [[Skylight (window)#Skylights|skylights]] or [[Steve Baer|Track Rack solar trackers]] (dualling as an energy generation device and passive solar source.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The load-bearing walls of an Earthship, which are made from [[Steel-belted radial|steel-belted tires]] rammed with earth, serve two purposes. First, they hold up the roof, and second, they provide a dense [[thermal mass]] that will soak up heat during the day and radiate heat during the night, keeping the interior climate relatively comfortable all day.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition to high thermal mass, some Earthships may be [[Earth sheltering|earth-sheltered]].  The benefits of earth-sheltering are twofold because it adds to the thermal mass and, if the Earthship is buried deep enough, allows the structure to take advantage of the Earth&#039;s stable temperature.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Earthship is designed in such a way that the sun provides heating, ventilation, and lighting.  To take advantage of the sun, an Earthship is positioned so that its principal wall, which is nonstructural and made mostly of glass sheets, faces directly towards the equator.  This positioning allows for optimum solar exposure.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To allow the sun to heat the mass of the Earthship, the solar-orientated wall is angled so that it is perpendicular to light from the winter sun.  This allows for maximum exposure in the winter, when heat is wanted, and lesser exposure in the summer, when heat is to be avoided.  Some Earthships, especially those built in colder climates, use insulated shading on the solar-orientated wall to reduce heat loss during the night (Reynolds 2000).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Natural ventilation===&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:EarthshipVentilation new.png|thumb|The ventilation system of an earthship]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The earthships usually use their own [[natural ventilation]] system. It consists of cold(er) air coming in from a front (&amp;quot;hopper&amp;quot;) window, especially made for this purpose and flowing out through (one of) the skylights that are placed on the earthship. As hot air rises, the system maintains itself and keeps sucking in (and out), air.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Heating problems==&lt;br /&gt;
Bottle walls are used in earthships such as this earthship bathroom, located in Phoenix Earthship, Taos, NM, USA]]&lt;br /&gt;
Earthships rely on a balance between the solar heat gain and the ability of the tire walls and subsoil to transport and store heat.  The design intends to require little if any auxiliary heat. Some earthships have suffered from over-heating and some from over-cooling.&amp;lt;!-- please provide a reference(s) to substantiate the claim that this problem is due to &amp;quot;failure to adjust to local conditions&amp;quot; and not a broader problem with the fundamental design --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Some earthships appear to have serious problems with heat loss. In these cases heat appears to be leaking into the ground constantly during the heating season and being lost. This situation may have arisen from the mistaken belief that ground-coupled structures (building in thermal contact with the ground) do not require insulation. The situation may also be due to large climatic differences between the sunny, arid, and warm Southwest (of the USA) where earthships were first built and the cloudier, cooler, and wetter climates where some are now being built. [[Malcolm Wells]], an architect and authority on earth-sheltered design, recommends [[R-value (insulation)|R-value]] 10 insulation between deep soils and heated spaces. Wells&#039;s insulation recommendations increase as the depth of the soil decreases.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In very limited and specific situations, uncommon during the heating season, thermal mass can marginally increase the apparent R-value of a building assembly such as a wall.  Generally speaking [[thermal mass]] and [[R-value (insulation)|R-value]] are distinct thermodynamic properties and should not be equated.  Thermal performance problems apparently seen in some earthship designs may have occurred because of thermal mass being erroneously equated to R-value. The R-value of soil is about 1 per foot.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.engext.ksu.edu/ees/henergy/envelope/basement.html Kansas State University Extension Service]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Potential advantages==&lt;br /&gt;
* Having an earth-bermed home with windows facing the sun is a good idea in any climate where heating is required.&lt;br /&gt;
* Collecting rainwater that falls on the roof reduces the runoff impact of the building and may reduce water and even sewer service fees.&lt;br /&gt;
* Having a combination of photovoltaic cells and wind generation is a prudent way to provide electricity in many situations.&lt;br /&gt;
* Using curved modules as horizontal arches to resist earth loads is a sound structural design.&lt;br /&gt;
* On-site processing of runoff water, grey water, and black water using plant beds reduces the environmental impact of the building.&lt;br /&gt;
* Rubber tires make a wind- and puncture- resistant wall.  They may be safe from outgassing when plastered semi-airtight.&lt;br /&gt;
* Rubber tires are usually free and it may be possible to be paid to take them.  It also is beneficial to keep them out of landfills or prevent them from being illegally burnt.&lt;br /&gt;
*Potential to eliminate utility bills.&lt;br /&gt;
*The structure is highly moldable to different aesthetic tastes.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Potential disadvantages==&lt;br /&gt;
* The sloped glazing may be hard to keep watertight and in warm climates allows excessive solar gain in summer. In colder climates, the glazing itself, which has far poorer insulating properties than any other component, will obviously be the major conduit of heat loss in winter. New designs call for vertical windows with an overhang.&lt;br /&gt;
* Uninsulated ground-coupled thermal mass presents a large potential for heat loss, especially in climates with a heating season.  This varies to a degree with soil type and moisture content.&lt;br /&gt;
* Rubber-tire walls tend to lack structural stiffness and may require perpendicular stiffening ribs.&lt;br /&gt;
* Most solar photovoltaic systems suffer from poor efficiency and some wind systems only generate in periods of high wind velocity.&lt;br /&gt;
* The novel design may diminish resale value or make buyers more difficult to find.&lt;br /&gt;
* The intimate ground contact inherent in this approach may increase hazards due to soil gases including Radon, and those due to water intrusion.&lt;br /&gt;
* Packing or ramming dirt into the inside of tires is a very labor-intensive process.&lt;br /&gt;
* Many Earthship builders are drawn to this system by its apparently low environmental impact.  However, this is only valid if the design is highly thermally efficient. Earthship designs may require substantial thermal analysis and redesign to be adapted to non-Southwest USA climate.&lt;br /&gt;
* Earthships built with concrete, sand bags, or adobe and with better solar and heat control perform better.&lt;br /&gt;
* Earthships are usually built in areas of extremely low population density, so unless they are entirely self-sufficient, a significant amount of fossil fuels could have to be expended in their construction because of the transportation of materials and workers.  They can be built anywhere, however, and this can mitigate certain issues dealing with fossil fuels and transportation.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== References ==&lt;br /&gt;
* Hewitt, M. and Telfer, K. (2007). &#039;&#039;Earthships: building a zero carbon future for homes&#039;&#039;. ISBN 9781860819728&lt;br /&gt;
* Klippel, James H. http://www.garrellassociates.com/EcoDesign.html, green page&lt;br /&gt;
* Reynolds, Mike. (2000).  &#039;&#039;Comfort In Any Climate&#039;&#039;, Taos: Solar Survival P. ISBN 0962676748&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Further reading==&lt;br /&gt;
*  Schirber, Michael. [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/21755230/ &amp;quot;Making Earthships Mainstream&amp;quot;] on &#039;&#039;Going Green at [[msnbc.com]]&#039;&#039;, November 12, 2007.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External links ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{commonscat-inline}}&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.earthshipfloridaproject.com Earthship Florida Project]&lt;br /&gt;
*{{dmoz|Business/Construction_and_Maintenance/Building_Types/Sustainable_Architecture/Earthships/|Earthships}}&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Jiff64138</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=Earthship&amp;diff=17468</id>
		<title>Earthship</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=Earthship&amp;diff=17468"/>
		<updated>2011-01-31T20:49:12Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Jiff64138: /* Heating problems */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[Image:RegularEarthshipDesign.svg|thumb|300px|The design used with most earthships. A large series of windows characterise the earthsheltered building and the use of tires]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Earthship1.jpg|thumb|A somewhat customized earthship built at [[Rio Arriba County, New Mexico]], USA and shot from the side]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Exterior Jacobsen House Earthship 2009.JPG|thumb| the exterior of a very modern Earthship]]&lt;br /&gt;
An &#039;&#039;&#039;Earthship&#039;&#039;&#039; is a type of passive solar home made of natural and recycled materials. Designed and marketed by Earthship Biotecture of Taos, New Mexico,  the homes are primarily constructed to work [[Autonomous building|autonomously]] and are generally made of earth-filled tires,  using thermal mass construction to naturally regulate indoor temperature. They also usually have their own special natural ventilation system. Earthships are generally [[Off-the-grid]] homes, minimizing their reliance on public utilities and fossil fuels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The original Earthships&#039; designs were at first very experimental, but with practice and evolution the houses began looking attractive.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Earthships are built to utilize the available local resources, especially energy from the Sun. For example, windows on sun-facing walls admit lighting and heating, and the buildings are often horseshoe-shaped to maximize natural light and solar-gain during winter months. The thick, dense inner walls provide thermal mass that naturally regulates the interior temperature during both cold and hot outside temperatures.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Internal, non-load-bearing walls are often made of a [[Honeycomb (geometry)|honeycomb]] of recycled cans joined by concrete and are referred to as [[tin can wall]]s. These walls are usually thickly plastered with stucco.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The roof of an Earthship is heavily insulated – often with earth or adobe – for added energy efficiency.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==History==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Interior Jacobsen House Bathroom Earthship 2009.JPG |thumb|right| a bottle wall of an Earthship bathroom]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Earthship Bathroom.JPG|thumb|right| an Earthship bathroom]]&lt;br /&gt;
The Earthship, as it exists today, began to take shape in the 1970s. Mike Reynolds (architect)|Mike Reynolds, founder of Earthship Biotecture, a company that specializes in designing and building Earthships, wanted to create a home that would do three things; first, it would be sustainable, using material indigenous to the entire planet as well as recycled materials wherever possible. Second, the homes would rely on natural energy sources and be independent from the “grid”, therefore being less susceptible to natural disasters and free from the electrical and water lines that Reynolds considered unsightly and wasteful. Finally, it would be economically feasible for the average person with no specialized construction skills to be able to create.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Eventually, Reynolds&#039; vision took the form of the common U-shaped earth-filled tire homes seen today.  As a concept, the Earthship was not limited to tires – any dense material with a potential for thermal mass, such as concrete, adobe, or stone could theoretically be used to create an Earthship.  However, the earth-rammed tire version of the Earthship is now the most common design,  and is usually the only structure referred to as “Earthship”.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Bottle, Tire and Brick walls of Earthships.JPG|thumb|right|Earthships are made of Earth-rammed tires, bottles and cans]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unlike other materials, rammed-earth tires are more accessible to the average person.  Scrap tires are ubiquitous around the world and easy to come by; there are an estimated 2 billion tires throughout the United States.  As of 1996, as many as 253 million scrap tires were being generated each year in the United States, with 70% being reclaimed by the scrap tire market (leaving perhaps 75 million scrap tires available for reuse as whole tires).&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Tom Verde, [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0CE0DA133CF931A35751C1A960958260&amp;amp;n=Top%2FReference%2FTimes%20Topics%2FSubjects%2FT%2FTires At Heart of Dispute, Tires by the Acre] (December 2, 1996), The New York Times.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In addition to the availability of scrap tires, the method by which they are converted into usable &amp;quot;bricks&amp;quot;, the ramming of the earth, is simple and affordable.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The earth-rammed tires of an Earthship are usually assembled by teams of two people working together as part of a larger construction team.  One member of the two person team shovels dirt, which usually comes from the building site, placing it into the tire one scoop at a time.  The second member, who stands on the tire, uses a sledge hammer to pack the dirt in.  The second person moves in a circle around the tire to keep the dirt even and avoid warping the tire.  These [[rammed earth]] tires in an Earthship are made in place because, when properly made, they weigh as much as 300 pounds and can be very difficult to relocate.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Additional benefits of the rammed earth tire are its great load-bearing capacity and its resistance to fire.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A fully rammed tire, which is about 2 feet 8&amp;amp;nbsp;inches wide, is massive enough to surpass conventional requirements for structural load distribution to the earth.  Because the tire is full of soil, it does not burn when exposed to fire.  In 1996 after a fire swept through many conventional homes in New Mexico, an Earthship discovered in the aftermath was relatively unharmed. Only the south-facing wall and the roof had burned away, compared to the total destruction of the conventional homes.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Currently, Earthships are in use in almost every state in the United States, as well as many countries in Europe.  The use of insulation on the outside of tire walls, which was not common in early designs, is improving the viability of Earthships in every climate without compromising their durability.  In the year 2000, Mike Reynolds, in partnership with Daren Howarth, launched Earthship Biotecture Europe, an organization that aims to explore and evolve the concept of the Earthship within a European context.  Two more directors were appointed to Earthship Biotecture Europe in July 2006 – Kevan Trott and Kirsten Jacobsen.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Europe ==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Brighton Earthship.JPG|thumb|Brighton Earthship, UK]]&lt;br /&gt;
In 2004, the very first Earthship in the UK was opened at [[Kinghorn]] Loch in Fife, Scotland. It was built by volunteers of the SCI charity. In 2005, the first earthship in England was established in [[Stanmer Park]], [[Brighton]] with the [[Low Carbon Trust]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Earthship biotecture has now finalized plans for a planning application to build on a valuable development site overlooking the [[Brighton Marina]] in the UK. The application follows the successful six-month feasibility study funded by the UK Environment Agency and the Energy Savings Trust. The application calls for sixteen one, two, and three-bedroom earthship homes on this site. The homes are all designed according to basic earthship principles developed in the United States. 15,000 tires will be recycled to construct these homes (the UK burns approximately 40 million tires each year). The plans include the enhancement of habitats on the site for [[lizard]]s that already live there, which is the reasoning behind entitling the project &amp;quot;The Lizard&amp;quot;. This will be the first development of its kind in Europe, and successful development in [[Brighton]] may help to pave the way for similar projects around the UK and other places.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://web.archive.org/web/20071213144133/http://www.earthship.co.uk/earthship-homes.htm Earthship Homes development] (archived from [http://www.earthship.co.uk/earthship-homes.htm the original] on 2007-12-13).&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first official Earthship home in mainland Europe with official planning commission approval was built in a small French village called Ger. The home, which is owned by Kevan and Gillian Trott, was built in April 2007 by Kevan, Mike Reynolds and an Earthship Crew from Taos. The design was modified for a European climate and is seen as the first of many for the European arena. It is currently used as a holiday home for eco-tourists.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kevin Telfer, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/travel/2008/apr/26/top100flightfreeholidays.green Super green European breaks] (26 April 2008 ), The Guardian.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Africa ==&lt;br /&gt;
The first earthship was built by Angel and Yvonne Kamp from 1996 to 1998. They rammed a total of 1,500 tires for the walls. The earthship, near Hermanus, is located in a 60 hectare private nature reserve which is part of a 500000ha area enclosed in a game fence and borders the [[Walker Bay]] Nature Reserve.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;http://www.fynbos.co0.za/html/chaynouqua.htm&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Two new projects are also in early development in [[Africa]], an information and training centre in [[Orania, Northern Cape|Orania]], South Africa&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.aardskip.com Project/Projek Aardskip]. Aardskip.com. Retrieved on 2010-11-26.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and a residential house in [[Swaziland]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.earthships.co.za Sustainable Buildings Earthships » Earthships Sustainable Living South Africa Swaziland]. Earthships.co.za. Retrieved on 2010-11-26.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Systems==&lt;br /&gt;
The Earthship was designed as a structure that would exist in harmony with its environment and be freed from the constraints of modern shelters which rely on centralized utilities.  It is important that the Earthship create its own utilities as well as use readily available and sustainable materials.  In order to be entirely self-sufficient the Earthship needs to be able to handle the three systems of water, electricity, and climate. While these systems are not exclusive to Earthships, a properly designed Earthship must have these systems.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Water==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Interior Jacobsen House Earthship Botanical Cell 2009.JPG|upright|thumb|A botanical cell for greywater treatment featuring interior banana trees]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Rainwater harvesting system.svg|thumb|A domestic rainwater harvesting system]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Active Solar Water Heater Diagram.svg|thumb|Schematic of an active solar heating system]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Collection ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Earthships are designed to catch and use water from the local environment without bringing in water from a centralized source. Water used in an Earthship is harvested from rain, snow and condensation.  As water collects on the roof it is channeled through a silt-catching device and into a cistern.  The cisterns are positioned so they gravity-feed a WOM (water organization module), that filters out bacteria and contaminants, and makes it suitable for drinking. The WOM consists of filters and a DC-pump that are screwed into a panel. Water is then pushed into a conventional pressure tank to create common household water pressure.  Water collected in this fashion is used for any household activity except flushing toilets the conventional way. Rather, the water used for flushing toilets has been used at least once already: frequently it is filtered waste-water from sinks and showers, and described as &amp;quot;Greywater&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Greywater ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Greywater]], water that has been used and is unsuitable for drinking, is used within the Earthship for a multitude of purposes once it is reclaimed.  First, before the greywater can be reused, it is channeled through a grease and particle filter/digester and into a 30”-60&amp;quot; deep rubber-lined [[botanical cell]], a miniature [[living machine]], within the Earthship. This filter with imbedded plants can potentially also be used to produce food (by using a [[fruit tree]], ...). [[Water oxygenation|Oxygenation]], [[filtration]], [[transpiration]], and bacteria-encounter all take place within the cell and help to cleanse the water (Reynolds 2000).  Within the botanical cell, filtration is achieved by passing the water through a mixture of gravel and plant roots.  Because of the nature of plants, oxygen is added to the water as it filters, while nitrogen is removed.  Water taken up through the plants and transpired at their tops helps to humidify the air.  In the cell, bacteria will naturally grow and help to cleanse the water.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Water from the low end of the botanical cell is then directed through a peat-moss filter and collected in a reservoir or well.  This reclaimed water is then passed once more through a greywater board and used to flush conventional toilets.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Often, any greywater that is made at earthships is not polluted enough to justify treatment (its &amp;quot;pollution&amp;quot; being usually just soap, which is often not environmentally damaging). At earthships, the use of plants placed at outlets of fixtures is then practiced to regain the water and the nutrients lost (from the soaps, etc.).. Usually, a single plant is placed directly in front of the pipe, but mini drain-fields are also sometimes used. The pipe is made large enough (5,08&amp;amp;nbsp;cm) so that the formation of underground gas (from the greywater) is avoided. This is done with kitchen and bathroom sinks, and even showers, washing machines, and dishwashing machines. The plants are usually placed indoors with the sinks and outdoors with the washing/dishwashing machines and shower (to avoid indoor &amp;quot;floods&amp;quot;). Also, with the latter, larger drain-fields are used instead of a mere plant being placed before an outlet.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://melinathinks.wordpress.com/category/earthship-greywater-plantergreenhouse/ Plants placed at fixtures]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.greenhomebuilding.com/earthship.htm Plants placed at fixtures in earthships]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Black water===&lt;br /&gt;
[[Blackwater (waste)|Black water]], water that has been used in a toilet, was usually not created within many of the earliest earthships as the use of conventional toilets was discouraged.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Earthship Volume 2:Systems and components&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Instead, in the early days [[composting toilet]]s were advocated, which use no water at all. However, with the new greywater treatment system design (used in Nautilus, Helios, ...) created by Michael Reynolds, flush toilets have now found a place in the earthship and the general water system has been redesigned according to the new &amp;quot;6-step process&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://heliohouse.com/tech.htm New water purification system process at Helios house: overview with pictures]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.earthship.net/modules.php?name=News&amp;amp;file=article&amp;amp;sid=25 Wastewater path]{{Citation broken|date=March 2009}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Now, when the newly included flush-toilets are used, blackwater is not reused within the Earthship.  Instead, blackwater is sent to a solar-enhanced septic tank with leach-field and planter cells (the whole being often referred to as the “incubator”).  The solar-enhanced septic tank is a regular [[septic tank]] which is heated by the sun and glazed with an equator-facing window. The incubator stores the sun&#039;s heat in its concrete mass, and is insulated, to help the anaerobic process.  Water from the incubator is channeled out to an exterior [[leach field]] and then to landscaping &amp;quot;planter cells&amp;quot; (spaces surrounded by concrete in which plants have been put). The cells are similar to the botanical cell used in greywater treatment and are usually placed just before and under the windows of the earthship.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In cases where it is not possible to use flush-toilets operating on water, [[dry solar toilet]]s are now advocated, instead of &#039;&#039;regular&#039;&#039; [[composting toilet]]s. If this is the case, obviously no black water is formed and the use of an incubator is thus (usually) not necessary. Instead, regular &amp;quot;planters&amp;quot; (plants used for sucking up water/nutrients) are then used. When using regular planters as well, no chemical soaps or detergents can be used.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The space where the WOM (water organization module), graywater pump panel, pressure tank, (first set of) batteries, and POM (power organising module) are stored is in a small room referred to as the &amp;quot;systems package&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Electricity==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Wind generator system.jpg|upright|thumb|Parts of DIY Wind turbine]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:PVSolarSystem.svg|thumb|A PV-solar system]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Earthships are designed to collect and store their own energy from a variety of sources.  The majority of electrical energy is harvested from the sun and wind.  [[Photovoltaic]] panels and [[windturbine]]s located on or near the Earthship generate DC energy that is then stored in several types of [[deep-cycle batteries]]. The space in which the batteries are kept is usually a special, purpose-built room placed on the roof. Additional energy, if required, can be obtained from gasoline-powered generators or by integrating with the city grid.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In an Earthship, a Power Organizing Module is used to take stored energy from batteries and [[Inverter (electrical)|invert]] it for AC use.  The Power Organizing Module is a prefabricated system provided by Earthship Biotecture that is simply attached to a wall on the interior of the Earthship and wired in a conventional manner. It includes the necessary equipment such as [[circuit breakers]] and [[Voltage converter|converters]]. The energy run through the Power Organizing Module can be used to run any house-hold appliance including washing machines, computers, kitchen appliances, print machines, vacuums, etc.  Generally, none of the electrical energy in an Earthship is used for heating or cooling.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://earthship.com/systems/energy.php] {{Dead link|date=March 2009|url=http://earthship.com/systems/energy.php}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;{{Failed verification|date=March 2009}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Climate==&lt;br /&gt;
The interior climate of an Earthship is stabilized and made comfortable by taking advantage of many phenomena. Mainly, the Earthship tries to take advantage of the properties of thermal mass and passive solar heating and cooling. Examples are large front windows with integrated [[shades]], [[trombe wall]]s and other technologies such as [[Skylight (window)#Skylights|skylights]] or [[Steve Baer|Track Rack solar trackers]] (dualling as an energy generation device and passive solar source.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The load-bearing walls of an Earthship, which are made from [[Steel-belted radial|steel-belted tires]] rammed with earth, serve two purposes. First, they hold up the roof, and second, they provide a dense [[thermal mass]] that will soak up heat during the day and radiate heat during the night, keeping the interior climate relatively comfortable all day.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition to high thermal mass, some Earthships may be [[Earth sheltering|earth-sheltered]].  The benefits of earth-sheltering are twofold because it adds to the thermal mass and, if the Earthship is buried deep enough, allows the structure to take advantage of the Earth&#039;s stable temperature.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Earthship is designed in such a way that the sun provides heating, ventilation, and lighting.  To take advantage of the sun, an Earthship is positioned so that its principal wall, which is nonstructural and made mostly of glass sheets, faces directly towards the equator.  This positioning allows for optimum solar exposure.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To allow the sun to heat the mass of the Earthship, the solar-orientated wall is angled so that it is perpendicular to light from the winter sun.  This allows for maximum exposure in the winter, when heat is wanted, and lesser exposure in the summer, when heat is to be avoided.  Some Earthships, especially those built in colder climates, use insulated shading on the solar-orientated wall to reduce heat loss during the night (Reynolds 2000).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Natural ventilation===&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:EarthshipVentilation new.png|thumb|The ventilation system of an earthship]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The earthships usually use their own [[natural ventilation]] system. It consists of cold(er) air coming in from a front (&amp;quot;hopper&amp;quot;) window, especially made for this purpose and flowing out through (one of) the skylights that are placed on the earthship. As hot air rises, the system maintains itself and keeps sucking in (and out), air.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Heating problems==&lt;br /&gt;
Bottle walls are used in earthships such as this earthship bathroom, located in Phoenix Earthship, Taos, NM, USA]]&lt;br /&gt;
Earthships rely on a balance between the solar heat gain and the ability of the tire walls and subsoil to transport and store heat.  The design intends to require little if any auxiliary heat. Some earthships have suffered from over-heating and some from over-cooling.&amp;lt;!-- please provide a reference(s) to substantiate the claim that this problem is due to &amp;quot;failure to adjust to local conditions&amp;quot; and not a broader problem with the fundamental design --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Some earthships appear to have serious problems with heat loss. In these cases heat appears to be leaking into the ground constantly during the heating season and being lost. This situation may have arisen from the mistaken belief that ground-coupled structures (building in thermal contact with the ground) do not require insulation. The situation may also be due to large climatic differences between the sunny, arid, and warm Southwest (of the USA) where earthships were first built and the cloudier, cooler, and wetter climates where some are now being built. [[Malcolm Wells]], an architect and authority on earth-sheltered design, recommends [[R-value (insulation)|R-value]] 10 insulation between deep soils and heated spaces. Wells&#039;s insulation recommendations increase as the depth of the soil decreases.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In very limited and specific situations, uncommon during the heating season, thermal mass can marginally increase the apparent R-value of a building assembly such as a wall.  Generally speaking [[thermal mass]] and [[R-value (insulation)|R-value]] are distinct thermodynamic properties and should not be equated.  Thermal performance problems apparently seen in some earthship designs may have occurred because of thermal mass being erroneously equated to R-value. The R-value of soil is about 1 per foot.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.engext.ksu.edu/ees/henergy/envelope/basement.html Kansas State University Extension Service]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Potential advantages==&lt;br /&gt;
* Having an earth-bermed home with windows facing the sun is a good idea in any climate where heating is required.&lt;br /&gt;
* Collecting rainwater that falls on the roof reduces the runoff impact of the building and may reduce water and even sewer service fees.&lt;br /&gt;
* Having a combination of [[photovoltaic cells]] and wind generation is a prudent way to provide electricity in many situations.&lt;br /&gt;
* Using curved modules as horizontal arches to resist earth loads is a sound structural design.&lt;br /&gt;
* On-site processing of runoff water, grey water, and black water using plant beds reduces the environmental impact of the building.&lt;br /&gt;
* Rubber tires make a wind- and puncture- resistant wall.  They may be safe from [[outgassing]] when plastered semi-airtight.&lt;br /&gt;
* Rubber tires are usually free and it may be possible to be paid to take them.  It also is beneficial to keep them out of landfills or prevent them from being illegally burnt.&lt;br /&gt;
*Potential to eliminate utility bills.&lt;br /&gt;
*The structure is highly moldable to different aesthetic tastes.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Potential disadvantages==&lt;br /&gt;
* The sloped glazing may be hard to keep watertight and in warm climates allows excessive solar gain in summer. In colder climates, the glazing itself, which has far poorer insulating properties than any other component, will obviously be the major conduit of heat loss in winter. New designs call for vertical windows with an overhang.&lt;br /&gt;
* Uninsulated ground-coupled thermal mass presents a large potential for heat loss, especially in climates with a heating season.  This varies to a degree with soil type and moisture content.&lt;br /&gt;
* Rubber-tire walls tend to lack structural stiffness and may require perpendicular stiffening ribs.&lt;br /&gt;
* Most solar photovoltaic systems suffer from poor efficiency and some wind systems only generate in periods of high wind velocity.&lt;br /&gt;
* The novel design may diminish resale value or make buyers more difficult to find.&lt;br /&gt;
* The intimate ground contact inherent in this approach may increase hazards due to soil gases including Radon, and those due to water intrusion.&lt;br /&gt;
* Packing or ramming dirt into the inside of tires is a very labor-intensive process.&lt;br /&gt;
* Many Earthship builders are drawn to this system by its apparently low environmental impact.  However, this is only valid if the design is highly thermally efficient. Earthship designs may require substantial thermal analysis and redesign to be adapted to non-Southwest USA climate.&lt;br /&gt;
* Earthships built with concrete, sand bags, or adobe and with better solar and heat control perform better.&lt;br /&gt;
* Earthships are usually built in areas of extremely low population density, so unless they are entirely self-sufficient, a significant amount of fossil fuels could have to be expended in their construction because of the transportation of materials and workers.  They can be built anywhere, however, and this can mitigate certain issues dealing with fossil fuels and transportation.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== References ==&lt;br /&gt;
* Hewitt, M. and Telfer, K. (2007). &#039;&#039;Earthships: building a zero carbon future for homes&#039;&#039;. ISBN 9781860819728&lt;br /&gt;
* Klippel, James H. http://www.garrellassociates.com/EcoDesign.html, green page&lt;br /&gt;
* Reynolds, Mike. (2000).  &#039;&#039;Comfort In Any Climate&#039;&#039;, Taos: Solar Survival P. ISBN 0962676748&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Further reading==&lt;br /&gt;
*  Schirber, Michael. [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/21755230/ &amp;quot;Making Earthships Mainstream&amp;quot;] on &#039;&#039;Going Green at [[msnbc.com]]&#039;&#039;, November 12, 2007.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External links ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{commonscat-inline}}&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.earthshipfloridaproject.com Earthship Florida Project]&lt;br /&gt;
*{{dmoz|Business/Construction_and_Maintenance/Building_Types/Sustainable_Architecture/Earthships/|Earthships}}&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Jiff64138</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=Earthship&amp;diff=17467</id>
		<title>Earthship</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=Earthship&amp;diff=17467"/>
		<updated>2011-01-31T20:47:55Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Jiff64138: /* Images of Earthships */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[Image:RegularEarthshipDesign.svg|thumb|300px|The design used with most earthships. A large series of windows characterise the earthsheltered building and the use of tires]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Earthship1.jpg|thumb|A somewhat customized earthship built at [[Rio Arriba County, New Mexico]], USA and shot from the side]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Exterior Jacobsen House Earthship 2009.JPG|thumb| the exterior of a very modern Earthship]]&lt;br /&gt;
An &#039;&#039;&#039;Earthship&#039;&#039;&#039; is a type of passive solar home made of natural and recycled materials. Designed and marketed by Earthship Biotecture of Taos, New Mexico,  the homes are primarily constructed to work [[Autonomous building|autonomously]] and are generally made of earth-filled tires,  using thermal mass construction to naturally regulate indoor temperature. They also usually have their own special natural ventilation system. Earthships are generally [[Off-the-grid]] homes, minimizing their reliance on public utilities and fossil fuels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The original Earthships&#039; designs were at first very experimental, but with practice and evolution the houses began looking attractive.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Earthships are built to utilize the available local resources, especially energy from the Sun. For example, windows on sun-facing walls admit lighting and heating, and the buildings are often horseshoe-shaped to maximize natural light and solar-gain during winter months. The thick, dense inner walls provide thermal mass that naturally regulates the interior temperature during both cold and hot outside temperatures.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Internal, non-load-bearing walls are often made of a [[Honeycomb (geometry)|honeycomb]] of recycled cans joined by concrete and are referred to as [[tin can wall]]s. These walls are usually thickly plastered with stucco.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The roof of an Earthship is heavily insulated – often with earth or adobe – for added energy efficiency.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==History==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Interior Jacobsen House Bathroom Earthship 2009.JPG |thumb|right| a bottle wall of an Earthship bathroom]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Earthship Bathroom.JPG|thumb|right| an Earthship bathroom]]&lt;br /&gt;
The Earthship, as it exists today, began to take shape in the 1970s. Mike Reynolds (architect)|Mike Reynolds, founder of Earthship Biotecture, a company that specializes in designing and building Earthships, wanted to create a home that would do three things; first, it would be sustainable, using material indigenous to the entire planet as well as recycled materials wherever possible. Second, the homes would rely on natural energy sources and be independent from the “grid”, therefore being less susceptible to natural disasters and free from the electrical and water lines that Reynolds considered unsightly and wasteful. Finally, it would be economically feasible for the average person with no specialized construction skills to be able to create.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Eventually, Reynolds&#039; vision took the form of the common U-shaped earth-filled tire homes seen today.  As a concept, the Earthship was not limited to tires – any dense material with a potential for thermal mass, such as concrete, adobe, or stone could theoretically be used to create an Earthship.  However, the earth-rammed tire version of the Earthship is now the most common design,  and is usually the only structure referred to as “Earthship”.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Bottle, Tire and Brick walls of Earthships.JPG|thumb|right|Earthships are made of Earth-rammed tires, bottles and cans]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unlike other materials, rammed-earth tires are more accessible to the average person.  Scrap tires are ubiquitous around the world and easy to come by; there are an estimated 2 billion tires throughout the United States.  As of 1996, as many as 253 million scrap tires were being generated each year in the United States, with 70% being reclaimed by the scrap tire market (leaving perhaps 75 million scrap tires available for reuse as whole tires).&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Tom Verde, [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0CE0DA133CF931A35751C1A960958260&amp;amp;n=Top%2FReference%2FTimes%20Topics%2FSubjects%2FT%2FTires At Heart of Dispute, Tires by the Acre] (December 2, 1996), The New York Times.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In addition to the availability of scrap tires, the method by which they are converted into usable &amp;quot;bricks&amp;quot;, the ramming of the earth, is simple and affordable.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The earth-rammed tires of an Earthship are usually assembled by teams of two people working together as part of a larger construction team.  One member of the two person team shovels dirt, which usually comes from the building site, placing it into the tire one scoop at a time.  The second member, who stands on the tire, uses a sledge hammer to pack the dirt in.  The second person moves in a circle around the tire to keep the dirt even and avoid warping the tire.  These [[rammed earth]] tires in an Earthship are made in place because, when properly made, they weigh as much as 300 pounds and can be very difficult to relocate.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Additional benefits of the rammed earth tire are its great load-bearing capacity and its resistance to fire.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A fully rammed tire, which is about 2 feet 8&amp;amp;nbsp;inches wide, is massive enough to surpass conventional requirements for structural load distribution to the earth.  Because the tire is full of soil, it does not burn when exposed to fire.  In 1996 after a fire swept through many conventional homes in New Mexico, an Earthship discovered in the aftermath was relatively unharmed. Only the south-facing wall and the roof had burned away, compared to the total destruction of the conventional homes.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Currently, Earthships are in use in almost every state in the United States, as well as many countries in Europe.  The use of insulation on the outside of tire walls, which was not common in early designs, is improving the viability of Earthships in every climate without compromising their durability.  In the year 2000, Mike Reynolds, in partnership with Daren Howarth, launched Earthship Biotecture Europe, an organization that aims to explore and evolve the concept of the Earthship within a European context.  Two more directors were appointed to Earthship Biotecture Europe in July 2006 – Kevan Trott and Kirsten Jacobsen.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Europe ==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Brighton Earthship.JPG|thumb|Brighton Earthship, UK]]&lt;br /&gt;
In 2004, the very first Earthship in the UK was opened at [[Kinghorn]] Loch in Fife, Scotland. It was built by volunteers of the SCI charity. In 2005, the first earthship in England was established in [[Stanmer Park]], [[Brighton]] with the [[Low Carbon Trust]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Earthship biotecture has now finalized plans for a planning application to build on a valuable development site overlooking the [[Brighton Marina]] in the UK. The application follows the successful six-month feasibility study funded by the UK Environment Agency and the Energy Savings Trust. The application calls for sixteen one, two, and three-bedroom earthship homes on this site. The homes are all designed according to basic earthship principles developed in the United States. 15,000 tires will be recycled to construct these homes (the UK burns approximately 40 million tires each year). The plans include the enhancement of habitats on the site for [[lizard]]s that already live there, which is the reasoning behind entitling the project &amp;quot;The Lizard&amp;quot;. This will be the first development of its kind in Europe, and successful development in [[Brighton]] may help to pave the way for similar projects around the UK and other places.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://web.archive.org/web/20071213144133/http://www.earthship.co.uk/earthship-homes.htm Earthship Homes development] (archived from [http://www.earthship.co.uk/earthship-homes.htm the original] on 2007-12-13).&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first official Earthship home in mainland Europe with official planning commission approval was built in a small French village called Ger. The home, which is owned by Kevan and Gillian Trott, was built in April 2007 by Kevan, Mike Reynolds and an Earthship Crew from Taos. The design was modified for a European climate and is seen as the first of many for the European arena. It is currently used as a holiday home for eco-tourists.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kevin Telfer, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/travel/2008/apr/26/top100flightfreeholidays.green Super green European breaks] (26 April 2008 ), The Guardian.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Africa ==&lt;br /&gt;
The first earthship was built by Angel and Yvonne Kamp from 1996 to 1998. They rammed a total of 1,500 tires for the walls. The earthship, near Hermanus, is located in a 60 hectare private nature reserve which is part of a 500000ha area enclosed in a game fence and borders the [[Walker Bay]] Nature Reserve.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;http://www.fynbos.co0.za/html/chaynouqua.htm&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Two new projects are also in early development in [[Africa]], an information and training centre in [[Orania, Northern Cape|Orania]], South Africa&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.aardskip.com Project/Projek Aardskip]. Aardskip.com. Retrieved on 2010-11-26.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and a residential house in [[Swaziland]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.earthships.co.za Sustainable Buildings Earthships » Earthships Sustainable Living South Africa Swaziland]. Earthships.co.za. Retrieved on 2010-11-26.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Systems==&lt;br /&gt;
The Earthship was designed as a structure that would exist in harmony with its environment and be freed from the constraints of modern shelters which rely on centralized utilities.  It is important that the Earthship create its own utilities as well as use readily available and sustainable materials.  In order to be entirely self-sufficient the Earthship needs to be able to handle the three systems of water, electricity, and climate. While these systems are not exclusive to Earthships, a properly designed Earthship must have these systems.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Water==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Interior Jacobsen House Earthship Botanical Cell 2009.JPG|upright|thumb|A botanical cell for greywater treatment featuring interior banana trees]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Rainwater harvesting system.svg|thumb|A domestic rainwater harvesting system]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Active Solar Water Heater Diagram.svg|thumb|Schematic of an active solar heating system]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Collection ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Earthships are designed to catch and use water from the local environment without bringing in water from a centralized source. Water used in an Earthship is harvested from rain, snow and condensation.  As water collects on the roof it is channeled through a silt-catching device and into a cistern.  The cisterns are positioned so they gravity-feed a WOM (water organization module), that filters out bacteria and contaminants, and makes it suitable for drinking. The WOM consists of filters and a DC-pump that are screwed into a panel. Water is then pushed into a conventional pressure tank to create common household water pressure.  Water collected in this fashion is used for any household activity except flushing toilets the conventional way. Rather, the water used for flushing toilets has been used at least once already: frequently it is filtered waste-water from sinks and showers, and described as &amp;quot;Greywater&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Greywater ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Greywater]], water that has been used and is unsuitable for drinking, is used within the Earthship for a multitude of purposes once it is reclaimed.  First, before the greywater can be reused, it is channeled through a grease and particle filter/digester and into a 30”-60&amp;quot; deep rubber-lined [[botanical cell]], a miniature [[living machine]], within the Earthship. This filter with imbedded plants can potentially also be used to produce food (by using a [[fruit tree]], ...). [[Water oxygenation|Oxygenation]], [[filtration]], [[transpiration]], and bacteria-encounter all take place within the cell and help to cleanse the water (Reynolds 2000).  Within the botanical cell, filtration is achieved by passing the water through a mixture of gravel and plant roots.  Because of the nature of plants, oxygen is added to the water as it filters, while nitrogen is removed.  Water taken up through the plants and transpired at their tops helps to humidify the air.  In the cell, bacteria will naturally grow and help to cleanse the water.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Water from the low end of the botanical cell is then directed through a peat-moss filter and collected in a reservoir or well.  This reclaimed water is then passed once more through a greywater board and used to flush conventional toilets.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Often, any greywater that is made at earthships is not polluted enough to justify treatment (its &amp;quot;pollution&amp;quot; being usually just soap, which is often not environmentally damaging). At earthships, the use of plants placed at outlets of fixtures is then practiced to regain the water and the nutrients lost (from the soaps, etc.).. Usually, a single plant is placed directly in front of the pipe, but mini drain-fields are also sometimes used. The pipe is made large enough (5,08&amp;amp;nbsp;cm) so that the formation of underground gas (from the greywater) is avoided. This is done with kitchen and bathroom sinks, and even showers, washing machines, and dishwashing machines. The plants are usually placed indoors with the sinks and outdoors with the washing/dishwashing machines and shower (to avoid indoor &amp;quot;floods&amp;quot;). Also, with the latter, larger drain-fields are used instead of a mere plant being placed before an outlet.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://melinathinks.wordpress.com/category/earthship-greywater-plantergreenhouse/ Plants placed at fixtures]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.greenhomebuilding.com/earthship.htm Plants placed at fixtures in earthships]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Black water===&lt;br /&gt;
[[Blackwater (waste)|Black water]], water that has been used in a toilet, was usually not created within many of the earliest earthships as the use of conventional toilets was discouraged.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Earthship Volume 2:Systems and components&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Instead, in the early days [[composting toilet]]s were advocated, which use no water at all. However, with the new greywater treatment system design (used in Nautilus, Helios, ...) created by Michael Reynolds, flush toilets have now found a place in the earthship and the general water system has been redesigned according to the new &amp;quot;6-step process&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://heliohouse.com/tech.htm New water purification system process at Helios house: overview with pictures]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.earthship.net/modules.php?name=News&amp;amp;file=article&amp;amp;sid=25 Wastewater path]{{Citation broken|date=March 2009}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Now, when the newly included flush-toilets are used, blackwater is not reused within the Earthship.  Instead, blackwater is sent to a solar-enhanced septic tank with leach-field and planter cells (the whole being often referred to as the “incubator”).  The solar-enhanced septic tank is a regular [[septic tank]] which is heated by the sun and glazed with an equator-facing window. The incubator stores the sun&#039;s heat in its concrete mass, and is insulated, to help the anaerobic process.  Water from the incubator is channeled out to an exterior [[leach field]] and then to landscaping &amp;quot;planter cells&amp;quot; (spaces surrounded by concrete in which plants have been put). The cells are similar to the botanical cell used in greywater treatment and are usually placed just before and under the windows of the earthship.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In cases where it is not possible to use flush-toilets operating on water, [[dry solar toilet]]s are now advocated, instead of &#039;&#039;regular&#039;&#039; [[composting toilet]]s. If this is the case, obviously no black water is formed and the use of an incubator is thus (usually) not necessary. Instead, regular &amp;quot;planters&amp;quot; (plants used for sucking up water/nutrients) are then used. When using regular planters as well, no chemical soaps or detergents can be used.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The space where the WOM (water organization module), graywater pump panel, pressure tank, (first set of) batteries, and POM (power organising module) are stored is in a small room referred to as the &amp;quot;systems package&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Electricity==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Wind generator system.jpg|upright|thumb|Parts of DIY Wind turbine]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:PVSolarSystem.svg|thumb|A PV-solar system]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Earthships are designed to collect and store their own energy from a variety of sources.  The majority of electrical energy is harvested from the sun and wind.  [[Photovoltaic]] panels and [[windturbine]]s located on or near the Earthship generate DC energy that is then stored in several types of [[deep-cycle batteries]]. The space in which the batteries are kept is usually a special, purpose-built room placed on the roof. Additional energy, if required, can be obtained from gasoline-powered generators or by integrating with the city grid.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In an Earthship, a Power Organizing Module is used to take stored energy from batteries and [[Inverter (electrical)|invert]] it for AC use.  The Power Organizing Module is a prefabricated system provided by Earthship Biotecture that is simply attached to a wall on the interior of the Earthship and wired in a conventional manner. It includes the necessary equipment such as [[circuit breakers]] and [[Voltage converter|converters]]. The energy run through the Power Organizing Module can be used to run any house-hold appliance including washing machines, computers, kitchen appliances, print machines, vacuums, etc.  Generally, none of the electrical energy in an Earthship is used for heating or cooling.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://earthship.com/systems/energy.php] {{Dead link|date=March 2009|url=http://earthship.com/systems/energy.php}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;{{Failed verification|date=March 2009}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Climate==&lt;br /&gt;
The interior climate of an Earthship is stabilized and made comfortable by taking advantage of many phenomena. Mainly, the Earthship tries to take advantage of the properties of thermal mass and passive solar heating and cooling. Examples are large front windows with integrated [[shades]], [[trombe wall]]s and other technologies such as [[Skylight (window)#Skylights|skylights]] or [[Steve Baer|Track Rack solar trackers]] (dualling as an energy generation device and passive solar source.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The load-bearing walls of an Earthship, which are made from [[Steel-belted radial|steel-belted tires]] rammed with earth, serve two purposes. First, they hold up the roof, and second, they provide a dense [[thermal mass]] that will soak up heat during the day and radiate heat during the night, keeping the interior climate relatively comfortable all day.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition to high thermal mass, some Earthships may be [[Earth sheltering|earth-sheltered]].  The benefits of earth-sheltering are twofold because it adds to the thermal mass and, if the Earthship is buried deep enough, allows the structure to take advantage of the Earth&#039;s stable temperature.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Earthship is designed in such a way that the sun provides heating, ventilation, and lighting.  To take advantage of the sun, an Earthship is positioned so that its principal wall, which is nonstructural and made mostly of glass sheets, faces directly towards the equator.  This positioning allows for optimum solar exposure.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To allow the sun to heat the mass of the Earthship, the solar-orientated wall is angled so that it is perpendicular to light from the winter sun.  This allows for maximum exposure in the winter, when heat is wanted, and lesser exposure in the summer, when heat is to be avoided.  Some Earthships, especially those built in colder climates, use insulated shading on the solar-orientated wall to reduce heat loss during the night (Reynolds 2000).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Natural ventilation===&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:EarthshipVentilation new.png|thumb|The ventilation system of an earthship]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The earthships usually use their own [[natural ventilation]] system. It consists of cold(er) air coming in from a front (&amp;quot;hopper&amp;quot;) window, especially made for this purpose and flowing out through (one of) the skylights that are placed on the earthship. As hot air rises, the system maintains itself and keeps sucking in (and out), air.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Heating problems==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:PHOENIXBATH.jpg|thumb|[[Bottle wall]]s are used in earthships such as this earthship bathroom, located in Phoenix Earthship, Taos, NM, USA]]&lt;br /&gt;
Earthships rely on a balance between the solar heat gain and the ability of the tire walls and subsoil to transport and store heat.  The design intends to require little if any auxiliary heat. Some earthships have suffered from over-heating and some from over-cooling.&amp;lt;!-- please provide a reference(s) to substantiate the claim that this problem is due to &amp;quot;failure to adjust to local conditions&amp;quot; and not a broader problem with the fundamental design --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Some earthships appear to have serious problems with heat loss. In these cases heat appears to be leaking into the ground constantly during the heating season and being lost. This situation may have arisen from the mistaken belief that ground-coupled structures (building in thermal contact with the ground) do not require insulation. The situation may also be due to large climatic differences between the sunny, arid, and warm Southwest (of the USA) where earthships were first built and the cloudier, cooler, and wetter climates where some are now being built. [[Malcolm Wells]], an architect and authority on earth-sheltered design, recommends [[R-value (insulation)|R-value]] 10 insulation between deep soils and heated spaces. Wells&#039;s insulation recommendations increase as the depth of the soil decreases.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In very limited and specific situations, uncommon during the heating season, [[thermal mass]] can marginally increase the apparent R-value of a building assembly such as a wall.  Generally speaking [[thermal mass]] and [[R-value (insulation)|R-value]] are distinct thermodynamic properties and should not be equated.  Thermal performance problems apparently seen in some earthship designs may have occurred because of thermal mass being erroneously equated to R-value. The R-value of soil is about 1 per foot.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.engext.ksu.edu/ees/henergy/envelope/basement.html Kansas State University Extension Service]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Potential advantages==&lt;br /&gt;
* Having an earth-bermed home with windows facing the sun is a good idea in any climate where heating is required.&lt;br /&gt;
* Collecting rainwater that falls on the roof reduces the runoff impact of the building and may reduce water and even sewer service fees.&lt;br /&gt;
* Having a combination of [[photovoltaic cells]] and wind generation is a prudent way to provide electricity in many situations.&lt;br /&gt;
* Using curved modules as horizontal arches to resist earth loads is a sound structural design.&lt;br /&gt;
* On-site processing of runoff water, grey water, and black water using plant beds reduces the environmental impact of the building.&lt;br /&gt;
* Rubber tires make a wind- and puncture- resistant wall.  They may be safe from [[outgassing]] when plastered semi-airtight.&lt;br /&gt;
* Rubber tires are usually free and it may be possible to be paid to take them.  It also is beneficial to keep them out of landfills or prevent them from being illegally burnt.&lt;br /&gt;
*Potential to eliminate utility bills.&lt;br /&gt;
*The structure is highly moldable to different aesthetic tastes.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Potential disadvantages==&lt;br /&gt;
* The sloped glazing may be hard to keep watertight and in warm climates allows excessive solar gain in summer. In colder climates, the glazing itself, which has far poorer insulating properties than any other component, will obviously be the major conduit of heat loss in winter. New designs call for vertical windows with an overhang.&lt;br /&gt;
* Uninsulated ground-coupled thermal mass presents a large potential for heat loss, especially in climates with a heating season.  This varies to a degree with soil type and moisture content.&lt;br /&gt;
* Rubber-tire walls tend to lack structural stiffness and may require perpendicular stiffening ribs.&lt;br /&gt;
* Most solar photovoltaic systems suffer from poor efficiency and some wind systems only generate in periods of high wind velocity.&lt;br /&gt;
* The novel design may diminish resale value or make buyers more difficult to find.&lt;br /&gt;
* The intimate ground contact inherent in this approach may increase hazards due to soil gases including Radon, and those due to water intrusion.&lt;br /&gt;
* Packing or ramming dirt into the inside of tires is a very labor-intensive process.&lt;br /&gt;
* Many Earthship builders are drawn to this system by its apparently low environmental impact.  However, this is only valid if the design is highly thermally efficient. Earthship designs may require substantial thermal analysis and redesign to be adapted to non-Southwest USA climate.&lt;br /&gt;
* Earthships built with concrete, sand bags, or adobe and with better solar and heat control perform better.&lt;br /&gt;
* Earthships are usually built in areas of extremely low population density, so unless they are entirely self-sufficient, a significant amount of fossil fuels could have to be expended in their construction because of the transportation of materials and workers.  They can be built anywhere, however, and this can mitigate certain issues dealing with fossil fuels and transportation.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== References ==&lt;br /&gt;
* Hewitt, M. and Telfer, K. (2007). &#039;&#039;Earthships: building a zero carbon future for homes&#039;&#039;. ISBN 9781860819728&lt;br /&gt;
* Klippel, James H. http://www.garrellassociates.com/EcoDesign.html, green page&lt;br /&gt;
* Reynolds, Mike. (2000).  &#039;&#039;Comfort In Any Climate&#039;&#039;, Taos: Solar Survival P. ISBN 0962676748&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Further reading==&lt;br /&gt;
*  Schirber, Michael. [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/21755230/ &amp;quot;Making Earthships Mainstream&amp;quot;] on &#039;&#039;Going Green at [[msnbc.com]]&#039;&#039;, November 12, 2007.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External links ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{commonscat-inline}}&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.earthshipfloridaproject.com Earthship Florida Project]&lt;br /&gt;
*{{dmoz|Business/Construction_and_Maintenance/Building_Types/Sustainable_Architecture/Earthships/|Earthships}}&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Jiff64138</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=Earthship&amp;diff=17466</id>
		<title>Earthship</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=Earthship&amp;diff=17466"/>
		<updated>2011-01-31T20:47:38Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Jiff64138: /* Potential disadvantages */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[Image:RegularEarthshipDesign.svg|thumb|300px|The design used with most earthships. A large series of windows characterise the earthsheltered building and the use of tires]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Earthship1.jpg|thumb|A somewhat customized earthship built at [[Rio Arriba County, New Mexico]], USA and shot from the side]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Exterior Jacobsen House Earthship 2009.JPG|thumb| the exterior of a very modern Earthship]]&lt;br /&gt;
An &#039;&#039;&#039;Earthship&#039;&#039;&#039; is a type of passive solar home made of natural and recycled materials. Designed and marketed by Earthship Biotecture of Taos, New Mexico,  the homes are primarily constructed to work [[Autonomous building|autonomously]] and are generally made of earth-filled tires,  using thermal mass construction to naturally regulate indoor temperature. They also usually have their own special natural ventilation system. Earthships are generally [[Off-the-grid]] homes, minimizing their reliance on public utilities and fossil fuels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The original Earthships&#039; designs were at first very experimental, but with practice and evolution the houses began looking attractive.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Earthships are built to utilize the available local resources, especially energy from the Sun. For example, windows on sun-facing walls admit lighting and heating, and the buildings are often horseshoe-shaped to maximize natural light and solar-gain during winter months. The thick, dense inner walls provide thermal mass that naturally regulates the interior temperature during both cold and hot outside temperatures.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Internal, non-load-bearing walls are often made of a [[Honeycomb (geometry)|honeycomb]] of recycled cans joined by concrete and are referred to as [[tin can wall]]s. These walls are usually thickly plastered with stucco.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The roof of an Earthship is heavily insulated – often with earth or adobe – for added energy efficiency.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==History==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Interior Jacobsen House Bathroom Earthship 2009.JPG |thumb|right| a bottle wall of an Earthship bathroom]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Earthship Bathroom.JPG|thumb|right| an Earthship bathroom]]&lt;br /&gt;
The Earthship, as it exists today, began to take shape in the 1970s. Mike Reynolds (architect)|Mike Reynolds, founder of Earthship Biotecture, a company that specializes in designing and building Earthships, wanted to create a home that would do three things; first, it would be sustainable, using material indigenous to the entire planet as well as recycled materials wherever possible. Second, the homes would rely on natural energy sources and be independent from the “grid”, therefore being less susceptible to natural disasters and free from the electrical and water lines that Reynolds considered unsightly and wasteful. Finally, it would be economically feasible for the average person with no specialized construction skills to be able to create.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Eventually, Reynolds&#039; vision took the form of the common U-shaped earth-filled tire homes seen today.  As a concept, the Earthship was not limited to tires – any dense material with a potential for thermal mass, such as concrete, adobe, or stone could theoretically be used to create an Earthship.  However, the earth-rammed tire version of the Earthship is now the most common design,  and is usually the only structure referred to as “Earthship”.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Bottle, Tire and Brick walls of Earthships.JPG|thumb|right|Earthships are made of Earth-rammed tires, bottles and cans]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unlike other materials, rammed-earth tires are more accessible to the average person.  Scrap tires are ubiquitous around the world and easy to come by; there are an estimated 2 billion tires throughout the United States.  As of 1996, as many as 253 million scrap tires were being generated each year in the United States, with 70% being reclaimed by the scrap tire market (leaving perhaps 75 million scrap tires available for reuse as whole tires).&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Tom Verde, [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0CE0DA133CF931A35751C1A960958260&amp;amp;n=Top%2FReference%2FTimes%20Topics%2FSubjects%2FT%2FTires At Heart of Dispute, Tires by the Acre] (December 2, 1996), The New York Times.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In addition to the availability of scrap tires, the method by which they are converted into usable &amp;quot;bricks&amp;quot;, the ramming of the earth, is simple and affordable.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The earth-rammed tires of an Earthship are usually assembled by teams of two people working together as part of a larger construction team.  One member of the two person team shovels dirt, which usually comes from the building site, placing it into the tire one scoop at a time.  The second member, who stands on the tire, uses a sledge hammer to pack the dirt in.  The second person moves in a circle around the tire to keep the dirt even and avoid warping the tire.  These [[rammed earth]] tires in an Earthship are made in place because, when properly made, they weigh as much as 300 pounds and can be very difficult to relocate.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Additional benefits of the rammed earth tire are its great load-bearing capacity and its resistance to fire.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A fully rammed tire, which is about 2 feet 8&amp;amp;nbsp;inches wide, is massive enough to surpass conventional requirements for structural load distribution to the earth.  Because the tire is full of soil, it does not burn when exposed to fire.  In 1996 after a fire swept through many conventional homes in New Mexico, an Earthship discovered in the aftermath was relatively unharmed. Only the south-facing wall and the roof had burned away, compared to the total destruction of the conventional homes.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Currently, Earthships are in use in almost every state in the United States, as well as many countries in Europe.  The use of insulation on the outside of tire walls, which was not common in early designs, is improving the viability of Earthships in every climate without compromising their durability.  In the year 2000, Mike Reynolds, in partnership with Daren Howarth, launched Earthship Biotecture Europe, an organization that aims to explore and evolve the concept of the Earthship within a European context.  Two more directors were appointed to Earthship Biotecture Europe in July 2006 – Kevan Trott and Kirsten Jacobsen.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Europe ==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Brighton Earthship.JPG|thumb|Brighton Earthship, UK]]&lt;br /&gt;
In 2004, the very first Earthship in the UK was opened at [[Kinghorn]] Loch in Fife, Scotland. It was built by volunteers of the SCI charity. In 2005, the first earthship in England was established in [[Stanmer Park]], [[Brighton]] with the [[Low Carbon Trust]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Earthship biotecture has now finalized plans for a planning application to build on a valuable development site overlooking the [[Brighton Marina]] in the UK. The application follows the successful six-month feasibility study funded by the UK Environment Agency and the Energy Savings Trust. The application calls for sixteen one, two, and three-bedroom earthship homes on this site. The homes are all designed according to basic earthship principles developed in the United States. 15,000 tires will be recycled to construct these homes (the UK burns approximately 40 million tires each year). The plans include the enhancement of habitats on the site for [[lizard]]s that already live there, which is the reasoning behind entitling the project &amp;quot;The Lizard&amp;quot;. This will be the first development of its kind in Europe, and successful development in [[Brighton]] may help to pave the way for similar projects around the UK and other places.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://web.archive.org/web/20071213144133/http://www.earthship.co.uk/earthship-homes.htm Earthship Homes development] (archived from [http://www.earthship.co.uk/earthship-homes.htm the original] on 2007-12-13).&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first official Earthship home in mainland Europe with official planning commission approval was built in a small French village called Ger. The home, which is owned by Kevan and Gillian Trott, was built in April 2007 by Kevan, Mike Reynolds and an Earthship Crew from Taos. The design was modified for a European climate and is seen as the first of many for the European arena. It is currently used as a holiday home for eco-tourists.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kevin Telfer, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/travel/2008/apr/26/top100flightfreeholidays.green Super green European breaks] (26 April 2008 ), The Guardian.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Africa ==&lt;br /&gt;
The first earthship was built by Angel and Yvonne Kamp from 1996 to 1998. They rammed a total of 1,500 tires for the walls. The earthship, near Hermanus, is located in a 60 hectare private nature reserve which is part of a 500000ha area enclosed in a game fence and borders the [[Walker Bay]] Nature Reserve.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;http://www.fynbos.co0.za/html/chaynouqua.htm&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Two new projects are also in early development in [[Africa]], an information and training centre in [[Orania, Northern Cape|Orania]], South Africa&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.aardskip.com Project/Projek Aardskip]. Aardskip.com. Retrieved on 2010-11-26.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and a residential house in [[Swaziland]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.earthships.co.za Sustainable Buildings Earthships » Earthships Sustainable Living South Africa Swaziland]. Earthships.co.za. Retrieved on 2010-11-26.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Systems==&lt;br /&gt;
The Earthship was designed as a structure that would exist in harmony with its environment and be freed from the constraints of modern shelters which rely on centralized utilities.  It is important that the Earthship create its own utilities as well as use readily available and sustainable materials.  In order to be entirely self-sufficient the Earthship needs to be able to handle the three systems of water, electricity, and climate. While these systems are not exclusive to Earthships, a properly designed Earthship must have these systems.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Water==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Interior Jacobsen House Earthship Botanical Cell 2009.JPG|upright|thumb|A botanical cell for greywater treatment featuring interior banana trees]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Rainwater harvesting system.svg|thumb|A domestic rainwater harvesting system]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Active Solar Water Heater Diagram.svg|thumb|Schematic of an active solar heating system]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Collection ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Earthships are designed to catch and use water from the local environment without bringing in water from a centralized source. Water used in an Earthship is harvested from rain, snow and condensation.  As water collects on the roof it is channeled through a silt-catching device and into a cistern.  The cisterns are positioned so they gravity-feed a WOM (water organization module), that filters out bacteria and contaminants, and makes it suitable for drinking. The WOM consists of filters and a DC-pump that are screwed into a panel. Water is then pushed into a conventional pressure tank to create common household water pressure.  Water collected in this fashion is used for any household activity except flushing toilets the conventional way. Rather, the water used for flushing toilets has been used at least once already: frequently it is filtered waste-water from sinks and showers, and described as &amp;quot;Greywater&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Greywater ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Greywater]], water that has been used and is unsuitable for drinking, is used within the Earthship for a multitude of purposes once it is reclaimed.  First, before the greywater can be reused, it is channeled through a grease and particle filter/digester and into a 30”-60&amp;quot; deep rubber-lined [[botanical cell]], a miniature [[living machine]], within the Earthship. This filter with imbedded plants can potentially also be used to produce food (by using a [[fruit tree]], ...). [[Water oxygenation|Oxygenation]], [[filtration]], [[transpiration]], and bacteria-encounter all take place within the cell and help to cleanse the water (Reynolds 2000).  Within the botanical cell, filtration is achieved by passing the water through a mixture of gravel and plant roots.  Because of the nature of plants, oxygen is added to the water as it filters, while nitrogen is removed.  Water taken up through the plants and transpired at their tops helps to humidify the air.  In the cell, bacteria will naturally grow and help to cleanse the water.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Water from the low end of the botanical cell is then directed through a peat-moss filter and collected in a reservoir or well.  This reclaimed water is then passed once more through a greywater board and used to flush conventional toilets.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Often, any greywater that is made at earthships is not polluted enough to justify treatment (its &amp;quot;pollution&amp;quot; being usually just soap, which is often not environmentally damaging). At earthships, the use of plants placed at outlets of fixtures is then practiced to regain the water and the nutrients lost (from the soaps, etc.).. Usually, a single plant is placed directly in front of the pipe, but mini drain-fields are also sometimes used. The pipe is made large enough (5,08&amp;amp;nbsp;cm) so that the formation of underground gas (from the greywater) is avoided. This is done with kitchen and bathroom sinks, and even showers, washing machines, and dishwashing machines. The plants are usually placed indoors with the sinks and outdoors with the washing/dishwashing machines and shower (to avoid indoor &amp;quot;floods&amp;quot;). Also, with the latter, larger drain-fields are used instead of a mere plant being placed before an outlet.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://melinathinks.wordpress.com/category/earthship-greywater-plantergreenhouse/ Plants placed at fixtures]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.greenhomebuilding.com/earthship.htm Plants placed at fixtures in earthships]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Black water===&lt;br /&gt;
[[Blackwater (waste)|Black water]], water that has been used in a toilet, was usually not created within many of the earliest earthships as the use of conventional toilets was discouraged.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Earthship Volume 2:Systems and components&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Instead, in the early days [[composting toilet]]s were advocated, which use no water at all. However, with the new greywater treatment system design (used in Nautilus, Helios, ...) created by Michael Reynolds, flush toilets have now found a place in the earthship and the general water system has been redesigned according to the new &amp;quot;6-step process&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://heliohouse.com/tech.htm New water purification system process at Helios house: overview with pictures]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.earthship.net/modules.php?name=News&amp;amp;file=article&amp;amp;sid=25 Wastewater path]{{Citation broken|date=March 2009}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Now, when the newly included flush-toilets are used, blackwater is not reused within the Earthship.  Instead, blackwater is sent to a solar-enhanced septic tank with leach-field and planter cells (the whole being often referred to as the “incubator”).  The solar-enhanced septic tank is a regular [[septic tank]] which is heated by the sun and glazed with an equator-facing window. The incubator stores the sun&#039;s heat in its concrete mass, and is insulated, to help the anaerobic process.  Water from the incubator is channeled out to an exterior [[leach field]] and then to landscaping &amp;quot;planter cells&amp;quot; (spaces surrounded by concrete in which plants have been put). The cells are similar to the botanical cell used in greywater treatment and are usually placed just before and under the windows of the earthship.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In cases where it is not possible to use flush-toilets operating on water, [[dry solar toilet]]s are now advocated, instead of &#039;&#039;regular&#039;&#039; [[composting toilet]]s. If this is the case, obviously no black water is formed and the use of an incubator is thus (usually) not necessary. Instead, regular &amp;quot;planters&amp;quot; (plants used for sucking up water/nutrients) are then used. When using regular planters as well, no chemical soaps or detergents can be used.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The space where the WOM (water organization module), graywater pump panel, pressure tank, (first set of) batteries, and POM (power organising module) are stored is in a small room referred to as the &amp;quot;systems package&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Electricity==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Wind generator system.jpg|upright|thumb|Parts of DIY Wind turbine]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:PVSolarSystem.svg|thumb|A PV-solar system]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Earthships are designed to collect and store their own energy from a variety of sources.  The majority of electrical energy is harvested from the sun and wind.  [[Photovoltaic]] panels and [[windturbine]]s located on or near the Earthship generate DC energy that is then stored in several types of [[deep-cycle batteries]]. The space in which the batteries are kept is usually a special, purpose-built room placed on the roof. Additional energy, if required, can be obtained from gasoline-powered generators or by integrating with the city grid.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In an Earthship, a Power Organizing Module is used to take stored energy from batteries and [[Inverter (electrical)|invert]] it for AC use.  The Power Organizing Module is a prefabricated system provided by Earthship Biotecture that is simply attached to a wall on the interior of the Earthship and wired in a conventional manner. It includes the necessary equipment such as [[circuit breakers]] and [[Voltage converter|converters]]. The energy run through the Power Organizing Module can be used to run any house-hold appliance including washing machines, computers, kitchen appliances, print machines, vacuums, etc.  Generally, none of the electrical energy in an Earthship is used for heating or cooling.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://earthship.com/systems/energy.php] {{Dead link|date=March 2009|url=http://earthship.com/systems/energy.php}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;{{Failed verification|date=March 2009}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Climate==&lt;br /&gt;
The interior climate of an Earthship is stabilized and made comfortable by taking advantage of many phenomena. Mainly, the Earthship tries to take advantage of the properties of thermal mass and passive solar heating and cooling. Examples are large front windows with integrated [[shades]], [[trombe wall]]s and other technologies such as [[Skylight (window)#Skylights|skylights]] or [[Steve Baer|Track Rack solar trackers]] (dualling as an energy generation device and passive solar source.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The load-bearing walls of an Earthship, which are made from [[Steel-belted radial|steel-belted tires]] rammed with earth, serve two purposes. First, they hold up the roof, and second, they provide a dense [[thermal mass]] that will soak up heat during the day and radiate heat during the night, keeping the interior climate relatively comfortable all day.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition to high thermal mass, some Earthships may be [[Earth sheltering|earth-sheltered]].  The benefits of earth-sheltering are twofold because it adds to the thermal mass and, if the Earthship is buried deep enough, allows the structure to take advantage of the Earth&#039;s stable temperature.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Earthship is designed in such a way that the sun provides heating, ventilation, and lighting.  To take advantage of the sun, an Earthship is positioned so that its principal wall, which is nonstructural and made mostly of glass sheets, faces directly towards the equator.  This positioning allows for optimum solar exposure.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To allow the sun to heat the mass of the Earthship, the solar-orientated wall is angled so that it is perpendicular to light from the winter sun.  This allows for maximum exposure in the winter, when heat is wanted, and lesser exposure in the summer, when heat is to be avoided.  Some Earthships, especially those built in colder climates, use insulated shading on the solar-orientated wall to reduce heat loss during the night (Reynolds 2000).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Natural ventilation===&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:EarthshipVentilation new.png|thumb|The ventilation system of an earthship]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The earthships usually use their own [[natural ventilation]] system. It consists of cold(er) air coming in from a front (&amp;quot;hopper&amp;quot;) window, especially made for this purpose and flowing out through (one of) the skylights that are placed on the earthship. As hot air rises, the system maintains itself and keeps sucking in (and out), air.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Heating problems==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:PHOENIXBATH.jpg|thumb|[[Bottle wall]]s are used in earthships such as this earthship bathroom, located in Phoenix Earthship, Taos, NM, USA]]&lt;br /&gt;
Earthships rely on a balance between the solar heat gain and the ability of the tire walls and subsoil to transport and store heat.  The design intends to require little if any auxiliary heat. Some earthships have suffered from over-heating and some from over-cooling.&amp;lt;!-- please provide a reference(s) to substantiate the claim that this problem is due to &amp;quot;failure to adjust to local conditions&amp;quot; and not a broader problem with the fundamental design --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Some earthships appear to have serious problems with heat loss. In these cases heat appears to be leaking into the ground constantly during the heating season and being lost. This situation may have arisen from the mistaken belief that ground-coupled structures (building in thermal contact with the ground) do not require insulation. The situation may also be due to large climatic differences between the sunny, arid, and warm Southwest (of the USA) where earthships were first built and the cloudier, cooler, and wetter climates where some are now being built. [[Malcolm Wells]], an architect and authority on earth-sheltered design, recommends [[R-value (insulation)|R-value]] 10 insulation between deep soils and heated spaces. Wells&#039;s insulation recommendations increase as the depth of the soil decreases.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In very limited and specific situations, uncommon during the heating season, [[thermal mass]] can marginally increase the apparent R-value of a building assembly such as a wall.  Generally speaking [[thermal mass]] and [[R-value (insulation)|R-value]] are distinct thermodynamic properties and should not be equated.  Thermal performance problems apparently seen in some earthship designs may have occurred because of thermal mass being erroneously equated to R-value. The R-value of soil is about 1 per foot.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.engext.ksu.edu/ees/henergy/envelope/basement.html Kansas State University Extension Service]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Potential advantages==&lt;br /&gt;
* Having an earth-bermed home with windows facing the sun is a good idea in any climate where heating is required.&lt;br /&gt;
* Collecting rainwater that falls on the roof reduces the runoff impact of the building and may reduce water and even sewer service fees.&lt;br /&gt;
* Having a combination of [[photovoltaic cells]] and wind generation is a prudent way to provide electricity in many situations.&lt;br /&gt;
* Using curved modules as horizontal arches to resist earth loads is a sound structural design.&lt;br /&gt;
* On-site processing of runoff water, grey water, and black water using plant beds reduces the environmental impact of the building.&lt;br /&gt;
* Rubber tires make a wind- and puncture- resistant wall.  They may be safe from [[outgassing]] when plastered semi-airtight.&lt;br /&gt;
* Rubber tires are usually free and it may be possible to be paid to take them.  It also is beneficial to keep them out of landfills or prevent them from being illegally burnt.&lt;br /&gt;
*Potential to eliminate utility bills.&lt;br /&gt;
*The structure is highly moldable to different aesthetic tastes.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Potential disadvantages==&lt;br /&gt;
* The sloped glazing may be hard to keep watertight and in warm climates allows excessive solar gain in summer. In colder climates, the glazing itself, which has far poorer insulating properties than any other component, will obviously be the major conduit of heat loss in winter. New designs call for vertical windows with an overhang.&lt;br /&gt;
* Uninsulated ground-coupled thermal mass presents a large potential for heat loss, especially in climates with a heating season.  This varies to a degree with soil type and moisture content.&lt;br /&gt;
* Rubber-tire walls tend to lack structural stiffness and may require perpendicular stiffening ribs.&lt;br /&gt;
* Most solar photovoltaic systems suffer from poor efficiency and some wind systems only generate in periods of high wind velocity.&lt;br /&gt;
* The novel design may diminish resale value or make buyers more difficult to find.&lt;br /&gt;
* The intimate ground contact inherent in this approach may increase hazards due to soil gases including Radon, and those due to water intrusion.&lt;br /&gt;
* Packing or ramming dirt into the inside of tires is a very labor-intensive process.&lt;br /&gt;
* Many Earthship builders are drawn to this system by its apparently low environmental impact.  However, this is only valid if the design is highly thermally efficient. Earthship designs may require substantial thermal analysis and redesign to be adapted to non-Southwest USA climate.&lt;br /&gt;
* Earthships built with concrete, sand bags, or adobe and with better solar and heat control perform better.&lt;br /&gt;
* Earthships are usually built in areas of extremely low population density, so unless they are entirely self-sufficient, a significant amount of fossil fuels could have to be expended in their construction because of the transportation of materials and workers.  They can be built anywhere, however, and this can mitigate certain issues dealing with fossil fuels and transportation.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Images of Earthships==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;gallery perrow=3 widths=220px heights=160px&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
File:Unfinished Earthship 2.JPG|an unfinished Earthship&lt;br /&gt;
File:Unfinished earthship 3.JPG|an unfinished Earthship&lt;br /&gt;
File:Unfinished Earthship.JPG|an unfinished Earthship&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gallery&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== References ==&lt;br /&gt;
* Hewitt, M. and Telfer, K. (2007). &#039;&#039;Earthships: building a zero carbon future for homes&#039;&#039;. ISBN 9781860819728&lt;br /&gt;
* Klippel, James H. http://www.garrellassociates.com/EcoDesign.html, green page&lt;br /&gt;
* Reynolds, Mike. (2000).  &#039;&#039;Comfort In Any Climate&#039;&#039;, Taos: Solar Survival P. ISBN 0962676748&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Further reading==&lt;br /&gt;
*  Schirber, Michael. [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/21755230/ &amp;quot;Making Earthships Mainstream&amp;quot;] on &#039;&#039;Going Green at [[msnbc.com]]&#039;&#039;, November 12, 2007.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External links ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{commonscat-inline}}&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.earthshipfloridaproject.com Earthship Florida Project]&lt;br /&gt;
*{{dmoz|Business/Construction_and_Maintenance/Building_Types/Sustainable_Architecture/Earthships/|Earthships}}&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Jiff64138</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=Earthship&amp;diff=17215</id>
		<title>Earthship</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=Earthship&amp;diff=17215"/>
		<updated>2011-01-26T06:13:09Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Jiff64138: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[Image:RegularEarthshipDesign.svg|thumb|300px|The design used with most earthships. A large series of windows characterise the earthsheltered building and the use of tires]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Earthship1.jpg|thumb|A somewhat customized earthship built at [[Rio Arriba County, New Mexico]], USA and shot from the side]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Exterior Jacobsen House Earthship 2009.JPG|thumb| the exterior of a very modern Earthship]]&lt;br /&gt;
An &#039;&#039;&#039;Earthship&#039;&#039;&#039; is a type of passive solar home made of natural and recycled materials. Designed and marketed by Earthship Biotecture of Taos, New Mexico,  the homes are primarily constructed to work [[Autonomous building|autonomously]] and are generally made of earth-filled tires,  using thermal mass construction to naturally regulate indoor temperature. They also usually have their own special natural ventilation system. Earthships are generally [[Off-the-grid]] homes, minimizing their reliance on public utilities and fossil fuels.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The original Earthships&#039; designs were at first very experimental, but with practice and evolution the houses began looking attractive.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Earthships are built to utilize the available local resources, especially energy from the Sun. For example, windows on sun-facing walls admit lighting and heating, and the buildings are often horseshoe-shaped to maximize natural light and solar-gain during winter months. The thick, dense inner walls provide thermal mass that naturally regulates the interior temperature during both cold and hot outside temperatures.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Internal, non-load-bearing walls are often made of a [[Honeycomb (geometry)|honeycomb]] of recycled cans joined by concrete and are referred to as [[tin can wall]]s. These walls are usually thickly plastered with stucco.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The roof of an Earthship is heavily insulated – often with earth or adobe – for added energy efficiency.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==History==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Interior Jacobsen House Bathroom Earthship 2009.JPG |thumb|right| a bottle wall of an Earthship bathroom]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Earthship Bathroom.JPG|thumb|right| an Earthship bathroom]]&lt;br /&gt;
The Earthship, as it exists today, began to take shape in the 1970s. Mike Reynolds (architect)|Mike Reynolds, founder of Earthship Biotecture, a company that specializes in designing and building Earthships, wanted to create a home that would do three things; first, it would be sustainable, using material indigenous to the entire planet as well as recycled materials wherever possible. Second, the homes would rely on natural energy sources and be independent from the “grid”, therefore being less susceptible to natural disasters and free from the electrical and water lines that Reynolds considered unsightly and wasteful. Finally, it would be economically feasible for the average person with no specialized construction skills to be able to create.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Eventually, Reynolds&#039; vision took the form of the common U-shaped earth-filled tire homes seen today.  As a concept, the Earthship was not limited to tires – any dense material with a potential for thermal mass, such as concrete, adobe, or stone could theoretically be used to create an Earthship.  However, the earth-rammed tire version of the Earthship is now the most common design,  and is usually the only structure referred to as “Earthship”.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Bottle, Tire and Brick walls of Earthships.JPG|thumb|right|Earthships are made of Earth-rammed tires, bottles and cans]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unlike other materials, rammed-earth tires are more accessible to the average person.  Scrap tires are ubiquitous around the world and easy to come by; there are an estimated 2 billion tires throughout the United States.  As of 1996, as many as 253 million scrap tires were being generated each year in the United States, with 70% being reclaimed by the scrap tire market (leaving perhaps 75 million scrap tires available for reuse as whole tires).&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Tom Verde, [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0CE0DA133CF931A35751C1A960958260&amp;amp;n=Top%2FReference%2FTimes%20Topics%2FSubjects%2FT%2FTires At Heart of Dispute, Tires by the Acre] (December 2, 1996), The New York Times.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In addition to the availability of scrap tires, the method by which they are converted into usable &amp;quot;bricks&amp;quot;, the ramming of the earth, is simple and affordable.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The earth-rammed tires of an Earthship are usually assembled by teams of two people working together as part of a larger construction team.  One member of the two person team shovels dirt, which usually comes from the building site, placing it into the tire one scoop at a time.  The second member, who stands on the tire, uses a sledge hammer to pack the dirt in.  The second person moves in a circle around the tire to keep the dirt even and avoid warping the tire.  These [[rammed earth]] tires in an Earthship are made in place because, when properly made, they weigh as much as 300 pounds and can be very difficult to relocate.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Additional benefits of the rammed earth tire are its great load-bearing capacity and its resistance to fire.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A fully rammed tire, which is about 2 feet 8&amp;amp;nbsp;inches wide, is massive enough to surpass conventional requirements for structural load distribution to the earth.  Because the tire is full of soil, it does not burn when exposed to fire.  In 1996 after a fire swept through many conventional homes in New Mexico, an Earthship discovered in the aftermath was relatively unharmed. Only the south-facing wall and the roof had burned away, compared to the total destruction of the conventional homes.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Currently, Earthships are in use in almost every state in the United States, as well as many countries in Europe.  The use of insulation on the outside of tire walls, which was not common in early designs, is improving the viability of Earthships in every climate without compromising their durability.  In the year 2000, Mike Reynolds, in partnership with Daren Howarth, launched Earthship Biotecture Europe, an organization that aims to explore and evolve the concept of the Earthship within a European context.  Two more directors were appointed to Earthship Biotecture Europe in July 2006 – Kevan Trott and Kirsten Jacobsen.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Europe ==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Brighton Earthship.JPG|thumb|Brighton Earthship, UK]]&lt;br /&gt;
In 2004, the very first Earthship in the UK was opened at [[Kinghorn]] Loch in Fife, Scotland. It was built by volunteers of the SCI charity. In 2005, the first earthship in England was established in [[Stanmer Park]], [[Brighton]] with the [[Low Carbon Trust]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Earthship biotecture has now finalized plans for a planning application to build on a valuable development site overlooking the [[Brighton Marina]] in the UK. The application follows the successful six-month feasibility study funded by the UK Environment Agency and the Energy Savings Trust. The application calls for sixteen one, two, and three-bedroom earthship homes on this site. The homes are all designed according to basic earthship principles developed in the United States. 15,000 tires will be recycled to construct these homes (the UK burns approximately 40 million tires each year). The plans include the enhancement of habitats on the site for [[lizard]]s that already live there, which is the reasoning behind entitling the project &amp;quot;The Lizard&amp;quot;. This will be the first development of its kind in Europe, and successful development in [[Brighton]] may help to pave the way for similar projects around the UK and other places.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://web.archive.org/web/20071213144133/http://www.earthship.co.uk/earthship-homes.htm Earthship Homes development] (archived from [http://www.earthship.co.uk/earthship-homes.htm the original] on 2007-12-13).&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first official Earthship home in mainland Europe with official planning commission approval was built in a small French village called Ger. The home, which is owned by Kevan and Gillian Trott, was built in April 2007 by Kevan, Mike Reynolds and an Earthship Crew from Taos. The design was modified for a European climate and is seen as the first of many for the European arena. It is currently used as a holiday home for eco-tourists.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kevin Telfer, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/travel/2008/apr/26/top100flightfreeholidays.green Super green European breaks] (26 April 2008 ), The Guardian.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Africa ==&lt;br /&gt;
The first earthship was built by Angel and Yvonne Kamp from 1996 to 1998. They rammed a total of 1,500 tires for the walls. The earthship, near Hermanus, is located in a 60 hectare private nature reserve which is part of a 500000ha area enclosed in a game fence and borders the [[Walker Bay]] Nature Reserve.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;http://www.fynbos.co0.za/html/chaynouqua.htm&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Two new projects are also in early development in [[Africa]], an information and training centre in [[Orania, Northern Cape|Orania]], South Africa&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.aardskip.com Project/Projek Aardskip]. Aardskip.com. Retrieved on 2010-11-26.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and a residential house in [[Swaziland]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.earthships.co.za Sustainable Buildings Earthships » Earthships Sustainable Living South Africa Swaziland]. Earthships.co.za. Retrieved on 2010-11-26.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Systems==&lt;br /&gt;
The Earthship was designed as a structure that would exist in harmony with its environment and be freed from the constraints of modern shelters which rely on centralized utilities.  It is important that the Earthship create its own utilities as well as use readily available and sustainable materials.  In order to be entirely self-sufficient the Earthship needs to be able to handle the three systems of water, electricity, and climate. While these systems are not exclusive to Earthships, a properly designed Earthship must have these systems.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Water==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Interior Jacobsen House Earthship Botanical Cell 2009.JPG|upright|thumb|A botanical cell for greywater treatment featuring interior banana trees]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Rainwater harvesting system.svg|thumb|A domestic rainwater harvesting system]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Active Solar Water Heater Diagram.svg|thumb|Schematic of an active solar heating system]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Collection ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Earthships are designed to catch and use water from the local environment without bringing in water from a centralized source. Water used in an Earthship is harvested from rain, snow and condensation.  As water collects on the roof it is channeled through a silt-catching device and into a cistern.  The cisterns are positioned so they gravity-feed a WOM (water organization module), that filters out bacteria and contaminants, and makes it suitable for drinking. The WOM consists of filters and a DC-pump that are screwed into a panel. Water is then pushed into a conventional pressure tank to create common household water pressure.  Water collected in this fashion is used for any household activity except flushing toilets the conventional way. Rather, the water used for flushing toilets has been used at least once already: frequently it is filtered waste-water from sinks and showers, and described as &amp;quot;Greywater&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Greywater ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Greywater]], water that has been used and is unsuitable for drinking, is used within the Earthship for a multitude of purposes once it is reclaimed.  First, before the greywater can be reused, it is channeled through a grease and particle filter/digester and into a 30”-60&amp;quot; deep rubber-lined [[botanical cell]], a miniature [[living machine]], within the Earthship. This filter with imbedded plants can potentially also be used to produce food (by using a [[fruit tree]], ...). [[Water oxygenation|Oxygenation]], [[filtration]], [[transpiration]], and bacteria-encounter all take place within the cell and help to cleanse the water (Reynolds 2000).  Within the botanical cell, filtration is achieved by passing the water through a mixture of gravel and plant roots.  Because of the nature of plants, oxygen is added to the water as it filters, while nitrogen is removed.  Water taken up through the plants and transpired at their tops helps to humidify the air.  In the cell, bacteria will naturally grow and help to cleanse the water.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Water from the low end of the botanical cell is then directed through a peat-moss filter and collected in a reservoir or well.  This reclaimed water is then passed once more through a greywater board and used to flush conventional toilets.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Often, any greywater that is made at earthships is not polluted enough to justify treatment (its &amp;quot;pollution&amp;quot; being usually just soap, which is often not environmentally damaging). At earthships, the use of plants placed at outlets of fixtures is then practiced to regain the water and the nutrients lost (from the soaps, etc.).. Usually, a single plant is placed directly in front of the pipe, but mini drain-fields are also sometimes used. The pipe is made large enough (5,08&amp;amp;nbsp;cm) so that the formation of underground gas (from the greywater) is avoided. This is done with kitchen and bathroom sinks, and even showers, washing machines, and dishwashing machines. The plants are usually placed indoors with the sinks and outdoors with the washing/dishwashing machines and shower (to avoid indoor &amp;quot;floods&amp;quot;). Also, with the latter, larger drain-fields are used instead of a mere plant being placed before an outlet.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://melinathinks.wordpress.com/category/earthship-greywater-plantergreenhouse/ Plants placed at fixtures]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.greenhomebuilding.com/earthship.htm Plants placed at fixtures in earthships]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Black water===&lt;br /&gt;
[[Blackwater (waste)|Black water]], water that has been used in a toilet, was usually not created within many of the earliest earthships as the use of conventional toilets was discouraged.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Earthship Volume 2:Systems and components&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Instead, in the early days [[composting toilet]]s were advocated, which use no water at all. However, with the new greywater treatment system design (used in Nautilus, Helios, ...) created by Michael Reynolds, flush toilets have now found a place in the earthship and the general water system has been redesigned according to the new &amp;quot;6-step process&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://heliohouse.com/tech.htm New water purification system process at Helios house: overview with pictures]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.earthship.net/modules.php?name=News&amp;amp;file=article&amp;amp;sid=25 Wastewater path]{{Citation broken|date=March 2009}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Now, when the newly included flush-toilets are used, blackwater is not reused within the Earthship.  Instead, blackwater is sent to a solar-enhanced septic tank with leach-field and planter cells (the whole being often referred to as the “incubator”).  The solar-enhanced septic tank is a regular [[septic tank]] which is heated by the sun and glazed with an equator-facing window. The incubator stores the sun&#039;s heat in its concrete mass, and is insulated, to help the anaerobic process.  Water from the incubator is channeled out to an exterior [[leach field]] and then to landscaping &amp;quot;planter cells&amp;quot; (spaces surrounded by concrete in which plants have been put). The cells are similar to the botanical cell used in greywater treatment and are usually placed just before and under the windows of the earthship.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In cases where it is not possible to use flush-toilets operating on water, [[dry solar toilet]]s are now advocated, instead of &#039;&#039;regular&#039;&#039; [[composting toilet]]s. If this is the case, obviously no black water is formed and the use of an incubator is thus (usually) not necessary. Instead, regular &amp;quot;planters&amp;quot; (plants used for sucking up water/nutrients) are then used. When using regular planters as well, no chemical soaps or detergents can be used.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The space where the WOM (water organization module), graywater pump panel, pressure tank, (first set of) batteries, and POM (power organising module) are stored is in a small room referred to as the &amp;quot;systems package&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Electricity==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Wind generator system.jpg|upright|thumb|Parts of DIY Wind turbine]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:PVSolarSystem.svg|thumb|A PV-solar system]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Earthships are designed to collect and store their own energy from a variety of sources.  The majority of electrical energy is harvested from the sun and wind.  [[Photovoltaic]] panels and [[windturbine]]s located on or near the Earthship generate DC energy that is then stored in several types of [[deep-cycle batteries]]. The space in which the batteries are kept is usually a special, purpose-built room placed on the roof. Additional energy, if required, can be obtained from gasoline-powered generators or by integrating with the city grid.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In an Earthship, a Power Organizing Module is used to take stored energy from batteries and [[Inverter (electrical)|invert]] it for AC use.  The Power Organizing Module is a prefabricated system provided by Earthship Biotecture that is simply attached to a wall on the interior of the Earthship and wired in a conventional manner. It includes the necessary equipment such as [[circuit breakers]] and [[Voltage converter|converters]]. The energy run through the Power Organizing Module can be used to run any house-hold appliance including washing machines, computers, kitchen appliances, print machines, vacuums, etc.  Generally, none of the electrical energy in an Earthship is used for heating or cooling.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://earthship.com/systems/energy.php] {{Dead link|date=March 2009|url=http://earthship.com/systems/energy.php}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;{{Failed verification|date=March 2009}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Climate==&lt;br /&gt;
The interior climate of an Earthship is stabilized and made comfortable by taking advantage of many phenomena. Mainly, the Earthship tries to take advantage of the properties of thermal mass and passive solar heating and cooling. Examples are large front windows with integrated [[shades]], [[trombe wall]]s and other technologies such as [[Skylight (window)#Skylights|skylights]] or [[Steve Baer|Track Rack solar trackers]] (dualling as an energy generation device and passive solar source.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The load-bearing walls of an Earthship, which are made from [[Steel-belted radial|steel-belted tires]] rammed with earth, serve two purposes. First, they hold up the roof, and second, they provide a dense [[thermal mass]] that will soak up heat during the day and radiate heat during the night, keeping the interior climate relatively comfortable all day.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition to high thermal mass, some Earthships may be [[Earth sheltering|earth-sheltered]].  The benefits of earth-sheltering are twofold because it adds to the thermal mass and, if the Earthship is buried deep enough, allows the structure to take advantage of the Earth&#039;s stable temperature.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Earthship is designed in such a way that the sun provides heating, ventilation, and lighting.  To take advantage of the sun, an Earthship is positioned so that its principal wall, which is nonstructural and made mostly of glass sheets, faces directly towards the equator.  This positioning allows for optimum solar exposure.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To allow the sun to heat the mass of the Earthship, the solar-orientated wall is angled so that it is perpendicular to light from the winter sun.  This allows for maximum exposure in the winter, when heat is wanted, and lesser exposure in the summer, when heat is to be avoided.  Some Earthships, especially those built in colder climates, use insulated shading on the solar-orientated wall to reduce heat loss during the night (Reynolds 2000).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Natural ventilation===&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:EarthshipVentilation new.png|thumb|The ventilation system of an earthship]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The earthships usually use their own [[natural ventilation]] system. It consists of cold(er) air coming in from a front (&amp;quot;hopper&amp;quot;) window, especially made for this purpose and flowing out through (one of) the skylights that are placed on the earthship. As hot air rises, the system maintains itself and keeps sucking in (and out), air.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Heating problems==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:PHOENIXBATH.jpg|thumb|[[Bottle wall]]s are used in earthships such as this earthship bathroom, located in Phoenix Earthship, Taos, NM, USA]]&lt;br /&gt;
Earthships rely on a balance between the solar heat gain and the ability of the tire walls and subsoil to transport and store heat.  The design intends to require little if any auxiliary heat. Some earthships have suffered from over-heating and some from over-cooling.&amp;lt;!-- please provide a reference(s) to substantiate the claim that this problem is due to &amp;quot;failure to adjust to local conditions&amp;quot; and not a broader problem with the fundamental design --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Some earthships appear to have serious problems with heat loss. In these cases heat appears to be leaking into the ground constantly during the heating season and being lost. This situation may have arisen from the mistaken belief that ground-coupled structures (building in thermal contact with the ground) do not require insulation. The situation may also be due to large climatic differences between the sunny, arid, and warm Southwest (of the USA) where earthships were first built and the cloudier, cooler, and wetter climates where some are now being built. [[Malcolm Wells]], an architect and authority on earth-sheltered design, recommends [[R-value (insulation)|R-value]] 10 insulation between deep soils and heated spaces. Wells&#039;s insulation recommendations increase as the depth of the soil decreases.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In very limited and specific situations, uncommon during the heating season, [[thermal mass]] can marginally increase the apparent R-value of a building assembly such as a wall.  Generally speaking [[thermal mass]] and [[R-value (insulation)|R-value]] are distinct thermodynamic properties and should not be equated.  Thermal performance problems apparently seen in some earthship designs may have occurred because of thermal mass being erroneously equated to R-value. The R-value of soil is about 1 per foot.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.engext.ksu.edu/ees/henergy/envelope/basement.html Kansas State University Extension Service]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Potential advantages==&lt;br /&gt;
* Having an earth-bermed home with windows facing the sun is a good idea in any climate where heating is required.&lt;br /&gt;
* Collecting rainwater that falls on the roof reduces the runoff impact of the building and may reduce water and even sewer service fees.&lt;br /&gt;
* Having a combination of [[photovoltaic cells]] and wind generation is a prudent way to provide electricity in many situations.&lt;br /&gt;
* Using curved modules as horizontal arches to resist earth loads is a sound structural design.&lt;br /&gt;
* On-site processing of runoff water, grey water, and black water using plant beds reduces the environmental impact of the building.&lt;br /&gt;
* Rubber tires make a wind- and puncture- resistant wall.  They may be safe from [[outgassing]] when plastered semi-airtight.&lt;br /&gt;
* Rubber tires are usually free and it may be possible to be paid to take them.  It also is beneficial to keep them out of landfills or prevent them from being illegally burnt.&lt;br /&gt;
*Potential to eliminate utility bills.&lt;br /&gt;
*The structure is highly moldable to different aesthetic tastes.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Potential disadvantages==&lt;br /&gt;
* The sloped glazing may be hard to keep watertight and in warm climates allows excessive solar gain in summer. In colder climates, the glazing itself, which has far poorer insulating properties than any other component, will obviously be the major conduit of heat loss in winter. New designs call for vertical windows with an overhang.&lt;br /&gt;
* Uninsulated ground-coupled thermal mass presents a large potential for heat loss, especially in climates with a heating season.  This varies to a degree with soil type and moisture content.{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}}&lt;br /&gt;
* Rubber-tire walls tend to lack structural stiffness and may require perpendicular stiffening ribs.{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}}&lt;br /&gt;
* Most solar photovoltaic systems suffer from poor efficiency and some wind systems only generate in periods of high wind velocity.&lt;br /&gt;
* The novel design may diminish resale value or make buyers more difficult to find.&lt;br /&gt;
* The intimate ground contact inherent in this approach may increase hazards due to soil gases including [[Radon]], and those due to water intrusion.&lt;br /&gt;
* Packing or ramming dirt into the inside of tires is a very labor-intensive process.&lt;br /&gt;
* Many Earthship builders are drawn to this system by its apparently low environmental impact.  However, this is only valid if the design is highly thermally efficient. Earthship designs may require substantial thermal analysis and redesign to be adapted to non-Southwest USA climate.&lt;br /&gt;
* Earthships built with concrete, sand bags, or adobe and with better solar and heat control perform better.{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}}&lt;br /&gt;
* Earthships are usually built in areas of extremely low population density, so unless they are entirely self-sufficient, a significant amount of fossil fuels could have to be expended in their construction because of the transportation of materials and workers.  They can be built anywhere, however, and this can mitigate certain issues dealing with fossil fuels and transportation.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Images of Earthships==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;gallery perrow=3 widths=220px heights=160px&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
File:Unfinished Earthship 2.JPG|an unfinished Earthship&lt;br /&gt;
File:Unfinished earthship 3.JPG|an unfinished Earthship&lt;br /&gt;
File:Unfinished Earthship.JPG|an unfinished Earthship&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gallery&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== References ==&lt;br /&gt;
* Hewitt, M. and Telfer, K. (2007). &#039;&#039;Earthships: building a zero carbon future for homes&#039;&#039;. ISBN 9781860819728&lt;br /&gt;
* Klippel, James H. http://www.garrellassociates.com/EcoDesign.html, green page&lt;br /&gt;
* Reynolds, Mike. (2000).  &#039;&#039;Comfort In Any Climate&#039;&#039;, Taos: Solar Survival P. ISBN 0962676748&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Further reading==&lt;br /&gt;
*  Schirber, Michael. [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/21755230/ &amp;quot;Making Earthships Mainstream&amp;quot;] on &#039;&#039;Going Green at [[msnbc.com]]&#039;&#039;, November 12, 2007.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External links ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{commonscat-inline}}&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.earthshipfloridaproject.com Earthship Florida Project]&lt;br /&gt;
*{{dmoz|Business/Construction_and_Maintenance/Building_Types/Sustainable_Architecture/Earthships/|Earthships}}&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Jiff64138</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=Earthship&amp;diff=17214</id>
		<title>Earthship</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=Earthship&amp;diff=17214"/>
		<updated>2011-01-26T06:05:11Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Jiff64138: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;[[Image:RegularEarthshipDesign.svg|thumb|300px|The design used with most earthships. A large series of windows characterise the earthsheltered building and the use of tires]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Earthship1.jpg|thumb|A somewhat customized earthship built at [[Rio Arriba County, New Mexico]], USA and shot from the side]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Exterior Jacobsen House Earthship 2009.JPG|thumb| the exterior of a very modern Earthship]]&lt;br /&gt;
An &#039;&#039;&#039;Earthship&#039;&#039;&#039; is a type of [[passive solar]] home made of natural and recycled materials. Designed and marketed by Earthship Biotecture of [[Taos, New Mexico]],  the homes are primarily constructed to work [[Autonomous building|autonomously]] and are generally made of earth-filled [[tires]],  using [[thermal mass]] construction to naturally regulate indoor temperature. They also usually have their own special natural ventilation system. Earthships are generally [[Off-the-grid]] homes, minimizing their reliance on public utilities and [[fossil fuels]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The original Earthships&#039; designs were at first very experimental, but with practice and evolution the houses began looking attractive.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Earthships are built to utilize the available local resources, especially energy from the Sun. For example, windows on sun-facing walls admit lighting and heating, and the buildings are often horseshoe-shaped to maximize natural light and solar-gain during winter months. The thick, dense inner walls provide thermal mass that naturally regulates the interior temperature during both cold and hot outside temperatures.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Internal, non-load-bearing walls are often made of a [[Honeycomb (geometry)|honeycomb]] of recycled cans joined by concrete and are referred to as [[tin can wall]]s. These walls are usually thickly plastered with stucco.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The roof of an Earthship is heavily insulated – often with earth or [[adobe]] – for added energy efficiency.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==History==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Interior Jacobsen House Bathroom Earthship 2009.JPG |thumb|right| a [[bottle wall]] of an Earthship bathroom]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Earthship Bathroom.JPG|thumb|right| an Earthship bathroom]]&lt;br /&gt;
The Earthship, as it exists today, began to take shape in the 1970s. [[Mike Reynolds (architect)|Mike Reynolds]], founder of Earthship Biotecture, a company that specializes in designing and building Earthships, wanted to create a home that would do three things; first, it would be sustainable, using material indigenous to the entire planet as well as recycled materials wherever possible. Second, the homes would rely on natural energy sources and be independent from the “grid”, therefore being less susceptible to natural disasters and free from the electrical and water lines that Reynolds considered unsightly and wasteful. Finally, it would be economically feasible for the average person with no specialized construction skills to be able to create.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Eventually, Reynolds&#039; vision took the form of the common U-shaped earth-filled tire homes seen today.  As a concept, the Earthship was not limited to tires – any dense material with a potential for thermal mass, such as concrete, adobe, or stone could theoretically be used to create an Earthship.  However, the earth-rammed tire version of the Earthship is now the most common design,  and is usually the only structure referred to as “Earthship”.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Bottle, Tire and Brick walls of Earthships.JPG|thumb|right|Earthships are made of Earth-rammed tires, bottles and cans]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unlike other materials, rammed-earth tires are more accessible to the average person.  Scrap tires are ubiquitous around the world and easy to come by; there are an estimated 2 billion tires throughout the United States.  As of 1996, as many as 253 million scrap tires were being generated each year in the United States, with 70% being reclaimed by the scrap tire market (leaving perhaps 75 million scrap tires available for reuse as whole tires).&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Tom Verde, [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0CE0DA133CF931A35751C1A960958260&amp;amp;n=Top%2FReference%2FTimes%20Topics%2FSubjects%2FT%2FTires At Heart of Dispute, Tires by the Acre] (December 2, 1996), The New York Times.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In addition to the availability of scrap tires, the method by which they are converted into usable &amp;quot;bricks&amp;quot;, the ramming of the earth, is simple and affordable.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The earth-rammed tires of an Earthship are usually assembled by teams of two people working together as part of a larger construction team.  One member of the two person team shovels dirt, which usually comes from the building site, placing it into the tire one scoop at a time.  The second member, who stands on the tire, uses a sledge hammer to pack the dirt in.  The second person moves in a circle around the tire to keep the dirt even and avoid warping the tire.  These [[rammed earth]] tires in an Earthship are made in place because, when properly made, they weigh as much as 300 pounds and can be very difficult to relocate.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Additional benefits of the rammed earth tire are its great load-bearing capacity and its resistance to fire.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A fully rammed tire, which is about 2 feet 8&amp;amp;nbsp;inches wide, is massive enough to surpass conventional requirements for structural load distribution to the earth.  Because the tire is full of soil, it does not burn when exposed to fire.  In 1996 after a fire swept through many conventional homes in New Mexico, an Earthship discovered in the aftermath was relatively unharmed. Only the south-facing wall and the roof had burned away, compared to the total destruction of the conventional homes.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Currently, Earthships are in use in almost every state in the United States, as well as many countries in Europe.  The use of insulation on the outside of tire walls, which was not common in early designs, is improving the viability of Earthships in every climate without compromising their durability.  In the year 2000, Mike Reynolds, in partnership with Daren Howarth, launched Earthship Biotecture Europe, an organization that aims to explore and evolve the concept of the Earthship within a European context.  Two more directors were appointed to Earthship Biotecture Europe in July 2006 – Kevan Trott and Kirsten Jacobsen.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Europe ==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Brighton Earthship.JPG|thumb|Brighton Earthship, UK]]&lt;br /&gt;
In 2004, the very first Earthship in the UK was opened at [[Kinghorn]] Loch in Fife, Scotland. It was built by volunteers of the SCI charity. In 2005, the first earthship in England was established in [[Stanmer Park]], [[Brighton]] with the [[Low Carbon Trust]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Earthship biotecture has now finalized plans for a planning application to build on a valuable development site overlooking the [[Brighton Marina]] in the UK. The application follows the successful six-month feasibility study funded by the UK Environment Agency and the Energy Savings Trust. The application calls for sixteen one, two, and three-bedroom earthship homes on this site. The homes are all designed according to basic earthship principles developed in the United States. 15,000 tires will be recycled to construct these homes (the UK burns approximately 40 million tires each year). The plans include the enhancement of habitats on the site for [[lizard]]s that already live there, which is the reasoning behind entitling the project &amp;quot;The Lizard&amp;quot;. This will be the first development of its kind in Europe, and successful development in [[Brighton]] may help to pave the way for similar projects around the UK and other places.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://web.archive.org/web/20071213144133/http://www.earthship.co.uk/earthship-homes.htm Earthship Homes development] (archived from [http://www.earthship.co.uk/earthship-homes.htm the original] on 2007-12-13).&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first official Earthship home in mainland Europe with official planning commission approval was built in a small French village called Ger. The home, which is owned by Kevan and Gillian Trott, was built in April 2007 by Kevan, Mike Reynolds and an Earthship Crew from Taos. The design was modified for a European climate and is seen as the first of many for the European arena. It is currently used as a holiday home for eco-tourists.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kevin Telfer, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/travel/2008/apr/26/top100flightfreeholidays.green Super green European breaks] (26 April 2008 ), The Guardian.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Africa ==&lt;br /&gt;
The first earthship was built by Angel and Yvonne Kamp from 1996 to 1998. They rammed a total of 1,500 tires for the walls. The earthship, near [[Hermanus]], is located in a 60 hectare private nature reserve which is part of a 500000ha area enclosed in a game fence and borders the [[Walker Bay]] Nature Reserve.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;http://www.fynbos.co0.za/html/chaynouqua.htm&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Two new projects are also in early development in [[Africa]], an information and training centre in [[Orania, Northern Cape|Orania]], South Africa&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.aardskip.com Project/Projek Aardskip]. Aardskip.com. Retrieved on 2010-11-26.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and a residential house in [[Swaziland]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.earthships.co.za Sustainable Buildings Earthships » Earthships Sustainable Living South Africa Swaziland]. Earthships.co.za. Retrieved on 2010-11-26.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Systems==&lt;br /&gt;
The Earthship was designed as a structure that would exist in harmony with its environment and be freed from the constraints of modern shelters which rely on centralized utilities.  It is important that the Earthship create its own utilities as well as use readily available and sustainable materials.  In order to be entirely self-sufficient the Earthship needs to be able to handle the three systems of water, electricity, and climate. While these systems are not exclusive to Earthships, a properly designed Earthship must have these systems.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Water==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Interior Jacobsen House Earthship Botanical Cell 2009.JPG|upright|thumb|A botanical cell for greywater treatment featuring interior banana trees]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Rainwater harvesting system.svg|thumb|A domestic rainwater harvesting system]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Active Solar Water Heater Diagram.svg|thumb|Schematic of an active solar heating system]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Collection ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Earthships are designed to catch and use water from the local environment without bringing in water from a centralized source. Water used in an Earthship is harvested from rain, snow and condensation.  As water collects on the roof it is channeled through a silt-catching device and into a cistern.  The cisterns are positioned so they gravity-feed a WOM (water organization module), that filters out bacteria and contaminants, and makes it suitable for drinking. The WOM consists of filters and a DC-pump that are screwed into a panel. Water is then pushed into a conventional pressure tank to create common household water pressure.  Water collected in this fashion is used for any household activity except flushing toilets the conventional way. Rather, the water used for flushing toilets has been used at least once already: frequently it is filtered waste-water from sinks and showers, and described as &amp;quot;Greywater&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Greywater ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Greywater]], water that has been used and is unsuitable for drinking, is used within the Earthship for a multitude of purposes once it is reclaimed.  First, before the greywater can be reused, it is channeled through a grease and particle filter/digester and into a 30”-60&amp;quot; deep rubber-lined [[botanical cell]], a miniature [[living machine]], within the Earthship. This filter with imbedded plants can potentially also be used to produce food (by using a [[fruit tree]], ...). [[Water oxygenation|Oxygenation]], [[filtration]], [[transpiration]], and bacteria-encounter all take place within the cell and help to cleanse the water (Reynolds 2000).  Within the botanical cell, filtration is achieved by passing the water through a mixture of gravel and plant roots.  Because of the nature of plants, oxygen is added to the water as it filters, while nitrogen is removed.  Water taken up through the plants and transpired at their tops helps to humidify the air.  In the cell, bacteria will naturally grow and help to cleanse the water.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Water from the low end of the botanical cell is then directed through a peat-moss filter and collected in a reservoir or well.  This reclaimed water is then passed once more through a greywater board and used to flush conventional toilets.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Often, any greywater that is made at earthships is not polluted enough to justify treatment (its &amp;quot;pollution&amp;quot; being usually just soap, which is often not environmentally damaging). At earthships, the use of plants placed at outlets of fixtures is then practiced to regain the water and the nutrients lost (from the soaps, etc.).. Usually, a single plant is placed directly in front of the pipe, but mini drain-fields are also sometimes used. The pipe is made large enough (5,08&amp;amp;nbsp;cm) so that the formation of underground gas (from the greywater) is avoided. This is done with kitchen and bathroom sinks, and even showers, washing machines, and dishwashing machines. The plants are usually placed indoors with the sinks and outdoors with the washing/dishwashing machines and shower (to avoid indoor &amp;quot;floods&amp;quot;). Also, with the latter, larger drain-fields are used instead of a mere plant being placed before an outlet.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://melinathinks.wordpress.com/category/earthship-greywater-plantergreenhouse/ Plants placed at fixtures]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.greenhomebuilding.com/earthship.htm Plants placed at fixtures in earthships]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Black water===&lt;br /&gt;
[[Blackwater (waste)|Black water]], water that has been used in a toilet, was usually not created within many of the earliest earthships as the use of conventional toilets was discouraged.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Earthship Volume 2:Systems and components&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Instead, in the early days [[composting toilet]]s were advocated, which use no water at all. However, with the new greywater treatment system design (used in Nautilus, Helios, ...) created by Michael Reynolds, flush toilets have now found a place in the earthship and the general water system has been redesigned according to the new &amp;quot;6-step process&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://heliohouse.com/tech.htm New water purification system process at Helios house: overview with pictures]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.earthship.net/modules.php?name=News&amp;amp;file=article&amp;amp;sid=25 Wastewater path]{{Citation broken|date=March 2009}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Now, when the newly included flush-toilets are used, blackwater is not reused within the Earthship.  Instead, blackwater is sent to a solar-enhanced septic tank with leach-field and planter cells (the whole being often referred to as the “incubator”).  The solar-enhanced septic tank is a regular [[septic tank]] which is heated by the sun and glazed with an equator-facing window. The incubator stores the sun&#039;s heat in its concrete mass, and is insulated, to help the anaerobic process.  Water from the incubator is channeled out to an exterior [[leach field]] and then to landscaping &amp;quot;planter cells&amp;quot; (spaces surrounded by concrete in which plants have been put). The cells are similar to the botanical cell used in greywater treatment and are usually placed just before and under the windows of the earthship.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In cases where it is not possible to use flush-toilets operating on water, [[dry solar toilet]]s are now advocated, instead of &#039;&#039;regular&#039;&#039; [[composting toilet]]s. If this is the case, obviously no black water is formed and the use of an incubator is thus (usually) not necessary. Instead, regular &amp;quot;planters&amp;quot; (plants used for sucking up water/nutrients) are then used. When using regular planters as well, no chemical soaps or detergents can be used.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The space where the WOM (water organization module), graywater pump panel, pressure tank, (first set of) batteries, and POM (power organising module) are stored is in a small room referred to as the &amp;quot;systems package&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Electricity==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Wind generator system.jpg|upright|thumb|Parts of DIY Wind turbine]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:PVSolarSystem.svg|thumb|A PV-solar system]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Earthships are designed to collect and store their own energy from a variety of sources.  The majority of electrical energy is harvested from the sun and wind.  [[Photovoltaic]] panels and [[windturbine]]s located on or near the Earthship generate DC energy that is then stored in several types of [[deep-cycle batteries]]. The space in which the batteries are kept is usually a special, purpose-built room placed on the roof. Additional energy, if required, can be obtained from gasoline-powered generators or by integrating with the city grid.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In an Earthship, a Power Organizing Module is used to take stored energy from batteries and [[Inverter (electrical)|invert]] it for AC use.  The Power Organizing Module is a prefabricated system provided by Earthship Biotecture that is simply attached to a wall on the interior of the Earthship and wired in a conventional manner. It includes the necessary equipment such as [[circuit breakers]] and [[Voltage converter|converters]]. The energy run through the Power Organizing Module can be used to run any house-hold appliance including washing machines, computers, kitchen appliances, print machines, vacuums, etc.  Generally, none of the electrical energy in an Earthship is used for heating or cooling.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://earthship.com/systems/energy.php] {{Dead link|date=March 2009|url=http://earthship.com/systems/energy.php}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;{{Failed verification|date=March 2009}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Climate==&lt;br /&gt;
The interior climate of an Earthship is stabilized and made comfortable by taking advantage of many phenomena. Mainly, the Earthship tries to take advantage of the properties of thermal mass and passive solar heating and cooling. Examples are large front windows with integrated [[shades]], [[trombe wall]]s and other technologies such as [[Skylight (window)#Skylights|skylights]] or [[Steve Baer|Track Rack solar trackers]] (dualling as an energy generation device and passive solar source.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The load-bearing walls of an Earthship, which are made from [[Steel-belted radial|steel-belted tires]] rammed with earth, serve two purposes. First, they hold up the roof, and second, they provide a dense [[thermal mass]] that will soak up heat during the day and radiate heat during the night, keeping the interior climate relatively comfortable all day.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition to high thermal mass, some Earthships may be [[Earth sheltering|earth-sheltered]].  The benefits of earth-sheltering are twofold because it adds to the thermal mass and, if the Earthship is buried deep enough, allows the structure to take advantage of the Earth&#039;s stable temperature.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Earthship is designed in such a way that the sun provides heating, ventilation, and lighting.  To take advantage of the sun, an Earthship is positioned so that its principal wall, which is nonstructural and made mostly of glass sheets, faces directly towards the equator.  This positioning allows for optimum solar exposure.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To allow the sun to heat the mass of the Earthship, the solar-orientated wall is angled so that it is perpendicular to light from the winter sun.  This allows for maximum exposure in the winter, when heat is wanted, and lesser exposure in the summer, when heat is to be avoided.  Some Earthships, especially those built in colder climates, use insulated shading on the solar-orientated wall to reduce heat loss during the night (Reynolds 2000).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Natural ventilation===&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:EarthshipVentilation new.png|thumb|The ventilation system of an earthship]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The earthships usually use their own [[natural ventilation]] system. It consists of cold(er) air coming in from a front (&amp;quot;hopper&amp;quot;) window, especially made for this purpose and flowing out through (one of) the skylights that are placed on the earthship. As hot air rises, the system maintains itself and keeps sucking in (and out), air.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Heating problems==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:PHOENIXBATH.jpg|thumb|[[Bottle wall]]s are used in earthships such as this earthship bathroom, located in Phoenix Earthship, Taos, NM, USA]]&lt;br /&gt;
Earthships rely on a balance between the solar heat gain and the ability of the tire walls and subsoil to transport and store heat.  The design intends to require little if any auxiliary heat. Some earthships have suffered from over-heating and some from over-cooling.&amp;lt;!-- please provide a reference(s) to substantiate the claim that this problem is due to &amp;quot;failure to adjust to local conditions&amp;quot; and not a broader problem with the fundamental design --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Some earthships appear to have serious problems with heat loss. In these cases heat appears to be leaking into the ground constantly during the heating season and being lost. This situation may have arisen from the mistaken belief that ground-coupled structures (building in thermal contact with the ground) do not require insulation. The situation may also be due to large climatic differences between the sunny, arid, and warm Southwest (of the USA) where earthships were first built and the cloudier, cooler, and wetter climates where some are now being built. [[Malcolm Wells]], an architect and authority on earth-sheltered design, recommends [[R-value (insulation)|R-value]] 10 insulation between deep soils and heated spaces. Wells&#039;s insulation recommendations increase as the depth of the soil decreases.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In very limited and specific situations, uncommon during the heating season, [[thermal mass]] can marginally increase the apparent R-value of a building assembly such as a wall.  Generally speaking [[thermal mass]] and [[R-value (insulation)|R-value]] are distinct thermodynamic properties and should not be equated.  Thermal performance problems apparently seen in some earthship designs may have occurred because of thermal mass being erroneously equated to R-value. The R-value of soil is about 1 per foot.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.engext.ksu.edu/ees/henergy/envelope/basement.html Kansas State University Extension Service]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Potential advantages==&lt;br /&gt;
* Having an earth-bermed home with windows facing the sun is a good idea in any climate where heating is required.&lt;br /&gt;
* Collecting rainwater that falls on the roof reduces the runoff impact of the building and may reduce water and even sewer service fees.&lt;br /&gt;
* Having a combination of [[photovoltaic cells]] and wind generation is a prudent way to provide electricity in many situations.&lt;br /&gt;
* Using curved modules as horizontal arches to resist earth loads is a sound structural design.&lt;br /&gt;
* On-site processing of runoff water, grey water, and black water using plant beds reduces the environmental impact of the building.&lt;br /&gt;
* Rubber tires make a wind- and puncture- resistant wall.  They may be safe from [[outgassing]] when plastered semi-airtight.&lt;br /&gt;
* Rubber tires are usually free and it may be possible to be paid to take them.  It also is beneficial to keep them out of landfills or prevent them from being illegally burnt.&lt;br /&gt;
*Potential to eliminate utility bills.&lt;br /&gt;
*The structure is highly moldable to different aesthetic tastes.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Potential disadvantages==&lt;br /&gt;
* The sloped glazing may be hard to keep watertight and in warm climates allows excessive solar gain in summer. In colder climates, the glazing itself, which has far poorer insulating properties than any other component, will obviously be the major conduit of heat loss in winter. New designs call for vertical windows with an overhang.&lt;br /&gt;
* Uninsulated ground-coupled thermal mass presents a large potential for heat loss, especially in climates with a heating season.  This varies to a degree with soil type and moisture content.{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}}&lt;br /&gt;
* Rubber-tire walls tend to lack structural stiffness and may require perpendicular stiffening ribs.{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}}&lt;br /&gt;
* Most solar photovoltaic systems suffer from poor efficiency and some wind systems only generate in periods of high wind velocity.&lt;br /&gt;
* The novel design may diminish resale value or make buyers more difficult to find.&lt;br /&gt;
* The intimate ground contact inherent in this approach may increase hazards due to soil gases including [[Radon]], and those due to water intrusion.&lt;br /&gt;
* Packing or ramming dirt into the inside of tires is a very labor-intensive process.&lt;br /&gt;
* Many Earthship builders are drawn to this system by its apparently low environmental impact.  However, this is only valid if the design is highly thermally efficient. Earthship designs may require substantial thermal analysis and redesign to be adapted to non-Southwest USA climate.&lt;br /&gt;
* Earthships built with concrete, sand bags, or adobe and with better solar and heat control perform better.{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}}&lt;br /&gt;
* Earthships are usually built in areas of extremely low population density, so unless they are entirely self-sufficient, a significant amount of fossil fuels could have to be expended in their construction because of the transportation of materials and workers.  They can be built anywhere, however, and this can mitigate certain issues dealing with fossil fuels and transportation.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Images of Earthships==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;gallery perrow=3 widths=220px heights=160px&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
File:Unfinished Earthship 2.JPG|an unfinished Earthship&lt;br /&gt;
File:Unfinished earthship 3.JPG|an unfinished Earthship&lt;br /&gt;
File:Unfinished Earthship.JPG|an unfinished Earthship&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gallery&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
{{colbegin|3}}&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Antoni Gaudi]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Friedensreich Hundertwasser]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Geothermal]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Hurricane proof building]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Permaculture]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Spaceship Earth]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Steve Baer]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Sustainable architecture]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Repurposing]]&lt;br /&gt;
{{colend}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== References ==&lt;br /&gt;
* Hewitt, M. and Telfer, K. (2007). &#039;&#039;Earthships: building a zero carbon future for homes&#039;&#039;. ISBN 9781860819728&lt;br /&gt;
* Klippel, James H. http://www.garrellassociates.com/EcoDesign.html, green page&lt;br /&gt;
* Reynolds, Mike. (2000).  &#039;&#039;Comfort In Any Climate&#039;&#039;, Taos: Solar Survival P. ISBN 0962676748&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Further reading==&lt;br /&gt;
*  Schirber, Michael. [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/21755230/ &amp;quot;Making Earthships Mainstream&amp;quot;] on &#039;&#039;Going Green at [[msnbc.com]]&#039;&#039;, November 12, 2007.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External links ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{commonscat-inline}}&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.earthshipfloridaproject.com Earthship Florida Project]&lt;br /&gt;
*{{dmoz|Business/Construction_and_Maintenance/Building_Types/Sustainable_Architecture/Earthships/|Earthships}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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[[simple:Earthship]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[sv:Jordskepp]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Jiff64138</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=Earthship&amp;diff=17213</id>
		<title>Earthship</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=Earthship&amp;diff=17213"/>
		<updated>2011-01-26T06:01:48Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Jiff64138: /* A tour through the Earthship Museum */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{refimprove|date=January 2011}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:RegularEarthshipDesign.svg|thumb|300px|The design used with most earthships. A large series of windows characterise the earthsheltered building and the use of tires]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Earthship1.jpg|thumb|A somewhat customized earthship built at [[Rio Arriba County, New Mexico]], USA and shot from the side]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Exterior Jacobsen House Earthship 2009.JPG|thumb| the exterior of a very modern Earthship]]&lt;br /&gt;
An &#039;&#039;&#039;Earthship&#039;&#039;&#039; is a type of [[passive solar]] home made of natural and recycled materials. Designed and marketed by Earthship Biotecture of [[Taos, New Mexico]],  the homes are primarily constructed to work [[Autonomous building|autonomously]] and are generally made of earth-filled [[tires]],  using [[thermal mass]] construction to naturally regulate indoor temperature. They also usually have their own special natural ventilation system. Earthships are generally [[Off-the-grid]] homes, minimizing their reliance on public utilities and [[fossil fuels]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The original Earthships&#039; designs were at first very experimental, but with practice and evolution the houses began looking attractive.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Earthships are built to utilize the available local resources, especially energy from the Sun. For example, windows on sun-facing walls admit lighting and heating, and the buildings are often horseshoe-shaped to maximize natural light and solar-gain during winter months. The thick, dense inner walls provide thermal mass that naturally regulates the interior temperature during both cold and hot outside temperatures.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Internal, non-load-bearing walls are often made of a [[Honeycomb (geometry)|honeycomb]] of recycled cans joined by concrete and are referred to as [[tin can wall]]s. These walls are usually thickly plastered with stucco.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The roof of an Earthship is heavily insulated – often with earth or [[adobe]] – for added energy efficiency.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==History==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Interior Jacobsen House Bathroom Earthship 2009.JPG |thumb|right| a [[bottle wall]] of an Earthship bathroom]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Earthship Bathroom.JPG|thumb|right| an Earthship bathroom]]&lt;br /&gt;
The Earthship, as it exists today, began to take shape in the 1970s. [[Mike Reynolds (architect)|Mike Reynolds]], founder of Earthship Biotecture, a company that specializes in designing and building Earthships, wanted to create a home that would do three things; first, it would be sustainable, using material indigenous to the entire planet as well as recycled materials wherever possible. Second, the homes would rely on natural energy sources and be independent from the “grid”, therefore being less susceptible to natural disasters and free from the electrical and water lines that Reynolds considered unsightly and wasteful. Finally, it would be economically feasible for the average person with no specialized construction skills to be able to create.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Eventually, Reynolds&#039; vision took the form of the common U-shaped earth-filled tire homes seen today.  As a concept, the Earthship was not limited to tires – any dense material with a potential for thermal mass, such as concrete, adobe, or stone could theoretically be used to create an Earthship.  However, the earth-rammed tire version of the Earthship is now the most common design,  and is usually the only structure referred to as “Earthship”.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Bottle, Tire and Brick walls of Earthships.JPG|thumb|right|Earthships are made of Earth-rammed tires, bottles and cans]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unlike other materials, rammed-earth tires are more accessible to the average person.  Scrap tires are ubiquitous around the world and easy to come by; there are an estimated 2 billion tires throughout the United States.  As of 1996, as many as 253 million scrap tires were being generated each year in the United States, with 70% being reclaimed by the scrap tire market (leaving perhaps 75 million scrap tires available for reuse as whole tires).&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Tom Verde, [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0CE0DA133CF931A35751C1A960958260&amp;amp;n=Top%2FReference%2FTimes%20Topics%2FSubjects%2FT%2FTires At Heart of Dispute, Tires by the Acre] (December 2, 1996), The New York Times.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In addition to the availability of scrap tires, the method by which they are converted into usable &amp;quot;bricks&amp;quot;, the ramming of the earth, is simple and affordable.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The earth-rammed tires of an Earthship are usually assembled by teams of two people working together as part of a larger construction team.  One member of the two person team shovels dirt, which usually comes from the building site, placing it into the tire one scoop at a time.  The second member, who stands on the tire, uses a sledge hammer to pack the dirt in.  The second person moves in a circle around the tire to keep the dirt even and avoid warping the tire.  These [[rammed earth]] tires in an Earthship are made in place because, when properly made, they weigh as much as 300 pounds and can be very difficult to relocate.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Additional benefits of the rammed earth tire are its great load-bearing capacity and its resistance to fire.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A fully rammed tire, which is about 2 feet 8&amp;amp;nbsp;inches wide, is massive enough to surpass conventional requirements for structural load distribution to the earth.  Because the tire is full of soil, it does not burn when exposed to fire.  In 1996 after a fire swept through many conventional homes in New Mexico, an Earthship discovered in the aftermath was relatively unharmed. Only the south-facing wall and the roof had burned away, compared to the total destruction of the conventional homes.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Currently, Earthships are in use in almost every state in the United States, as well as many countries in Europe.  The use of insulation on the outside of tire walls, which was not common in early designs, is improving the viability of Earthships in every climate without compromising their durability.  In the year 2000, Mike Reynolds, in partnership with Daren Howarth, launched Earthship Biotecture Europe, an organization that aims to explore and evolve the concept of the Earthship within a European context.  Two more directors were appointed to Earthship Biotecture Europe in July 2006 – Kevan Trott and Kirsten Jacobsen.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Europe ==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Brighton Earthship.JPG|thumb|Brighton Earthship, UK]]&lt;br /&gt;
In 2004, the very first Earthship in the UK was opened at [[Kinghorn]] Loch in Fife, Scotland. It was built by volunteers of the SCI charity. In 2005, the first earthship in England was established in [[Stanmer Park]], [[Brighton]] with the [[Low Carbon Trust]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Earthship biotecture has now finalized plans for a planning application to build on a valuable development site overlooking the [[Brighton Marina]] in the UK. The application follows the successful six-month feasibility study funded by the UK Environment Agency and the Energy Savings Trust. The application calls for sixteen one, two, and three-bedroom earthship homes on this site. The homes are all designed according to basic earthship principles developed in the United States. 15,000 tires will be recycled to construct these homes (the UK burns approximately 40 million tires each year). The plans include the enhancement of habitats on the site for [[lizard]]s that already live there, which is the reasoning behind entitling the project &amp;quot;The Lizard&amp;quot;. This will be the first development of its kind in Europe, and successful development in [[Brighton]] may help to pave the way for similar projects around the UK and other places.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://web.archive.org/web/20071213144133/http://www.earthship.co.uk/earthship-homes.htm Earthship Homes development] (archived from [http://www.earthship.co.uk/earthship-homes.htm the original] on 2007-12-13).&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first official Earthship home in mainland Europe with official planning commission approval was built in a small French village called Ger. The home, which is owned by Kevan and Gillian Trott, was built in April 2007 by Kevan, Mike Reynolds and an Earthship Crew from Taos. The design was modified for a European climate and is seen as the first of many for the European arena. It is currently used as a holiday home for eco-tourists.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kevin Telfer, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/travel/2008/apr/26/top100flightfreeholidays.green Super green European breaks] (26 April 2008 ), The Guardian.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Africa ==&lt;br /&gt;
The first earthship was built by Angel and Yvonne Kamp from 1996 to 1998. They rammed a total of 1,500 tires for the walls. The earthship, near [[Hermanus]], is located in a 60 hectare private nature reserve which is part of a 500000ha area enclosed in a game fence and borders the [[Walker Bay]] Nature Reserve.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;http://www.fynbos.co0.za/html/chaynouqua.htm&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Two new projects are also in early development in [[Africa]], an information and training centre in [[Orania, Northern Cape|Orania]], South Africa&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.aardskip.com Project/Projek Aardskip]. Aardskip.com. Retrieved on 2010-11-26.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and a residential house in [[Swaziland]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.earthships.co.za Sustainable Buildings Earthships » Earthships Sustainable Living South Africa Swaziland]. Earthships.co.za. Retrieved on 2010-11-26.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Systems==&lt;br /&gt;
The Earthship was designed as a structure that would exist in harmony with its environment and be freed from the constraints of modern shelters which rely on centralized utilities.  It is important that the Earthship create its own utilities as well as use readily available and sustainable materials.  In order to be entirely self-sufficient the Earthship needs to be able to handle the three systems of water, electricity, and climate. While these systems are not exclusive to Earthships, a properly designed Earthship must have these systems.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Water==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Interior Jacobsen House Earthship Botanical Cell 2009.JPG|upright|thumb|A botanical cell for greywater treatment featuring interior banana trees]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Rainwater harvesting system.svg|thumb|A domestic rainwater harvesting system]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Active Solar Water Heater Diagram.svg|thumb|Schematic of an active solar heating system]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Collection ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Earthships are designed to catch and use water from the local environment without bringing in water from a centralized source. Water used in an Earthship is harvested from rain, snow and condensation.  As water collects on the roof it is channeled through a silt-catching device and into a cistern.  The cisterns are positioned so they gravity-feed a WOM (water organization module), that filters out bacteria and contaminants, and makes it suitable for drinking. The WOM consists of filters and a DC-pump that are screwed into a panel. Water is then pushed into a conventional pressure tank to create common household water pressure.  Water collected in this fashion is used for any household activity except flushing toilets the conventional way. Rather, the water used for flushing toilets has been used at least once already: frequently it is filtered waste-water from sinks and showers, and described as &amp;quot;Greywater&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Greywater ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Greywater]], water that has been used and is unsuitable for drinking, is used within the Earthship for a multitude of purposes once it is reclaimed.  First, before the greywater can be reused, it is channeled through a grease and particle filter/digester and into a 30”-60&amp;quot; deep rubber-lined [[botanical cell]], a miniature [[living machine]], within the Earthship. This filter with imbedded plants can potentially also be used to produce food (by using a [[fruit tree]], ...). [[Water oxygenation|Oxygenation]], [[filtration]], [[transpiration]], and bacteria-encounter all take place within the cell and help to cleanse the water (Reynolds 2000).  Within the botanical cell, filtration is achieved by passing the water through a mixture of gravel and plant roots.  Because of the nature of plants, oxygen is added to the water as it filters, while nitrogen is removed.  Water taken up through the plants and transpired at their tops helps to humidify the air.  In the cell, bacteria will naturally grow and help to cleanse the water.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Water from the low end of the botanical cell is then directed through a peat-moss filter and collected in a reservoir or well.  This reclaimed water is then passed once more through a greywater board and used to flush conventional toilets.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Often, any greywater that is made at earthships is not polluted enough to justify treatment (its &amp;quot;pollution&amp;quot; being usually just soap, which is often not environmentally damaging). At earthships, the use of plants placed at outlets of fixtures is then practiced to regain the water and the nutrients lost (from the soaps, etc.).. Usually, a single plant is placed directly in front of the pipe, but mini drain-fields are also sometimes used. The pipe is made large enough (5,08&amp;amp;nbsp;cm) so that the formation of underground gas (from the greywater) is avoided. This is done with kitchen and bathroom sinks, and even showers, washing machines, and dishwashing machines. The plants are usually placed indoors with the sinks and outdoors with the washing/dishwashing machines and shower (to avoid indoor &amp;quot;floods&amp;quot;). Also, with the latter, larger drain-fields are used instead of a mere plant being placed before an outlet.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://melinathinks.wordpress.com/category/earthship-greywater-plantergreenhouse/ Plants placed at fixtures]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.greenhomebuilding.com/earthship.htm Plants placed at fixtures in earthships]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Black water===&lt;br /&gt;
[[Blackwater (waste)|Black water]], water that has been used in a toilet, was usually not created within many of the earliest earthships as the use of conventional toilets was discouraged.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Earthship Volume 2:Systems and components&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Instead, in the early days [[composting toilet]]s were advocated, which use no water at all. However, with the new greywater treatment system design (used in Nautilus, Helios, ...) created by Michael Reynolds, flush toilets have now found a place in the earthship and the general water system has been redesigned according to the new &amp;quot;6-step process&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://heliohouse.com/tech.htm New water purification system process at Helios house: overview with pictures]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.earthship.net/modules.php?name=News&amp;amp;file=article&amp;amp;sid=25 Wastewater path]{{Citation broken|date=March 2009}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Now, when the newly included flush-toilets are used, blackwater is not reused within the Earthship.  Instead, blackwater is sent to a solar-enhanced septic tank with leach-field and planter cells (the whole being often referred to as the “incubator”).  The solar-enhanced septic tank is a regular [[septic tank]] which is heated by the sun and glazed with an equator-facing window. The incubator stores the sun&#039;s heat in its concrete mass, and is insulated, to help the anaerobic process.  Water from the incubator is channeled out to an exterior [[leach field]] and then to landscaping &amp;quot;planter cells&amp;quot; (spaces surrounded by concrete in which plants have been put). The cells are similar to the botanical cell used in greywater treatment and are usually placed just before and under the windows of the earthship.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In cases where it is not possible to use flush-toilets operating on water, [[dry solar toilet]]s are now advocated, instead of &#039;&#039;regular&#039;&#039; [[composting toilet]]s. If this is the case, obviously no black water is formed and the use of an incubator is thus (usually) not necessary. Instead, regular &amp;quot;planters&amp;quot; (plants used for sucking up water/nutrients) are then used. When using regular planters as well, no chemical soaps or detergents can be used.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The space where the WOM (water organization module), graywater pump panel, pressure tank, (first set of) batteries, and POM (power organising module) are stored is in a small room referred to as the &amp;quot;systems package&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Electricity==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Wind generator system.jpg|upright|thumb|Parts of DIY Wind turbine]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:PVSolarSystem.svg|thumb|A PV-solar system]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Earthships are designed to collect and store their own energy from a variety of sources.  The majority of electrical energy is harvested from the sun and wind.  [[Photovoltaic]] panels and [[windturbine]]s located on or near the Earthship generate DC energy that is then stored in several types of [[deep-cycle batteries]]. The space in which the batteries are kept is usually a special, purpose-built room placed on the roof. Additional energy, if required, can be obtained from gasoline-powered generators or by integrating with the city grid.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In an Earthship, a Power Organizing Module is used to take stored energy from batteries and [[Inverter (electrical)|invert]] it for AC use.  The Power Organizing Module is a prefabricated system provided by Earthship Biotecture that is simply attached to a wall on the interior of the Earthship and wired in a conventional manner. It includes the necessary equipment such as [[circuit breakers]] and [[Voltage converter|converters]]. The energy run through the Power Organizing Module can be used to run any house-hold appliance including washing machines, computers, kitchen appliances, print machines, vacuums, etc.  Generally, none of the electrical energy in an Earthship is used for heating or cooling.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://earthship.com/systems/energy.php] {{Dead link|date=March 2009|url=http://earthship.com/systems/energy.php}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;{{Failed verification|date=March 2009}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Climate==&lt;br /&gt;
The interior climate of an Earthship is stabilized and made comfortable by taking advantage of many phenomena. Mainly, the Earthship tries to take advantage of the properties of thermal mass and passive solar heating and cooling. Examples are large front windows with integrated [[shades]], [[trombe wall]]s and other technologies such as [[Skylight (window)#Skylights|skylights]] or [[Steve Baer|Track Rack solar trackers]] (dualling as an energy generation device and passive solar source.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The load-bearing walls of an Earthship, which are made from [[Steel-belted radial|steel-belted tires]] rammed with earth, serve two purposes. First, they hold up the roof, and second, they provide a dense [[thermal mass]] that will soak up heat during the day and radiate heat during the night, keeping the interior climate relatively comfortable all day.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition to high thermal mass, some Earthships may be [[Earth sheltering|earth-sheltered]].  The benefits of earth-sheltering are twofold because it adds to the thermal mass and, if the Earthship is buried deep enough, allows the structure to take advantage of the Earth&#039;s stable temperature.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Earthship is designed in such a way that the sun provides heating, ventilation, and lighting.  To take advantage of the sun, an Earthship is positioned so that its principal wall, which is nonstructural and made mostly of glass sheets, faces directly towards the equator.  This positioning allows for optimum solar exposure.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To allow the sun to heat the mass of the Earthship, the solar-orientated wall is angled so that it is perpendicular to light from the winter sun.  This allows for maximum exposure in the winter, when heat is wanted, and lesser exposure in the summer, when heat is to be avoided.  Some Earthships, especially those built in colder climates, use insulated shading on the solar-orientated wall to reduce heat loss during the night (Reynolds 2000).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Natural ventilation===&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:EarthshipVentilation new.png|thumb|The ventilation system of an earthship]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The earthships usually use their own [[natural ventilation]] system. It consists of cold(er) air coming in from a front (&amp;quot;hopper&amp;quot;) window, especially made for this purpose and flowing out through (one of) the skylights that are placed on the earthship. As hot air rises, the system maintains itself and keeps sucking in (and out), air.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Heating problems==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:PHOENIXBATH.jpg|thumb|[[Bottle wall]]s are used in earthships such as this earthship bathroom, located in Phoenix Earthship, Taos, NM, USA]]&lt;br /&gt;
Earthships rely on a balance between the solar heat gain and the ability of the tire walls and subsoil to transport and store heat.  The design intends to require little if any auxiliary heat. Some earthships have suffered from over-heating and some from over-cooling.&amp;lt;!-- please provide a reference(s) to substantiate the claim that this problem is due to &amp;quot;failure to adjust to local conditions&amp;quot; and not a broader problem with the fundamental design --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Some earthships appear to have serious problems with heat loss. In these cases heat appears to be leaking into the ground constantly during the heating season and being lost. This situation may have arisen from the mistaken belief that ground-coupled structures (building in thermal contact with the ground) do not require insulation. The situation may also be due to large climatic differences between the sunny, arid, and warm Southwest (of the USA) where earthships were first built and the cloudier, cooler, and wetter climates where some are now being built. [[Malcolm Wells]], an architect and authority on earth-sheltered design, recommends [[R-value (insulation)|R-value]] 10 insulation between deep soils and heated spaces. Wells&#039;s insulation recommendations increase as the depth of the soil decreases.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In very limited and specific situations, uncommon during the heating season, [[thermal mass]] can marginally increase the apparent R-value of a building assembly such as a wall.  Generally speaking [[thermal mass]] and [[R-value (insulation)|R-value]] are distinct thermodynamic properties and should not be equated.  Thermal performance problems apparently seen in some earthship designs may have occurred because of thermal mass being erroneously equated to R-value. The R-value of soil is about 1 per foot.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.engext.ksu.edu/ees/henergy/envelope/basement.html Kansas State University Extension Service]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Potential advantages==&lt;br /&gt;
* Having an earth-bermed home with windows facing the sun is a good idea in any climate where heating is required.&lt;br /&gt;
* Collecting rainwater that falls on the roof reduces the runoff impact of the building and may reduce water and even sewer service fees.&lt;br /&gt;
* Having a combination of [[photovoltaic cells]] and wind generation is a prudent way to provide electricity in many situations.&lt;br /&gt;
* Using curved modules as horizontal arches to resist earth loads is a sound structural design.&lt;br /&gt;
* On-site processing of runoff water, grey water, and black water using plant beds reduces the environmental impact of the building.&lt;br /&gt;
* Rubber tires make a wind- and puncture- resistant wall.  They may be safe from [[outgassing]] when plastered semi-airtight.&lt;br /&gt;
* Rubber tires are usually free and it may be possible to be paid to take them.  It also is beneficial to keep them out of landfills or prevent them from being illegally burnt.&lt;br /&gt;
*Potential to eliminate utility bills.&lt;br /&gt;
*The structure is highly moldable to different aesthetic tastes.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Potential disadvantages==&lt;br /&gt;
* The sloped glazing may be hard to keep watertight and in warm climates allows excessive solar gain in summer. In colder climates, the glazing itself, which has far poorer insulating properties than any other component, will obviously be the major conduit of heat loss in winter. New designs call for vertical windows with an overhang.&lt;br /&gt;
* Uninsulated ground-coupled thermal mass presents a large potential for heat loss, especially in climates with a heating season.  This varies to a degree with soil type and moisture content.{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}}&lt;br /&gt;
* Rubber-tire walls tend to lack structural stiffness and may require perpendicular stiffening ribs.{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}}&lt;br /&gt;
* Most solar photovoltaic systems suffer from poor efficiency and some wind systems only generate in periods of high wind velocity.&lt;br /&gt;
* The novel design may diminish resale value or make buyers more difficult to find.&lt;br /&gt;
* The intimate ground contact inherent in this approach may increase hazards due to soil gases including [[Radon]], and those due to water intrusion.&lt;br /&gt;
* Packing or ramming dirt into the inside of tires is a very labor-intensive process.&lt;br /&gt;
* Many Earthship builders are drawn to this system by its apparently low environmental impact.  However, this is only valid if the design is highly thermally efficient. Earthship designs may require substantial thermal analysis and redesign to be adapted to non-Southwest USA climate.&lt;br /&gt;
* Earthships built with concrete, sand bags, or adobe and with better solar and heat control perform better.{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}}&lt;br /&gt;
* Earthships are usually built in areas of extremely low population density, so unless they are entirely self-sufficient, a significant amount of fossil fuels could have to be expended in their construction because of the transportation of materials and workers.  They can be built anywhere, however, and this can mitigate certain issues dealing with fossil fuels and transportation.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Images of Earthships==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;gallery perrow=3 widths=220px heights=160px&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
File:Unfinished Earthship 2.JPG|an unfinished Earthship&lt;br /&gt;
File:Unfinished earthship 3.JPG|an unfinished Earthship&lt;br /&gt;
File:Unfinished Earthship.JPG|an unfinished Earthship&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gallery&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
{{colbegin|3}}&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Antoni Gaudi]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Friedensreich Hundertwasser]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Geothermal]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Hurricane proof building]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Permaculture]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Spaceship Earth]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Steve Baer]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Sustainable architecture]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Repurposing]]&lt;br /&gt;
{{colend}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== References ==&lt;br /&gt;
* Hewitt, M. and Telfer, K. (2007). &#039;&#039;Earthships: building a zero carbon future for homes&#039;&#039;. ISBN 9781860819728&lt;br /&gt;
* Klippel, James H. http://www.garrellassociates.com/EcoDesign.html, green page&lt;br /&gt;
* Reynolds, Mike. (2000).  &#039;&#039;Comfort In Any Climate&#039;&#039;, Taos: Solar Survival P. ISBN 0962676748&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Further reading==&lt;br /&gt;
*  Schirber, Michael. [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/21755230/ &amp;quot;Making Earthships Mainstream&amp;quot;] on &#039;&#039;Going Green at [[msnbc.com]]&#039;&#039;, November 12, 2007.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External links ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{commonscat-inline}}&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.earthshipfloridaproject.com Earthship Florida Project]&lt;br /&gt;
*{{dmoz|Business/Construction_and_Maintenance/Building_Types/Sustainable_Architecture/Earthships/|Earthships}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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[[fr:Earthship]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[nl:Earthship]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[no:Jordskip]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[simple:Earthship]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[sv:Jordskepp]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Jiff64138</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=Earthship&amp;diff=17212</id>
		<title>Earthship</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=Earthship&amp;diff=17212"/>
		<updated>2011-01-26T06:01:25Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Jiff64138: /* Notes */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{refimprove|date=January 2011}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:RegularEarthshipDesign.svg|thumb|300px|The design used with most earthships. A large series of windows characterise the earthsheltered building and the use of tires]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Earthship1.jpg|thumb|A somewhat customized earthship built at [[Rio Arriba County, New Mexico]], USA and shot from the side]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Exterior Jacobsen House Earthship 2009.JPG|thumb| the exterior of a very modern Earthship]]&lt;br /&gt;
An &#039;&#039;&#039;Earthship&#039;&#039;&#039; is a type of [[passive solar]] home made of natural and recycled materials. Designed and marketed by Earthship Biotecture of [[Taos, New Mexico]],  the homes are primarily constructed to work [[Autonomous building|autonomously]] and are generally made of earth-filled [[tires]],  using [[thermal mass]] construction to naturally regulate indoor temperature. They also usually have their own special natural ventilation system. Earthships are generally [[Off-the-grid]] homes, minimizing their reliance on public utilities and [[fossil fuels]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The original Earthships&#039; designs were at first very experimental, but with practice and evolution the houses began looking attractive.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Earthships are built to utilize the available local resources, especially energy from the Sun. For example, windows on sun-facing walls admit lighting and heating, and the buildings are often horseshoe-shaped to maximize natural light and solar-gain during winter months. The thick, dense inner walls provide thermal mass that naturally regulates the interior temperature during both cold and hot outside temperatures.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Internal, non-load-bearing walls are often made of a [[Honeycomb (geometry)|honeycomb]] of recycled cans joined by concrete and are referred to as [[tin can wall]]s. These walls are usually thickly plastered with stucco.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The roof of an Earthship is heavily insulated – often with earth or [[adobe]] – for added energy efficiency.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==History==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Interior Jacobsen House Bathroom Earthship 2009.JPG |thumb|right| a [[bottle wall]] of an Earthship bathroom]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Earthship Bathroom.JPG|thumb|right| an Earthship bathroom]]&lt;br /&gt;
The Earthship, as it exists today, began to take shape in the 1970s. [[Mike Reynolds (architect)|Mike Reynolds]], founder of Earthship Biotecture, a company that specializes in designing and building Earthships, wanted to create a home that would do three things; first, it would be sustainable, using material indigenous to the entire planet as well as recycled materials wherever possible. Second, the homes would rely on natural energy sources and be independent from the “grid”, therefore being less susceptible to natural disasters and free from the electrical and water lines that Reynolds considered unsightly and wasteful. Finally, it would be economically feasible for the average person with no specialized construction skills to be able to create.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Eventually, Reynolds&#039; vision took the form of the common U-shaped earth-filled tire homes seen today.  As a concept, the Earthship was not limited to tires – any dense material with a potential for thermal mass, such as concrete, adobe, or stone could theoretically be used to create an Earthship.  However, the earth-rammed tire version of the Earthship is now the most common design,  and is usually the only structure referred to as “Earthship”.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Bottle, Tire and Brick walls of Earthships.JPG|thumb|right|Earthships are made of Earth-rammed tires, bottles and cans]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unlike other materials, rammed-earth tires are more accessible to the average person.  Scrap tires are ubiquitous around the world and easy to come by; there are an estimated 2 billion tires throughout the United States.  As of 1996, as many as 253 million scrap tires were being generated each year in the United States, with 70% being reclaimed by the scrap tire market (leaving perhaps 75 million scrap tires available for reuse as whole tires).&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Tom Verde, [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0CE0DA133CF931A35751C1A960958260&amp;amp;n=Top%2FReference%2FTimes%20Topics%2FSubjects%2FT%2FTires At Heart of Dispute, Tires by the Acre] (December 2, 1996), The New York Times.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In addition to the availability of scrap tires, the method by which they are converted into usable &amp;quot;bricks&amp;quot;, the ramming of the earth, is simple and affordable.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The earth-rammed tires of an Earthship are usually assembled by teams of two people working together as part of a larger construction team.  One member of the two person team shovels dirt, which usually comes from the building site, placing it into the tire one scoop at a time.  The second member, who stands on the tire, uses a sledge hammer to pack the dirt in.  The second person moves in a circle around the tire to keep the dirt even and avoid warping the tire.  These [[rammed earth]] tires in an Earthship are made in place because, when properly made, they weigh as much as 300 pounds and can be very difficult to relocate.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Additional benefits of the rammed earth tire are its great load-bearing capacity and its resistance to fire.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A fully rammed tire, which is about 2 feet 8&amp;amp;nbsp;inches wide, is massive enough to surpass conventional requirements for structural load distribution to the earth.  Because the tire is full of soil, it does not burn when exposed to fire.  In 1996 after a fire swept through many conventional homes in New Mexico, an Earthship discovered in the aftermath was relatively unharmed. Only the south-facing wall and the roof had burned away, compared to the total destruction of the conventional homes.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Currently, Earthships are in use in almost every state in the United States, as well as many countries in Europe.  The use of insulation on the outside of tire walls, which was not common in early designs, is improving the viability of Earthships in every climate without compromising their durability.  In the year 2000, Mike Reynolds, in partnership with Daren Howarth, launched Earthship Biotecture Europe, an organization that aims to explore and evolve the concept of the Earthship within a European context.  Two more directors were appointed to Earthship Biotecture Europe in July 2006 – Kevan Trott and Kirsten Jacobsen.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Europe ==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Brighton Earthship.JPG|thumb|Brighton Earthship, UK]]&lt;br /&gt;
In 2004, the very first Earthship in the UK was opened at [[Kinghorn]] Loch in Fife, Scotland. It was built by volunteers of the SCI charity. In 2005, the first earthship in England was established in [[Stanmer Park]], [[Brighton]] with the [[Low Carbon Trust]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Earthship biotecture has now finalized plans for a planning application to build on a valuable development site overlooking the [[Brighton Marina]] in the UK. The application follows the successful six-month feasibility study funded by the UK Environment Agency and the Energy Savings Trust. The application calls for sixteen one, two, and three-bedroom earthship homes on this site. The homes are all designed according to basic earthship principles developed in the United States. 15,000 tires will be recycled to construct these homes (the UK burns approximately 40 million tires each year). The plans include the enhancement of habitats on the site for [[lizard]]s that already live there, which is the reasoning behind entitling the project &amp;quot;The Lizard&amp;quot;. This will be the first development of its kind in Europe, and successful development in [[Brighton]] may help to pave the way for similar projects around the UK and other places.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://web.archive.org/web/20071213144133/http://www.earthship.co.uk/earthship-homes.htm Earthship Homes development] (archived from [http://www.earthship.co.uk/earthship-homes.htm the original] on 2007-12-13).&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first official Earthship home in mainland Europe with official planning commission approval was built in a small French village called Ger. The home, which is owned by Kevan and Gillian Trott, was built in April 2007 by Kevan, Mike Reynolds and an Earthship Crew from Taos. The design was modified for a European climate and is seen as the first of many for the European arena. It is currently used as a holiday home for eco-tourists.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kevin Telfer, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/travel/2008/apr/26/top100flightfreeholidays.green Super green European breaks] (26 April 2008 ), The Guardian.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Africa ==&lt;br /&gt;
The first earthship was built by Angel and Yvonne Kamp from 1996 to 1998. They rammed a total of 1,500 tires for the walls. The earthship, near [[Hermanus]], is located in a 60 hectare private nature reserve which is part of a 500000ha area enclosed in a game fence and borders the [[Walker Bay]] Nature Reserve.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;http://www.fynbos.co0.za/html/chaynouqua.htm&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Two new projects are also in early development in [[Africa]], an information and training centre in [[Orania, Northern Cape|Orania]], South Africa&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.aardskip.com Project/Projek Aardskip]. Aardskip.com. Retrieved on 2010-11-26.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and a residential house in [[Swaziland]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.earthships.co.za Sustainable Buildings Earthships » Earthships Sustainable Living South Africa Swaziland]. Earthships.co.za. Retrieved on 2010-11-26.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Systems==&lt;br /&gt;
The Earthship was designed as a structure that would exist in harmony with its environment and be freed from the constraints of modern shelters which rely on centralized utilities.  It is important that the Earthship create its own utilities as well as use readily available and sustainable materials.  In order to be entirely self-sufficient the Earthship needs to be able to handle the three systems of water, electricity, and climate. While these systems are not exclusive to Earthships, a properly designed Earthship must have these systems.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Water==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Interior Jacobsen House Earthship Botanical Cell 2009.JPG|upright|thumb|A botanical cell for greywater treatment featuring interior banana trees]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Rainwater harvesting system.svg|thumb|A domestic rainwater harvesting system]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Active Solar Water Heater Diagram.svg|thumb|Schematic of an active solar heating system]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Collection ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Earthships are designed to catch and use water from the local environment without bringing in water from a centralized source. Water used in an Earthship is harvested from rain, snow and condensation.  As water collects on the roof it is channeled through a silt-catching device and into a cistern.  The cisterns are positioned so they gravity-feed a WOM (water organization module), that filters out bacteria and contaminants, and makes it suitable for drinking. The WOM consists of filters and a DC-pump that are screwed into a panel. Water is then pushed into a conventional pressure tank to create common household water pressure.  Water collected in this fashion is used for any household activity except flushing toilets the conventional way. Rather, the water used for flushing toilets has been used at least once already: frequently it is filtered waste-water from sinks and showers, and described as &amp;quot;Greywater&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Greywater ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Greywater]], water that has been used and is unsuitable for drinking, is used within the Earthship for a multitude of purposes once it is reclaimed.  First, before the greywater can be reused, it is channeled through a grease and particle filter/digester and into a 30”-60&amp;quot; deep rubber-lined [[botanical cell]], a miniature [[living machine]], within the Earthship. This filter with imbedded plants can potentially also be used to produce food (by using a [[fruit tree]], ...). [[Water oxygenation|Oxygenation]], [[filtration]], [[transpiration]], and bacteria-encounter all take place within the cell and help to cleanse the water (Reynolds 2000).  Within the botanical cell, filtration is achieved by passing the water through a mixture of gravel and plant roots.  Because of the nature of plants, oxygen is added to the water as it filters, while nitrogen is removed.  Water taken up through the plants and transpired at their tops helps to humidify the air.  In the cell, bacteria will naturally grow and help to cleanse the water.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Water from the low end of the botanical cell is then directed through a peat-moss filter and collected in a reservoir or well.  This reclaimed water is then passed once more through a greywater board and used to flush conventional toilets.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Often, any greywater that is made at earthships is not polluted enough to justify treatment (its &amp;quot;pollution&amp;quot; being usually just soap, which is often not environmentally damaging). At earthships, the use of plants placed at outlets of fixtures is then practiced to regain the water and the nutrients lost (from the soaps, etc.).. Usually, a single plant is placed directly in front of the pipe, but mini drain-fields are also sometimes used. The pipe is made large enough (5,08&amp;amp;nbsp;cm) so that the formation of underground gas (from the greywater) is avoided. This is done with kitchen and bathroom sinks, and even showers, washing machines, and dishwashing machines. The plants are usually placed indoors with the sinks and outdoors with the washing/dishwashing machines and shower (to avoid indoor &amp;quot;floods&amp;quot;). Also, with the latter, larger drain-fields are used instead of a mere plant being placed before an outlet.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://melinathinks.wordpress.com/category/earthship-greywater-plantergreenhouse/ Plants placed at fixtures]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.greenhomebuilding.com/earthship.htm Plants placed at fixtures in earthships]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Black water===&lt;br /&gt;
[[Blackwater (waste)|Black water]], water that has been used in a toilet, was usually not created within many of the earliest earthships as the use of conventional toilets was discouraged.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Earthship Volume 2:Systems and components&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Instead, in the early days [[composting toilet]]s were advocated, which use no water at all. However, with the new greywater treatment system design (used in Nautilus, Helios, ...) created by Michael Reynolds, flush toilets have now found a place in the earthship and the general water system has been redesigned according to the new &amp;quot;6-step process&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://heliohouse.com/tech.htm New water purification system process at Helios house: overview with pictures]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.earthship.net/modules.php?name=News&amp;amp;file=article&amp;amp;sid=25 Wastewater path]{{Citation broken|date=March 2009}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Now, when the newly included flush-toilets are used, blackwater is not reused within the Earthship.  Instead, blackwater is sent to a solar-enhanced septic tank with leach-field and planter cells (the whole being often referred to as the “incubator”).  The solar-enhanced septic tank is a regular [[septic tank]] which is heated by the sun and glazed with an equator-facing window. The incubator stores the sun&#039;s heat in its concrete mass, and is insulated, to help the anaerobic process.  Water from the incubator is channeled out to an exterior [[leach field]] and then to landscaping &amp;quot;planter cells&amp;quot; (spaces surrounded by concrete in which plants have been put). The cells are similar to the botanical cell used in greywater treatment and are usually placed just before and under the windows of the earthship.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In cases where it is not possible to use flush-toilets operating on water, [[dry solar toilet]]s are now advocated, instead of &#039;&#039;regular&#039;&#039; [[composting toilet]]s. If this is the case, obviously no black water is formed and the use of an incubator is thus (usually) not necessary. Instead, regular &amp;quot;planters&amp;quot; (plants used for sucking up water/nutrients) are then used. When using regular planters as well, no chemical soaps or detergents can be used.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The space where the WOM (water organization module), graywater pump panel, pressure tank, (first set of) batteries, and POM (power organising module) are stored is in a small room referred to as the &amp;quot;systems package&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Electricity==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Wind generator system.jpg|upright|thumb|Parts of DIY Wind turbine]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:PVSolarSystem.svg|thumb|A PV-solar system]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Earthships are designed to collect and store their own energy from a variety of sources.  The majority of electrical energy is harvested from the sun and wind.  [[Photovoltaic]] panels and [[windturbine]]s located on or near the Earthship generate DC energy that is then stored in several types of [[deep-cycle batteries]]. The space in which the batteries are kept is usually a special, purpose-built room placed on the roof. Additional energy, if required, can be obtained from gasoline-powered generators or by integrating with the city grid.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In an Earthship, a Power Organizing Module is used to take stored energy from batteries and [[Inverter (electrical)|invert]] it for AC use.  The Power Organizing Module is a prefabricated system provided by Earthship Biotecture that is simply attached to a wall on the interior of the Earthship and wired in a conventional manner. It includes the necessary equipment such as [[circuit breakers]] and [[Voltage converter|converters]]. The energy run through the Power Organizing Module can be used to run any house-hold appliance including washing machines, computers, kitchen appliances, print machines, vacuums, etc.  Generally, none of the electrical energy in an Earthship is used for heating or cooling.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://earthship.com/systems/energy.php] {{Dead link|date=March 2009|url=http://earthship.com/systems/energy.php}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;{{Failed verification|date=March 2009}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Climate==&lt;br /&gt;
The interior climate of an Earthship is stabilized and made comfortable by taking advantage of many phenomena. Mainly, the Earthship tries to take advantage of the properties of thermal mass and passive solar heating and cooling. Examples are large front windows with integrated [[shades]], [[trombe wall]]s and other technologies such as [[Skylight (window)#Skylights|skylights]] or [[Steve Baer|Track Rack solar trackers]] (dualling as an energy generation device and passive solar source.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The load-bearing walls of an Earthship, which are made from [[Steel-belted radial|steel-belted tires]] rammed with earth, serve two purposes. First, they hold up the roof, and second, they provide a dense [[thermal mass]] that will soak up heat during the day and radiate heat during the night, keeping the interior climate relatively comfortable all day.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition to high thermal mass, some Earthships may be [[Earth sheltering|earth-sheltered]].  The benefits of earth-sheltering are twofold because it adds to the thermal mass and, if the Earthship is buried deep enough, allows the structure to take advantage of the Earth&#039;s stable temperature.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Earthship is designed in such a way that the sun provides heating, ventilation, and lighting.  To take advantage of the sun, an Earthship is positioned so that its principal wall, which is nonstructural and made mostly of glass sheets, faces directly towards the equator.  This positioning allows for optimum solar exposure.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To allow the sun to heat the mass of the Earthship, the solar-orientated wall is angled so that it is perpendicular to light from the winter sun.  This allows for maximum exposure in the winter, when heat is wanted, and lesser exposure in the summer, when heat is to be avoided.  Some Earthships, especially those built in colder climates, use insulated shading on the solar-orientated wall to reduce heat loss during the night (Reynolds 2000).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Natural ventilation===&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:EarthshipVentilation new.png|thumb|The ventilation system of an earthship]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The earthships usually use their own [[natural ventilation]] system. It consists of cold(er) air coming in from a front (&amp;quot;hopper&amp;quot;) window, especially made for this purpose and flowing out through (one of) the skylights that are placed on the earthship. As hot air rises, the system maintains itself and keeps sucking in (and out), air.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Heating problems==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:PHOENIXBATH.jpg|thumb|[[Bottle wall]]s are used in earthships such as this earthship bathroom, located in Phoenix Earthship, Taos, NM, USA]]&lt;br /&gt;
Earthships rely on a balance between the solar heat gain and the ability of the tire walls and subsoil to transport and store heat.  The design intends to require little if any auxiliary heat. Some earthships have suffered from over-heating and some from over-cooling.&amp;lt;!-- please provide a reference(s) to substantiate the claim that this problem is due to &amp;quot;failure to adjust to local conditions&amp;quot; and not a broader problem with the fundamental design --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Some earthships appear to have serious problems with heat loss. In these cases heat appears to be leaking into the ground constantly during the heating season and being lost. This situation may have arisen from the mistaken belief that ground-coupled structures (building in thermal contact with the ground) do not require insulation. The situation may also be due to large climatic differences between the sunny, arid, and warm Southwest (of the USA) where earthships were first built and the cloudier, cooler, and wetter climates where some are now being built. [[Malcolm Wells]], an architect and authority on earth-sheltered design, recommends [[R-value (insulation)|R-value]] 10 insulation between deep soils and heated spaces. Wells&#039;s insulation recommendations increase as the depth of the soil decreases.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In very limited and specific situations, uncommon during the heating season, [[thermal mass]] can marginally increase the apparent R-value of a building assembly such as a wall.  Generally speaking [[thermal mass]] and [[R-value (insulation)|R-value]] are distinct thermodynamic properties and should not be equated.  Thermal performance problems apparently seen in some earthship designs may have occurred because of thermal mass being erroneously equated to R-value. The R-value of soil is about 1 per foot.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.engext.ksu.edu/ees/henergy/envelope/basement.html Kansas State University Extension Service]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Potential advantages==&lt;br /&gt;
* Having an earth-bermed home with windows facing the sun is a good idea in any climate where heating is required.&lt;br /&gt;
* Collecting rainwater that falls on the roof reduces the runoff impact of the building and may reduce water and even sewer service fees.&lt;br /&gt;
* Having a combination of [[photovoltaic cells]] and wind generation is a prudent way to provide electricity in many situations.&lt;br /&gt;
* Using curved modules as horizontal arches to resist earth loads is a sound structural design.&lt;br /&gt;
* On-site processing of runoff water, grey water, and black water using plant beds reduces the environmental impact of the building.&lt;br /&gt;
* Rubber tires make a wind- and puncture- resistant wall.  They may be safe from [[outgassing]] when plastered semi-airtight.&lt;br /&gt;
* Rubber tires are usually free and it may be possible to be paid to take them.  It also is beneficial to keep them out of landfills or prevent them from being illegally burnt.&lt;br /&gt;
*Potential to eliminate utility bills.&lt;br /&gt;
*The structure is highly moldable to different aesthetic tastes.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Potential disadvantages==&lt;br /&gt;
* The sloped glazing may be hard to keep watertight and in warm climates allows excessive solar gain in summer. In colder climates, the glazing itself, which has far poorer insulating properties than any other component, will obviously be the major conduit of heat loss in winter. New designs call for vertical windows with an overhang.&lt;br /&gt;
* Uninsulated ground-coupled thermal mass presents a large potential for heat loss, especially in climates with a heating season.  This varies to a degree with soil type and moisture content.{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}}&lt;br /&gt;
* Rubber-tire walls tend to lack structural stiffness and may require perpendicular stiffening ribs.{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}}&lt;br /&gt;
* Most solar photovoltaic systems suffer from poor efficiency and some wind systems only generate in periods of high wind velocity.&lt;br /&gt;
* The novel design may diminish resale value or make buyers more difficult to find.&lt;br /&gt;
* The intimate ground contact inherent in this approach may increase hazards due to soil gases including [[Radon]], and those due to water intrusion.&lt;br /&gt;
* Packing or ramming dirt into the inside of tires is a very labor-intensive process.&lt;br /&gt;
* Many Earthship builders are drawn to this system by its apparently low environmental impact.  However, this is only valid if the design is highly thermally efficient. Earthship designs may require substantial thermal analysis and redesign to be adapted to non-Southwest USA climate.&lt;br /&gt;
* Earthships built with concrete, sand bags, or adobe and with better solar and heat control perform better.{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}}&lt;br /&gt;
* Earthships are usually built in areas of extremely low population density, so unless they are entirely self-sufficient, a significant amount of fossil fuels could have to be expended in their construction because of the transportation of materials and workers.  They can be built anywhere, however, and this can mitigate certain issues dealing with fossil fuels and transportation.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==A tour through the Earthship Museum==&lt;br /&gt;
{{double image|left|Earthship museum 1 greywater treatment planter.JPG|300|Earthship museum1 botanical cell featuring jade and banana plants.JPG|300|A greywater treatment botanical cell featuring [[Jade]] and [[banana]] plants}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{double image|left|Earthship museum 2 operable skylight.JPG|300|Earthship museum 2 operable skylight seen.JPG|300|an operable [[skylight]]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Earthship museum 3 Tire walls.JPG|thumb|left|300px| Tire walls]]&lt;br /&gt;
{{double image|left|Earthship museum 4 scupper silt catch.JPG|300|Earthship museum 4 silt catch.JPG|300|Scupper / Silt Catch}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Earthship museum 5 indoor cistern.JPG|thumb|left|300px| Indoor Cistern]]&lt;br /&gt;
{{double image|left|Earthship museum 6 water org module.JPG|300|Earthship museum 6 water organizing module.JPG|300| Water Organizing Module}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Earthship museum 7 pressure tank.JPG|thumb|left|300px| pressure tank]]&lt;br /&gt;
{{double image|left|Earthship museum 8 power org module.JPG|300|Earthship museum 8 power organizing module.JPG|300|Power Organizing Module}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Earthship museum 9 battery room.JPG|thumb|left|300px|Battery Room ]]&lt;br /&gt;
{{double image|left|Earthship museum 11 can and cement bathtub.JPG|300|Earthship museum 11 can and cement bathtubb.JPG|300|Can and Cement Bathtub}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Earthship museum 12 can and bottle wall.JPG|thumb|left|300px|Can and bottle wall ]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Earthship museum 13 oiled mud wall .JPG|thumb|left|300px| Oiled Mud wall]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Earthship museum 14 greywater pump.JPG|thumb|left|300px| Greywater pump]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Images of Earthships==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;gallery perrow=3 widths=220px heights=160px&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
File:Unfinished Earthship 2.JPG|an unfinished Earthship&lt;br /&gt;
File:Unfinished earthship 3.JPG|an unfinished Earthship&lt;br /&gt;
File:Unfinished Earthship.JPG|an unfinished Earthship&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gallery&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
{{colbegin|3}}&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Antoni Gaudi]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Friedensreich Hundertwasser]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Geothermal]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Hurricane proof building]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Permaculture]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Spaceship Earth]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Steve Baer]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Sustainable architecture]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Repurposing]]&lt;br /&gt;
{{colend}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== References ==&lt;br /&gt;
* Hewitt, M. and Telfer, K. (2007). &#039;&#039;Earthships: building a zero carbon future for homes&#039;&#039;. ISBN 9781860819728&lt;br /&gt;
* Klippel, James H. http://www.garrellassociates.com/EcoDesign.html, green page&lt;br /&gt;
* Reynolds, Mike. (2000).  &#039;&#039;Comfort In Any Climate&#039;&#039;, Taos: Solar Survival P. ISBN 0962676748&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Further reading==&lt;br /&gt;
*  Schirber, Michael. [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/21755230/ &amp;quot;Making Earthships Mainstream&amp;quot;] on &#039;&#039;Going Green at [[msnbc.com]]&#039;&#039;, November 12, 2007.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External links ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{commonscat-inline}}&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.earthshipfloridaproject.com Earthship Florida Project]&lt;br /&gt;
*{{dmoz|Business/Construction_and_Maintenance/Building_Types/Sustainable_Architecture/Earthships/|Earthships}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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[[simple:Earthship]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[sv:Jordskepp]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Jiff64138</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=Earthship&amp;diff=17211</id>
		<title>Earthship</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=Earthship&amp;diff=17211"/>
		<updated>2011-01-26T06:01:10Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Jiff64138: /* References */&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;div&gt;{{refimprove|date=January 2011}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:RegularEarthshipDesign.svg|thumb|300px|The design used with most earthships. A large series of windows characterise the earthsheltered building and the use of tires]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Earthship1.jpg|thumb|A somewhat customized earthship built at [[Rio Arriba County, New Mexico]], USA and shot from the side]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Exterior Jacobsen House Earthship 2009.JPG|thumb| the exterior of a very modern Earthship]]&lt;br /&gt;
An &#039;&#039;&#039;Earthship&#039;&#039;&#039; is a type of [[passive solar]] home made of natural and recycled materials. Designed and marketed by Earthship Biotecture of [[Taos, New Mexico]],  the homes are primarily constructed to work [[Autonomous building|autonomously]] and are generally made of earth-filled [[tires]],  using [[thermal mass]] construction to naturally regulate indoor temperature. They also usually have their own special natural ventilation system. Earthships are generally [[Off-the-grid]] homes, minimizing their reliance on public utilities and [[fossil fuels]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The original Earthships&#039; designs were at first very experimental, but with practice and evolution the houses began looking attractive.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Earthships are built to utilize the available local resources, especially energy from the Sun. For example, windows on sun-facing walls admit lighting and heating, and the buildings are often horseshoe-shaped to maximize natural light and solar-gain during winter months. The thick, dense inner walls provide thermal mass that naturally regulates the interior temperature during both cold and hot outside temperatures.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Internal, non-load-bearing walls are often made of a [[Honeycomb (geometry)|honeycomb]] of recycled cans joined by concrete and are referred to as [[tin can wall]]s. These walls are usually thickly plastered with stucco.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The roof of an Earthship is heavily insulated – often with earth or [[adobe]] – for added energy efficiency.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==History==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Interior Jacobsen House Bathroom Earthship 2009.JPG |thumb|right| a [[bottle wall]] of an Earthship bathroom]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Earthship Bathroom.JPG|thumb|right| an Earthship bathroom]]&lt;br /&gt;
The Earthship, as it exists today, began to take shape in the 1970s. [[Mike Reynolds (architect)|Mike Reynolds]], founder of Earthship Biotecture, a company that specializes in designing and building Earthships, wanted to create a home that would do three things; first, it would be sustainable, using material indigenous to the entire planet as well as recycled materials wherever possible. Second, the homes would rely on natural energy sources and be independent from the “grid”, therefore being less susceptible to natural disasters and free from the electrical and water lines that Reynolds considered unsightly and wasteful. Finally, it would be economically feasible for the average person with no specialized construction skills to be able to create.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Eventually, Reynolds&#039; vision took the form of the common U-shaped earth-filled tire homes seen today.  As a concept, the Earthship was not limited to tires – any dense material with a potential for thermal mass, such as concrete, adobe, or stone could theoretically be used to create an Earthship.  However, the earth-rammed tire version of the Earthship is now the most common design,  and is usually the only structure referred to as “Earthship”.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Bottle, Tire and Brick walls of Earthships.JPG|thumb|right|Earthships are made of Earth-rammed tires, bottles and cans]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unlike other materials, rammed-earth tires are more accessible to the average person.  Scrap tires are ubiquitous around the world and easy to come by; there are an estimated 2 billion tires throughout the United States.  As of 1996, as many as 253 million scrap tires were being generated each year in the United States, with 70% being reclaimed by the scrap tire market (leaving perhaps 75 million scrap tires available for reuse as whole tires).&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Tom Verde, [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0CE0DA133CF931A35751C1A960958260&amp;amp;n=Top%2FReference%2FTimes%20Topics%2FSubjects%2FT%2FTires At Heart of Dispute, Tires by the Acre] (December 2, 1996), The New York Times.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In addition to the availability of scrap tires, the method by which they are converted into usable &amp;quot;bricks&amp;quot;, the ramming of the earth, is simple and affordable.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The earth-rammed tires of an Earthship are usually assembled by teams of two people working together as part of a larger construction team.  One member of the two person team shovels dirt, which usually comes from the building site, placing it into the tire one scoop at a time.  The second member, who stands on the tire, uses a sledge hammer to pack the dirt in.  The second person moves in a circle around the tire to keep the dirt even and avoid warping the tire.  These [[rammed earth]] tires in an Earthship are made in place because, when properly made, they weigh as much as 300 pounds and can be very difficult to relocate.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Additional benefits of the rammed earth tire are its great load-bearing capacity and its resistance to fire.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A fully rammed tire, which is about 2 feet 8&amp;amp;nbsp;inches wide, is massive enough to surpass conventional requirements for structural load distribution to the earth.  Because the tire is full of soil, it does not burn when exposed to fire.  In 1996 after a fire swept through many conventional homes in New Mexico, an Earthship discovered in the aftermath was relatively unharmed. Only the south-facing wall and the roof had burned away, compared to the total destruction of the conventional homes.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Currently, Earthships are in use in almost every state in the United States, as well as many countries in Europe.  The use of insulation on the outside of tire walls, which was not common in early designs, is improving the viability of Earthships in every climate without compromising their durability.  In the year 2000, Mike Reynolds, in partnership with Daren Howarth, launched Earthship Biotecture Europe, an organization that aims to explore and evolve the concept of the Earthship within a European context.  Two more directors were appointed to Earthship Biotecture Europe in July 2006 – Kevan Trott and Kirsten Jacobsen.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Europe ==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Brighton Earthship.JPG|thumb|Brighton Earthship, UK]]&lt;br /&gt;
In 2004, the very first Earthship in the UK was opened at [[Kinghorn]] Loch in Fife, Scotland. It was built by volunteers of the SCI charity. In 2005, the first earthship in England was established in [[Stanmer Park]], [[Brighton]] with the [[Low Carbon Trust]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Earthship biotecture has now finalized plans for a planning application to build on a valuable development site overlooking the [[Brighton Marina]] in the UK. The application follows the successful six-month feasibility study funded by the UK Environment Agency and the Energy Savings Trust. The application calls for sixteen one, two, and three-bedroom earthship homes on this site. The homes are all designed according to basic earthship principles developed in the United States. 15,000 tires will be recycled to construct these homes (the UK burns approximately 40 million tires each year). The plans include the enhancement of habitats on the site for [[lizard]]s that already live there, which is the reasoning behind entitling the project &amp;quot;The Lizard&amp;quot;. This will be the first development of its kind in Europe, and successful development in [[Brighton]] may help to pave the way for similar projects around the UK and other places.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://web.archive.org/web/20071213144133/http://www.earthship.co.uk/earthship-homes.htm Earthship Homes development] (archived from [http://www.earthship.co.uk/earthship-homes.htm the original] on 2007-12-13).&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first official Earthship home in mainland Europe with official planning commission approval was built in a small French village called Ger. The home, which is owned by Kevan and Gillian Trott, was built in April 2007 by Kevan, Mike Reynolds and an Earthship Crew from Taos. The design was modified for a European climate and is seen as the first of many for the European arena. It is currently used as a holiday home for eco-tourists.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kevin Telfer, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/travel/2008/apr/26/top100flightfreeholidays.green Super green European breaks] (26 April 2008 ), The Guardian.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Africa ==&lt;br /&gt;
The first earthship was built by Angel and Yvonne Kamp from 1996 to 1998. They rammed a total of 1,500 tires for the walls. The earthship, near [[Hermanus]], is located in a 60 hectare private nature reserve which is part of a 500000ha area enclosed in a game fence and borders the [[Walker Bay]] Nature Reserve.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;http://www.fynbos.co0.za/html/chaynouqua.htm&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Two new projects are also in early development in [[Africa]], an information and training centre in [[Orania, Northern Cape|Orania]], South Africa&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.aardskip.com Project/Projek Aardskip]. Aardskip.com. Retrieved on 2010-11-26.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and a residential house in [[Swaziland]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.earthships.co.za Sustainable Buildings Earthships » Earthships Sustainable Living South Africa Swaziland]. Earthships.co.za. Retrieved on 2010-11-26.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Systems==&lt;br /&gt;
The Earthship was designed as a structure that would exist in harmony with its environment and be freed from the constraints of modern shelters which rely on centralized utilities.  It is important that the Earthship create its own utilities as well as use readily available and sustainable materials.  In order to be entirely self-sufficient the Earthship needs to be able to handle the three systems of water, electricity, and climate. While these systems are not exclusive to Earthships, a properly designed Earthship must have these systems.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Water==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Interior Jacobsen House Earthship Botanical Cell 2009.JPG|upright|thumb|A botanical cell for greywater treatment featuring interior banana trees]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Rainwater harvesting system.svg|thumb|A domestic rainwater harvesting system]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Active Solar Water Heater Diagram.svg|thumb|Schematic of an active solar heating system]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Collection ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Earthships are designed to catch and use water from the local environment without bringing in water from a centralized source. Water used in an Earthship is harvested from rain, snow and condensation.  As water collects on the roof it is channeled through a silt-catching device and into a cistern.  The cisterns are positioned so they gravity-feed a WOM (water organization module), that filters out bacteria and contaminants, and makes it suitable for drinking. The WOM consists of filters and a DC-pump that are screwed into a panel. Water is then pushed into a conventional pressure tank to create common household water pressure.  Water collected in this fashion is used for any household activity except flushing toilets the conventional way. Rather, the water used for flushing toilets has been used at least once already: frequently it is filtered waste-water from sinks and showers, and described as &amp;quot;Greywater&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Greywater ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Greywater]], water that has been used and is unsuitable for drinking, is used within the Earthship for a multitude of purposes once it is reclaimed.  First, before the greywater can be reused, it is channeled through a grease and particle filter/digester and into a 30”-60&amp;quot; deep rubber-lined [[botanical cell]], a miniature [[living machine]], within the Earthship. This filter with imbedded plants can potentially also be used to produce food (by using a [[fruit tree]], ...). [[Water oxygenation|Oxygenation]], [[filtration]], [[transpiration]], and bacteria-encounter all take place within the cell and help to cleanse the water (Reynolds 2000).  Within the botanical cell, filtration is achieved by passing the water through a mixture of gravel and plant roots.  Because of the nature of plants, oxygen is added to the water as it filters, while nitrogen is removed.  Water taken up through the plants and transpired at their tops helps to humidify the air.  In the cell, bacteria will naturally grow and help to cleanse the water.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Water from the low end of the botanical cell is then directed through a peat-moss filter and collected in a reservoir or well.  This reclaimed water is then passed once more through a greywater board and used to flush conventional toilets.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Often, any greywater that is made at earthships is not polluted enough to justify treatment (its &amp;quot;pollution&amp;quot; being usually just soap, which is often not environmentally damaging). At earthships, the use of plants placed at outlets of fixtures is then practiced to regain the water and the nutrients lost (from the soaps, etc.).. Usually, a single plant is placed directly in front of the pipe, but mini drain-fields are also sometimes used. The pipe is made large enough (5,08&amp;amp;nbsp;cm) so that the formation of underground gas (from the greywater) is avoided. This is done with kitchen and bathroom sinks, and even showers, washing machines, and dishwashing machines. The plants are usually placed indoors with the sinks and outdoors with the washing/dishwashing machines and shower (to avoid indoor &amp;quot;floods&amp;quot;). Also, with the latter, larger drain-fields are used instead of a mere plant being placed before an outlet.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://melinathinks.wordpress.com/category/earthship-greywater-plantergreenhouse/ Plants placed at fixtures]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.greenhomebuilding.com/earthship.htm Plants placed at fixtures in earthships]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Black water===&lt;br /&gt;
[[Blackwater (waste)|Black water]], water that has been used in a toilet, was usually not created within many of the earliest earthships as the use of conventional toilets was discouraged.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Earthship Volume 2:Systems and components&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Instead, in the early days [[composting toilet]]s were advocated, which use no water at all. However, with the new greywater treatment system design (used in Nautilus, Helios, ...) created by Michael Reynolds, flush toilets have now found a place in the earthship and the general water system has been redesigned according to the new &amp;quot;6-step process&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://heliohouse.com/tech.htm New water purification system process at Helios house: overview with pictures]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.earthship.net/modules.php?name=News&amp;amp;file=article&amp;amp;sid=25 Wastewater path]{{Citation broken|date=March 2009}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Now, when the newly included flush-toilets are used, blackwater is not reused within the Earthship.  Instead, blackwater is sent to a solar-enhanced septic tank with leach-field and planter cells (the whole being often referred to as the “incubator”).  The solar-enhanced septic tank is a regular [[septic tank]] which is heated by the sun and glazed with an equator-facing window. The incubator stores the sun&#039;s heat in its concrete mass, and is insulated, to help the anaerobic process.  Water from the incubator is channeled out to an exterior [[leach field]] and then to landscaping &amp;quot;planter cells&amp;quot; (spaces surrounded by concrete in which plants have been put). The cells are similar to the botanical cell used in greywater treatment and are usually placed just before and under the windows of the earthship.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In cases where it is not possible to use flush-toilets operating on water, [[dry solar toilet]]s are now advocated, instead of &#039;&#039;regular&#039;&#039; [[composting toilet]]s. If this is the case, obviously no black water is formed and the use of an incubator is thus (usually) not necessary. Instead, regular &amp;quot;planters&amp;quot; (plants used for sucking up water/nutrients) are then used. When using regular planters as well, no chemical soaps or detergents can be used.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The space where the WOM (water organization module), graywater pump panel, pressure tank, (first set of) batteries, and POM (power organising module) are stored is in a small room referred to as the &amp;quot;systems package&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Electricity==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Wind generator system.jpg|upright|thumb|Parts of DIY Wind turbine]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:PVSolarSystem.svg|thumb|A PV-solar system]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Earthships are designed to collect and store their own energy from a variety of sources.  The majority of electrical energy is harvested from the sun and wind.  [[Photovoltaic]] panels and [[windturbine]]s located on or near the Earthship generate DC energy that is then stored in several types of [[deep-cycle batteries]]. The space in which the batteries are kept is usually a special, purpose-built room placed on the roof. Additional energy, if required, can be obtained from gasoline-powered generators or by integrating with the city grid.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In an Earthship, a Power Organizing Module is used to take stored energy from batteries and [[Inverter (electrical)|invert]] it for AC use.  The Power Organizing Module is a prefabricated system provided by Earthship Biotecture that is simply attached to a wall on the interior of the Earthship and wired in a conventional manner. It includes the necessary equipment such as [[circuit breakers]] and [[Voltage converter|converters]]. The energy run through the Power Organizing Module can be used to run any house-hold appliance including washing machines, computers, kitchen appliances, print machines, vacuums, etc.  Generally, none of the electrical energy in an Earthship is used for heating or cooling.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://earthship.com/systems/energy.php] {{Dead link|date=March 2009|url=http://earthship.com/systems/energy.php}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;{{Failed verification|date=March 2009}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Climate==&lt;br /&gt;
The interior climate of an Earthship is stabilized and made comfortable by taking advantage of many phenomena. Mainly, the Earthship tries to take advantage of the properties of thermal mass and passive solar heating and cooling. Examples are large front windows with integrated [[shades]], [[trombe wall]]s and other technologies such as [[Skylight (window)#Skylights|skylights]] or [[Steve Baer|Track Rack solar trackers]] (dualling as an energy generation device and passive solar source.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The load-bearing walls of an Earthship, which are made from [[Steel-belted radial|steel-belted tires]] rammed with earth, serve two purposes. First, they hold up the roof, and second, they provide a dense [[thermal mass]] that will soak up heat during the day and radiate heat during the night, keeping the interior climate relatively comfortable all day.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition to high thermal mass, some Earthships may be [[Earth sheltering|earth-sheltered]].  The benefits of earth-sheltering are twofold because it adds to the thermal mass and, if the Earthship is buried deep enough, allows the structure to take advantage of the Earth&#039;s stable temperature.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Earthship is designed in such a way that the sun provides heating, ventilation, and lighting.  To take advantage of the sun, an Earthship is positioned so that its principal wall, which is nonstructural and made mostly of glass sheets, faces directly towards the equator.  This positioning allows for optimum solar exposure.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To allow the sun to heat the mass of the Earthship, the solar-orientated wall is angled so that it is perpendicular to light from the winter sun.  This allows for maximum exposure in the winter, when heat is wanted, and lesser exposure in the summer, when heat is to be avoided.  Some Earthships, especially those built in colder climates, use insulated shading on the solar-orientated wall to reduce heat loss during the night (Reynolds 2000).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Natural ventilation===&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:EarthshipVentilation new.png|thumb|The ventilation system of an earthship]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The earthships usually use their own [[natural ventilation]] system. It consists of cold(er) air coming in from a front (&amp;quot;hopper&amp;quot;) window, especially made for this purpose and flowing out through (one of) the skylights that are placed on the earthship. As hot air rises, the system maintains itself and keeps sucking in (and out), air.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Heating problems==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:PHOENIXBATH.jpg|thumb|[[Bottle wall]]s are used in earthships such as this earthship bathroom, located in Phoenix Earthship, Taos, NM, USA]]&lt;br /&gt;
Earthships rely on a balance between the solar heat gain and the ability of the tire walls and subsoil to transport and store heat.  The design intends to require little if any auxiliary heat. Some earthships have suffered from over-heating and some from over-cooling.&amp;lt;!-- please provide a reference(s) to substantiate the claim that this problem is due to &amp;quot;failure to adjust to local conditions&amp;quot; and not a broader problem with the fundamental design --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Some earthships appear to have serious problems with heat loss. In these cases heat appears to be leaking into the ground constantly during the heating season and being lost. This situation may have arisen from the mistaken belief that ground-coupled structures (building in thermal contact with the ground) do not require insulation. The situation may also be due to large climatic differences between the sunny, arid, and warm Southwest (of the USA) where earthships were first built and the cloudier, cooler, and wetter climates where some are now being built. [[Malcolm Wells]], an architect and authority on earth-sheltered design, recommends [[R-value (insulation)|R-value]] 10 insulation between deep soils and heated spaces. Wells&#039;s insulation recommendations increase as the depth of the soil decreases.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In very limited and specific situations, uncommon during the heating season, [[thermal mass]] can marginally increase the apparent R-value of a building assembly such as a wall.  Generally speaking [[thermal mass]] and [[R-value (insulation)|R-value]] are distinct thermodynamic properties and should not be equated.  Thermal performance problems apparently seen in some earthship designs may have occurred because of thermal mass being erroneously equated to R-value. The R-value of soil is about 1 per foot.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.engext.ksu.edu/ees/henergy/envelope/basement.html Kansas State University Extension Service]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Potential advantages==&lt;br /&gt;
* Having an earth-bermed home with windows facing the sun is a good idea in any climate where heating is required.&lt;br /&gt;
* Collecting rainwater that falls on the roof reduces the runoff impact of the building and may reduce water and even sewer service fees.&lt;br /&gt;
* Having a combination of [[photovoltaic cells]] and wind generation is a prudent way to provide electricity in many situations.&lt;br /&gt;
* Using curved modules as horizontal arches to resist earth loads is a sound structural design.&lt;br /&gt;
* On-site processing of runoff water, grey water, and black water using plant beds reduces the environmental impact of the building.&lt;br /&gt;
* Rubber tires make a wind- and puncture- resistant wall.  They may be safe from [[outgassing]] when plastered semi-airtight.&lt;br /&gt;
* Rubber tires are usually free and it may be possible to be paid to take them.  It also is beneficial to keep them out of landfills or prevent them from being illegally burnt.&lt;br /&gt;
*Potential to eliminate utility bills.&lt;br /&gt;
*The structure is highly moldable to different aesthetic tastes.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Potential disadvantages==&lt;br /&gt;
* The sloped glazing may be hard to keep watertight and in warm climates allows excessive solar gain in summer. In colder climates, the glazing itself, which has far poorer insulating properties than any other component, will obviously be the major conduit of heat loss in winter. New designs call for vertical windows with an overhang.&lt;br /&gt;
* Uninsulated ground-coupled thermal mass presents a large potential for heat loss, especially in climates with a heating season.  This varies to a degree with soil type and moisture content.{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}}&lt;br /&gt;
* Rubber-tire walls tend to lack structural stiffness and may require perpendicular stiffening ribs.{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}}&lt;br /&gt;
* Most solar photovoltaic systems suffer from poor efficiency and some wind systems only generate in periods of high wind velocity.&lt;br /&gt;
* The novel design may diminish resale value or make buyers more difficult to find.&lt;br /&gt;
* The intimate ground contact inherent in this approach may increase hazards due to soil gases including [[Radon]], and those due to water intrusion.&lt;br /&gt;
* Packing or ramming dirt into the inside of tires is a very labor-intensive process.&lt;br /&gt;
* Many Earthship builders are drawn to this system by its apparently low environmental impact.  However, this is only valid if the design is highly thermally efficient. Earthship designs may require substantial thermal analysis and redesign to be adapted to non-Southwest USA climate.&lt;br /&gt;
* Earthships built with concrete, sand bags, or adobe and with better solar and heat control perform better.{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}}&lt;br /&gt;
* Earthships are usually built in areas of extremely low population density, so unless they are entirely self-sufficient, a significant amount of fossil fuels could have to be expended in their construction because of the transportation of materials and workers.  They can be built anywhere, however, and this can mitigate certain issues dealing with fossil fuels and transportation.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==A tour through the Earthship Museum==&lt;br /&gt;
{{double image|left|Earthship museum 1 greywater treatment planter.JPG|300|Earthship museum1 botanical cell featuring jade and banana plants.JPG|300|A greywater treatment botanical cell featuring [[Jade]] and [[banana]] plants}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{double image|left|Earthship museum 2 operable skylight.JPG|300|Earthship museum 2 operable skylight seen.JPG|300|an operable [[skylight]]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Earthship museum 3 Tire walls.JPG|thumb|left|300px| Tire walls]]&lt;br /&gt;
{{double image|left|Earthship museum 4 scupper silt catch.JPG|300|Earthship museum 4 silt catch.JPG|300|Scupper / Silt Catch}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Earthship museum 5 indoor cistern.JPG|thumb|left|300px| Indoor Cistern]]&lt;br /&gt;
{{double image|left|Earthship museum 6 water org module.JPG|300|Earthship museum 6 water organizing module.JPG|300| Water Organizing Module}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Earthship museum 7 pressure tank.JPG|thumb|left|300px| pressure tank]]&lt;br /&gt;
{{double image|left|Earthship museum 8 power org module.JPG|300|Earthship museum 8 power organizing module.JPG|300|Power Organizing Module}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Earthship museum 9 battery room.JPG|thumb|left|300px|Battery Room ]]&lt;br /&gt;
{{double image|left|Earthship museum 11 can and cement bathtub.JPG|300|Earthship museum 11 can and cement bathtubb.JPG|300|Can and Cement Bathtub}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Earthship museum 12 can and bottle wall.JPG|thumb|left|300px|Can and bottle wall ]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Earthship museum 13 oiled mud wall .JPG|thumb|left|300px| Oiled Mud wall]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Earthship museum 14 greywater pump.JPG|thumb|left|300px| Greywater pump]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Images of Earthships==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;gallery perrow=3 widths=220px heights=160px&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
File:Unfinished Earthship 2.JPG|an unfinished Earthship&lt;br /&gt;
File:Unfinished earthship 3.JPG|an unfinished Earthship&lt;br /&gt;
File:Unfinished Earthship.JPG|an unfinished Earthship&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gallery&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
{{colbegin|3}}&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Antoni Gaudi]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Friedensreich Hundertwasser]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Geothermal]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Hurricane proof building]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Permaculture]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Spaceship Earth]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Steve Baer]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Sustainable architecture]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Repurposing]]&lt;br /&gt;
{{colend}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Notes ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Reflist|2}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== References ==&lt;br /&gt;
* Hewitt, M. and Telfer, K. (2007). &#039;&#039;Earthships: building a zero carbon future for homes&#039;&#039;. ISBN 9781860819728&lt;br /&gt;
* Klippel, James H. http://www.garrellassociates.com/EcoDesign.html, green page&lt;br /&gt;
* Reynolds, Mike. (2000).  &#039;&#039;Comfort In Any Climate&#039;&#039;, Taos: Solar Survival P. ISBN 0962676748&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Further reading==&lt;br /&gt;
*  Schirber, Michael. [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/21755230/ &amp;quot;Making Earthships Mainstream&amp;quot;] on &#039;&#039;Going Green at [[msnbc.com]]&#039;&#039;, November 12, 2007.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External links ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{commonscat-inline}}&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.earthshipfloridaproject.com Earthship Florida Project]&lt;br /&gt;
*{{dmoz|Business/Construction_and_Maintenance/Building_Types/Sustainable_Architecture/Earthships/|Earthships}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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[[nl:Earthship]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[no:Jordskip]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[simple:Earthship]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[sv:Jordskepp]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Jiff64138</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=Earthship&amp;diff=17210</id>
		<title>Earthship</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=Earthship&amp;diff=17210"/>
		<updated>2011-01-26T05:58:12Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Jiff64138: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{refimprove|date=January 2011}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:RegularEarthshipDesign.svg|thumb|300px|The design used with most earthships. A large series of windows characterise the earthsheltered building and the use of tires]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Earthship1.jpg|thumb|A somewhat customized earthship built at [[Rio Arriba County, New Mexico]], USA and shot from the side]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Exterior Jacobsen House Earthship 2009.JPG|thumb| the exterior of a very modern Earthship]]&lt;br /&gt;
An &#039;&#039;&#039;Earthship&#039;&#039;&#039; is a type of [[passive solar]] home made of natural and recycled materials. Designed and marketed by Earthship Biotecture of [[Taos, New Mexico]],  the homes are primarily constructed to work [[Autonomous building|autonomously]] and are generally made of earth-filled [[tires]],  using [[thermal mass]] construction to naturally regulate indoor temperature. They also usually have their own special natural ventilation system. Earthships are generally [[Off-the-grid]] homes, minimizing their reliance on public utilities and [[fossil fuels]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The original Earthships&#039; designs were at first very experimental, but with practice and evolution the houses began looking attractive.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Earthships are built to utilize the available local resources, especially energy from the Sun. For example, windows on sun-facing walls admit lighting and heating, and the buildings are often horseshoe-shaped to maximize natural light and solar-gain during winter months. The thick, dense inner walls provide thermal mass that naturally regulates the interior temperature during both cold and hot outside temperatures.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Internal, non-load-bearing walls are often made of a [[Honeycomb (geometry)|honeycomb]] of recycled cans joined by concrete and are referred to as [[tin can wall]]s. These walls are usually thickly plastered with stucco.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The roof of an Earthship is heavily insulated – often with earth or [[adobe]] – for added energy efficiency.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==History==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Interior Jacobsen House Bathroom Earthship 2009.JPG |thumb|right| a [[bottle wall]] of an Earthship bathroom]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Earthship Bathroom.JPG|thumb|right| an Earthship bathroom]]&lt;br /&gt;
The Earthship, as it exists today, began to take shape in the 1970s. [[Mike Reynolds (architect)|Mike Reynolds]], founder of Earthship Biotecture, a company that specializes in designing and building Earthships, wanted to create a home that would do three things; first, it would be sustainable, using material indigenous to the entire planet as well as recycled materials wherever possible. Second, the homes would rely on natural energy sources and be independent from the “grid”, therefore being less susceptible to natural disasters and free from the electrical and water lines that Reynolds considered unsightly and wasteful. Finally, it would be economically feasible for the average person with no specialized construction skills to be able to create.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Eventually, Reynolds&#039; vision took the form of the common U-shaped earth-filled tire homes seen today.  As a concept, the Earthship was not limited to tires – any dense material with a potential for thermal mass, such as concrete, adobe, or stone could theoretically be used to create an Earthship.  However, the earth-rammed tire version of the Earthship is now the most common design,  and is usually the only structure referred to as “Earthship”.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Bottle, Tire and Brick walls of Earthships.JPG|thumb|right|Earthships are made of Earth-rammed tires, bottles and cans]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unlike other materials, rammed-earth tires are more accessible to the average person.  Scrap tires are ubiquitous around the world and easy to come by; there are an estimated 2 billion tires throughout the United States.  As of 1996, as many as 253 million scrap tires were being generated each year in the United States, with 70% being reclaimed by the scrap tire market (leaving perhaps 75 million scrap tires available for reuse as whole tires).&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Tom Verde, [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0CE0DA133CF931A35751C1A960958260&amp;amp;n=Top%2FReference%2FTimes%20Topics%2FSubjects%2FT%2FTires At Heart of Dispute, Tires by the Acre] (December 2, 1996), The New York Times.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In addition to the availability of scrap tires, the method by which they are converted into usable &amp;quot;bricks&amp;quot;, the ramming of the earth, is simple and affordable.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The earth-rammed tires of an Earthship are usually assembled by teams of two people working together as part of a larger construction team.  One member of the two person team shovels dirt, which usually comes from the building site, placing it into the tire one scoop at a time.  The second member, who stands on the tire, uses a sledge hammer to pack the dirt in.  The second person moves in a circle around the tire to keep the dirt even and avoid warping the tire.  These [[rammed earth]] tires in an Earthship are made in place because, when properly made, they weigh as much as 300 pounds and can be very difficult to relocate.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Additional benefits of the rammed earth tire are its great load-bearing capacity and its resistance to fire.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A fully rammed tire, which is about 2 feet 8&amp;amp;nbsp;inches wide, is massive enough to surpass conventional requirements for structural load distribution to the earth.  Because the tire is full of soil, it does not burn when exposed to fire.  In 1996 after a fire swept through many conventional homes in New Mexico, an Earthship discovered in the aftermath was relatively unharmed. Only the south-facing wall and the roof had burned away, compared to the total destruction of the conventional homes.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Currently, Earthships are in use in almost every state in the United States, as well as many countries in Europe.  The use of insulation on the outside of tire walls, which was not common in early designs, is improving the viability of Earthships in every climate without compromising their durability.  In the year 2000, Mike Reynolds, in partnership with Daren Howarth, launched Earthship Biotecture Europe, an organization that aims to explore and evolve the concept of the Earthship within a European context.  Two more directors were appointed to Earthship Biotecture Europe in July 2006 – Kevan Trott and Kirsten Jacobsen.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Europe ==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Brighton Earthship.JPG|thumb|Brighton Earthship, UK]]&lt;br /&gt;
In 2004, the very first Earthship in the UK was opened at [[Kinghorn]] Loch in Fife, Scotland. It was built by volunteers of the SCI charity. In 2005, the first earthship in England was established in [[Stanmer Park]], [[Brighton]] with the [[Low Carbon Trust]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Earthship biotecture has now finalized plans for a planning application to build on a valuable development site overlooking the [[Brighton Marina]] in the UK. The application follows the successful six-month feasibility study funded by the UK Environment Agency and the Energy Savings Trust. The application calls for sixteen one, two, and three-bedroom earthship homes on this site. The homes are all designed according to basic earthship principles developed in the United States. 15,000 tires will be recycled to construct these homes (the UK burns approximately 40 million tires each year). The plans include the enhancement of habitats on the site for [[lizard]]s that already live there, which is the reasoning behind entitling the project &amp;quot;The Lizard&amp;quot;. This will be the first development of its kind in Europe, and successful development in [[Brighton]] may help to pave the way for similar projects around the UK and other places.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://web.archive.org/web/20071213144133/http://www.earthship.co.uk/earthship-homes.htm Earthship Homes development] (archived from [http://www.earthship.co.uk/earthship-homes.htm the original] on 2007-12-13).&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first official Earthship home in mainland Europe with official planning commission approval was built in a small French village called Ger. The home, which is owned by Kevan and Gillian Trott, was built in April 2007 by Kevan, Mike Reynolds and an Earthship Crew from Taos. The design was modified for a European climate and is seen as the first of many for the European arena. It is currently used as a holiday home for eco-tourists.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kevin Telfer, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/travel/2008/apr/26/top100flightfreeholidays.green Super green European breaks] (26 April 2008 ), The Guardian.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Africa ==&lt;br /&gt;
The first earthship was built by Angel and Yvonne Kamp from 1996 to 1998. They rammed a total of 1,500 tires for the walls. The earthship, near [[Hermanus]], is located in a 60 hectare private nature reserve which is part of a 500000ha area enclosed in a game fence and borders the [[Walker Bay]] Nature Reserve.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;http://www.fynbos.co0.za/html/chaynouqua.htm&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Two new projects are also in early development in [[Africa]], an information and training centre in [[Orania, Northern Cape|Orania]], South Africa&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.aardskip.com Project/Projek Aardskip]. Aardskip.com. Retrieved on 2010-11-26.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and a residential house in [[Swaziland]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.earthships.co.za Sustainable Buildings Earthships » Earthships Sustainable Living South Africa Swaziland]. Earthships.co.za. Retrieved on 2010-11-26.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Systems==&lt;br /&gt;
The Earthship was designed as a structure that would exist in harmony with its environment and be freed from the constraints of modern shelters which rely on centralized utilities.  It is important that the Earthship create its own utilities as well as use readily available and sustainable materials.  In order to be entirely self-sufficient the Earthship needs to be able to handle the three systems of water, electricity, and climate. While these systems are not exclusive to Earthships, a properly designed Earthship must have these systems.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Water==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Interior Jacobsen House Earthship Botanical Cell 2009.JPG|upright|thumb|A botanical cell for greywater treatment featuring interior banana trees]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Rainwater harvesting system.svg|thumb|A domestic rainwater harvesting system]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Active Solar Water Heater Diagram.svg|thumb|Schematic of an active solar heating system]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Collection ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Earthships are designed to catch and use water from the local environment without bringing in water from a centralized source. Water used in an Earthship is harvested from rain, snow and condensation.  As water collects on the roof it is channeled through a silt-catching device and into a cistern.  The cisterns are positioned so they gravity-feed a WOM (water organization module), that filters out bacteria and contaminants, and makes it suitable for drinking. The WOM consists of filters and a DC-pump that are screwed into a panel. Water is then pushed into a conventional pressure tank to create common household water pressure.  Water collected in this fashion is used for any household activity except flushing toilets the conventional way. Rather, the water used for flushing toilets has been used at least once already: frequently it is filtered waste-water from sinks and showers, and described as &amp;quot;Greywater&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Greywater ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Greywater]], water that has been used and is unsuitable for drinking, is used within the Earthship for a multitude of purposes once it is reclaimed.  First, before the greywater can be reused, it is channeled through a grease and particle filter/digester and into a 30”-60&amp;quot; deep rubber-lined [[botanical cell]], a miniature [[living machine]], within the Earthship. This filter with imbedded plants can potentially also be used to produce food (by using a [[fruit tree]], ...). [[Water oxygenation|Oxygenation]], [[filtration]], [[transpiration]], and bacteria-encounter all take place within the cell and help to cleanse the water (Reynolds 2000).  Within the botanical cell, filtration is achieved by passing the water through a mixture of gravel and plant roots.  Because of the nature of plants, oxygen is added to the water as it filters, while nitrogen is removed.  Water taken up through the plants and transpired at their tops helps to humidify the air.  In the cell, bacteria will naturally grow and help to cleanse the water.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Water from the low end of the botanical cell is then directed through a peat-moss filter and collected in a reservoir or well.  This reclaimed water is then passed once more through a greywater board and used to flush conventional toilets.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Often, any greywater that is made at earthships is not polluted enough to justify treatment (its &amp;quot;pollution&amp;quot; being usually just soap, which is often not environmentally damaging). At earthships, the use of plants placed at outlets of fixtures is then practiced to regain the water and the nutrients lost (from the soaps, etc.).. Usually, a single plant is placed directly in front of the pipe, but mini drain-fields are also sometimes used. The pipe is made large enough (5,08&amp;amp;nbsp;cm) so that the formation of underground gas (from the greywater) is avoided. This is done with kitchen and bathroom sinks, and even showers, washing machines, and dishwashing machines. The plants are usually placed indoors with the sinks and outdoors with the washing/dishwashing machines and shower (to avoid indoor &amp;quot;floods&amp;quot;). Also, with the latter, larger drain-fields are used instead of a mere plant being placed before an outlet.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://melinathinks.wordpress.com/category/earthship-greywater-plantergreenhouse/ Plants placed at fixtures]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.greenhomebuilding.com/earthship.htm Plants placed at fixtures in earthships]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Black water===&lt;br /&gt;
[[Blackwater (waste)|Black water]], water that has been used in a toilet, was usually not created within many of the earliest earthships as the use of conventional toilets was discouraged.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Earthship Volume 2:Systems and components&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Instead, in the early days [[composting toilet]]s were advocated, which use no water at all. However, with the new greywater treatment system design (used in Nautilus, Helios, ...) created by Michael Reynolds, flush toilets have now found a place in the earthship and the general water system has been redesigned according to the new &amp;quot;6-step process&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://heliohouse.com/tech.htm New water purification system process at Helios house: overview with pictures]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.earthship.net/modules.php?name=News&amp;amp;file=article&amp;amp;sid=25 Wastewater path]{{Citation broken|date=March 2009}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Now, when the newly included flush-toilets are used, blackwater is not reused within the Earthship.  Instead, blackwater is sent to a solar-enhanced septic tank with leach-field and planter cells (the whole being often referred to as the “incubator”).  The solar-enhanced septic tank is a regular [[septic tank]] which is heated by the sun and glazed with an equator-facing window. The incubator stores the sun&#039;s heat in its concrete mass, and is insulated, to help the anaerobic process.  Water from the incubator is channeled out to an exterior [[leach field]] and then to landscaping &amp;quot;planter cells&amp;quot; (spaces surrounded by concrete in which plants have been put). The cells are similar to the botanical cell used in greywater treatment and are usually placed just before and under the windows of the earthship.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In cases where it is not possible to use flush-toilets operating on water, [[dry solar toilet]]s are now advocated, instead of &#039;&#039;regular&#039;&#039; [[composting toilet]]s. If this is the case, obviously no black water is formed and the use of an incubator is thus (usually) not necessary. Instead, regular &amp;quot;planters&amp;quot; (plants used for sucking up water/nutrients) are then used. When using regular planters as well, no chemical soaps or detergents can be used.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The space where the WOM (water organization module), graywater pump panel, pressure tank, (first set of) batteries, and POM (power organising module) are stored is in a small room referred to as the &amp;quot;systems package&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Electricity==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Wind generator system.jpg|upright|thumb|Parts of DIY Wind turbine]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:PVSolarSystem.svg|thumb|A PV-solar system]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Earthships are designed to collect and store their own energy from a variety of sources.  The majority of electrical energy is harvested from the sun and wind.  [[Photovoltaic]] panels and [[windturbine]]s located on or near the Earthship generate DC energy that is then stored in several types of [[deep-cycle batteries]]. The space in which the batteries are kept is usually a special, purpose-built room placed on the roof. Additional energy, if required, can be obtained from gasoline-powered generators or by integrating with the city grid.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In an Earthship, a Power Organizing Module is used to take stored energy from batteries and [[Inverter (electrical)|invert]] it for AC use.  The Power Organizing Module is a prefabricated system provided by Earthship Biotecture that is simply attached to a wall on the interior of the Earthship and wired in a conventional manner. It includes the necessary equipment such as [[circuit breakers]] and [[Voltage converter|converters]]. The energy run through the Power Organizing Module can be used to run any house-hold appliance including washing machines, computers, kitchen appliances, print machines, vacuums, etc.  Generally, none of the electrical energy in an Earthship is used for heating or cooling.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://earthship.com/systems/energy.php] {{Dead link|date=March 2009|url=http://earthship.com/systems/energy.php}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;{{Failed verification|date=March 2009}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Climate==&lt;br /&gt;
The interior climate of an Earthship is stabilized and made comfortable by taking advantage of many phenomena. Mainly, the Earthship tries to take advantage of the properties of thermal mass and passive solar heating and cooling. Examples are large front windows with integrated [[shades]], [[trombe wall]]s and other technologies such as [[Skylight (window)#Skylights|skylights]] or [[Steve Baer|Track Rack solar trackers]] (dualling as an energy generation device and passive solar source.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The load-bearing walls of an Earthship, which are made from [[Steel-belted radial|steel-belted tires]] rammed with earth, serve two purposes. First, they hold up the roof, and second, they provide a dense [[thermal mass]] that will soak up heat during the day and radiate heat during the night, keeping the interior climate relatively comfortable all day.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition to high thermal mass, some Earthships may be [[Earth sheltering|earth-sheltered]].  The benefits of earth-sheltering are twofold because it adds to the thermal mass and, if the Earthship is buried deep enough, allows the structure to take advantage of the Earth&#039;s stable temperature.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Earthship is designed in such a way that the sun provides heating, ventilation, and lighting.  To take advantage of the sun, an Earthship is positioned so that its principal wall, which is nonstructural and made mostly of glass sheets, faces directly towards the equator.  This positioning allows for optimum solar exposure.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To allow the sun to heat the mass of the Earthship, the solar-orientated wall is angled so that it is perpendicular to light from the winter sun.  This allows for maximum exposure in the winter, when heat is wanted, and lesser exposure in the summer, when heat is to be avoided.  Some Earthships, especially those built in colder climates, use insulated shading on the solar-orientated wall to reduce heat loss during the night (Reynolds 2000).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Natural ventilation===&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:EarthshipVentilation new.png|thumb|The ventilation system of an earthship]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The earthships usually use their own [[natural ventilation]] system. It consists of cold(er) air coming in from a front (&amp;quot;hopper&amp;quot;) window, especially made for this purpose and flowing out through (one of) the skylights that are placed on the earthship. As hot air rises, the system maintains itself and keeps sucking in (and out), air.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Heating problems==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:PHOENIXBATH.jpg|thumb|[[Bottle wall]]s are used in earthships such as this earthship bathroom, located in Phoenix Earthship, Taos, NM, USA]]&lt;br /&gt;
Earthships rely on a balance between the solar heat gain and the ability of the tire walls and subsoil to transport and store heat.  The design intends to require little if any auxiliary heat. Some earthships have suffered from over-heating and some from over-cooling.&amp;lt;!-- please provide a reference(s) to substantiate the claim that this problem is due to &amp;quot;failure to adjust to local conditions&amp;quot; and not a broader problem with the fundamental design --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Some earthships appear to have serious problems with heat loss. In these cases heat appears to be leaking into the ground constantly during the heating season and being lost. This situation may have arisen from the mistaken belief that ground-coupled structures (building in thermal contact with the ground) do not require insulation. The situation may also be due to large climatic differences between the sunny, arid, and warm Southwest (of the USA) where earthships were first built and the cloudier, cooler, and wetter climates where some are now being built. [[Malcolm Wells]], an architect and authority on earth-sheltered design, recommends [[R-value (insulation)|R-value]] 10 insulation between deep soils and heated spaces. Wells&#039;s insulation recommendations increase as the depth of the soil decreases.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In very limited and specific situations, uncommon during the heating season, [[thermal mass]] can marginally increase the apparent R-value of a building assembly such as a wall.  Generally speaking [[thermal mass]] and [[R-value (insulation)|R-value]] are distinct thermodynamic properties and should not be equated.  Thermal performance problems apparently seen in some earthship designs may have occurred because of thermal mass being erroneously equated to R-value. The R-value of soil is about 1 per foot.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.engext.ksu.edu/ees/henergy/envelope/basement.html Kansas State University Extension Service]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Potential advantages==&lt;br /&gt;
* Having an earth-bermed home with windows facing the sun is a good idea in any climate where heating is required.&lt;br /&gt;
* Collecting rainwater that falls on the roof reduces the runoff impact of the building and may reduce water and even sewer service fees.&lt;br /&gt;
* Having a combination of [[photovoltaic cells]] and wind generation is a prudent way to provide electricity in many situations.&lt;br /&gt;
* Using curved modules as horizontal arches to resist earth loads is a sound structural design.&lt;br /&gt;
* On-site processing of runoff water, grey water, and black water using plant beds reduces the environmental impact of the building.&lt;br /&gt;
* Rubber tires make a wind- and puncture- resistant wall.  They may be safe from [[outgassing]] when plastered semi-airtight.&lt;br /&gt;
* Rubber tires are usually free and it may be possible to be paid to take them.  It also is beneficial to keep them out of landfills or prevent them from being illegally burnt.&lt;br /&gt;
*Potential to eliminate utility bills.&lt;br /&gt;
*The structure is highly moldable to different aesthetic tastes.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Potential disadvantages==&lt;br /&gt;
* The sloped glazing may be hard to keep watertight and in warm climates allows excessive solar gain in summer. In colder climates, the glazing itself, which has far poorer insulating properties than any other component, will obviously be the major conduit of heat loss in winter. New designs call for vertical windows with an overhang.&lt;br /&gt;
* Uninsulated ground-coupled thermal mass presents a large potential for heat loss, especially in climates with a heating season.  This varies to a degree with soil type and moisture content.{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}}&lt;br /&gt;
* Rubber-tire walls tend to lack structural stiffness and may require perpendicular stiffening ribs.{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}}&lt;br /&gt;
* Most solar photovoltaic systems suffer from poor efficiency and some wind systems only generate in periods of high wind velocity.&lt;br /&gt;
* The novel design may diminish resale value or make buyers more difficult to find.&lt;br /&gt;
* The intimate ground contact inherent in this approach may increase hazards due to soil gases including [[Radon]], and those due to water intrusion.&lt;br /&gt;
* Packing or ramming dirt into the inside of tires is a very labor-intensive process.&lt;br /&gt;
* Many Earthship builders are drawn to this system by its apparently low environmental impact.  However, this is only valid if the design is highly thermally efficient. Earthship designs may require substantial thermal analysis and redesign to be adapted to non-Southwest USA climate.&lt;br /&gt;
* Earthships built with concrete, sand bags, or adobe and with better solar and heat control perform better.{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}}&lt;br /&gt;
* Earthships are usually built in areas of extremely low population density, so unless they are entirely self-sufficient, a significant amount of fossil fuels could have to be expended in their construction because of the transportation of materials and workers.  They can be built anywhere, however, and this can mitigate certain issues dealing with fossil fuels and transportation.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==A tour through the Earthship Museum==&lt;br /&gt;
{{double image|left|Earthship museum 1 greywater treatment planter.JPG|300|Earthship museum1 botanical cell featuring jade and banana plants.JPG|300|A greywater treatment botanical cell featuring [[Jade]] and [[banana]] plants}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{double image|left|Earthship museum 2 operable skylight.JPG|300|Earthship museum 2 operable skylight seen.JPG|300|an operable [[skylight]]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Earthship museum 3 Tire walls.JPG|thumb|left|300px| Tire walls]]&lt;br /&gt;
{{double image|left|Earthship museum 4 scupper silt catch.JPG|300|Earthship museum 4 silt catch.JPG|300|Scupper / Silt Catch}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Earthship museum 5 indoor cistern.JPG|thumb|left|300px| Indoor Cistern]]&lt;br /&gt;
{{double image|left|Earthship museum 6 water org module.JPG|300|Earthship museum 6 water organizing module.JPG|300| Water Organizing Module}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Earthship museum 7 pressure tank.JPG|thumb|left|300px| pressure tank]]&lt;br /&gt;
{{double image|left|Earthship museum 8 power org module.JPG|300|Earthship museum 8 power organizing module.JPG|300|Power Organizing Module}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Earthship museum 9 battery room.JPG|thumb|left|300px|Battery Room ]]&lt;br /&gt;
{{double image|left|Earthship museum 11 can and cement bathtub.JPG|300|Earthship museum 11 can and cement bathtubb.JPG|300|Can and Cement Bathtub}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Earthship museum 12 can and bottle wall.JPG|thumb|left|300px|Can and bottle wall ]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Earthship museum 13 oiled mud wall .JPG|thumb|left|300px| Oiled Mud wall]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Earthship museum 14 greywater pump.JPG|thumb|left|300px| Greywater pump]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Images of Earthships==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;gallery perrow=3 widths=220px heights=160px&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
File:Unfinished Earthship 2.JPG|an unfinished Earthship&lt;br /&gt;
File:Unfinished earthship 3.JPG|an unfinished Earthship&lt;br /&gt;
File:Unfinished Earthship.JPG|an unfinished Earthship&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gallery&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
{{colbegin|3}}&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Antoni Gaudi]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Friedensreich Hundertwasser]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Geothermal]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Hurricane proof building]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Permaculture]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Spaceship Earth]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Steve Baer]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Sustainable architecture]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Repurposing]]&lt;br /&gt;
{{colend}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Notes ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Reflist|2}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== References ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{refbegin}}&lt;br /&gt;
* Hewitt, M. and Telfer, K. (2007). &#039;&#039;Earthships: building a zero carbon future for homes&#039;&#039;. ISBN 9781860819728&lt;br /&gt;
* Klippel, James H. http://www.garrellassociates.com/EcoDesign.html, green page&lt;br /&gt;
* Reynolds, Mike. (2000).  &#039;&#039;Comfort In Any Climate&#039;&#039;, Taos: Solar Survival P. ISBN 0962676748&lt;br /&gt;
{{refend}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Further reading==&lt;br /&gt;
*  Schirber, Michael. [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/21755230/ &amp;quot;Making Earthships Mainstream&amp;quot;] on &#039;&#039;Going Green at [[msnbc.com]]&#039;&#039;, November 12, 2007.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External links ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{commonscat-inline}}&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.earthshipfloridaproject.com Earthship Florida Project]&lt;br /&gt;
*{{dmoz|Business/Construction_and_Maintenance/Building_Types/Sustainable_Architecture/Earthships/|Earthships}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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[[sv:Jordskepp]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Jiff64138</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=Earthship&amp;diff=17209</id>
		<title>Earthship</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=Earthship&amp;diff=17209"/>
		<updated>2011-01-26T05:49:28Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Jiff64138: Created page with &amp;quot;{{refimprove|date=January 2011}} [[Image:RegularEarthshipDesign.svg|thumb|300px|The design used with most earthships. A large series of windows characterise the earthsheltered bu...&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;{{refimprove|date=January 2011}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:RegularEarthshipDesign.svg|thumb|300px|The design used with most earthships. A large series of windows characterise the earthsheltered building and the use of tires]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Earthship1.jpg|thumb|A somewhat customized earthship built at [[Rio Arriba County, New Mexico]], USA and shot from the side]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Exterior Jacobsen House Earthship 2009.JPG|thumb| the exterior of a very modern Earthship]]&lt;br /&gt;
An &#039;&#039;&#039;Earthship&#039;&#039;&#039; is a type of [[passive solar]] home made of natural and recycled materials. Designed and marketed by Earthship Biotecture of [[Taos, New Mexico]],  the homes are primarily constructed to work [[Autonomous building|autonomously]] and are generally made of earth-filled [[tires]],  using [[thermal mass]] construction to naturally regulate indoor temperature. They also usually have their own special natural ventilation system. Earthships are generally [[Off-the-grid]] homes, minimizing their reliance on public utilities and [[fossil fuels]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The original Earthships&#039; designs were at first very experimental, but with practice and evolution the houses began looking attractive.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Earthships are built to utilize the available local resources, especially energy from the Sun. For example, windows on sun-facing walls admit lighting and heating, and the buildings are often horseshoe-shaped to maximize natural light and solar-gain during winter months. The thick, dense inner walls provide thermal mass that naturally regulates the interior temperature during both cold and hot outside temperatures.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Internal, non-load-bearing walls are often made of a [[Honeycomb (geometry)|honeycomb]] of recycled cans joined by concrete and are referred to as [[tin can wall]]s. These walls are usually thickly plastered with [[stucco]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The roof of an Earthship is heavily insulated – often with earth or [[adobe]] – for added energy efficiency.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==History==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Interior Jacobsen House Bathroom Earthship 2009.JPG |thumb|right| a [[bottle wall]] of an Earthship bathroom]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Earthship Bathroom.JPG|thumb|right| an Earthship bathroom]]&lt;br /&gt;
The Earthship, as it exists today, began to take shape in the 1970s. [[Mike Reynolds (architect)|Mike Reynolds]], founder of Earthship Biotecture, a company that specializes in designing and building Earthships, wanted to create a home that would do three things; first, it would be sustainable, using material indigenous to the entire planet as well as recycled materials wherever possible. Second, the homes would rely on natural energy sources and be independent from the “grid”, therefore being less susceptible to natural disasters and free from the electrical and water lines that Reynolds considered unsightly and wasteful. Finally, it would be economically feasible for the average person with no specialized construction skills to be able to create.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Eventually, Reynolds&#039; vision took the form of the common U-shaped earth-filled tire homes seen today.  As a concept, the Earthship was not limited to tires – any dense material with a potential for thermal mass, such as concrete, adobe, or stone could theoretically be used to create an Earthship.  However, the earth-rammed tire version of the Earthship is now the most common design,  and is usually the only structure referred to as “Earthship”.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Bottle, Tire and Brick walls of Earthships.JPG|thumb|right|Earthships are made of Earth-rammed tires, bottles and cans]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Unlike other materials, rammed-earth tires are more accessible to the average person.  Scrap tires are ubiquitous around the world and easy to come by; there are an estimated 2 billion tires throughout the United States.  As of 1996, as many as 253 million scrap tires were being generated each year in the United States, with 70% being reclaimed by the scrap tire market (leaving perhaps 75 million scrap tires available for reuse as whole tires).&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Tom Verde, [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0CE0DA133CF931A35751C1A960958260&amp;amp;n=Top%2FReference%2FTimes%20Topics%2FSubjects%2FT%2FTires At Heart of Dispute, Tires by the Acre] (December 2, 1996), The New York Times.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In addition to the availability of scrap tires, the method by which they are converted into usable &amp;quot;bricks&amp;quot;, the ramming of the earth, is simple and affordable.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The earth-rammed tires of an Earthship are usually assembled by teams of two people working together as part of a larger construction team.  One member of the two person team shovels dirt, which usually comes from the building site, placing it into the tire one scoop at a time.  The second member, who stands on the tire, uses a sledge hammer to pack the dirt in.  The second person moves in a circle around the tire to keep the dirt even and avoid warping the tire.  These [[rammed earth]] tires in an Earthship are made in place because, when properly made, they weigh as much as 300 pounds and can be very difficult to relocate.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Additional benefits of the rammed earth tire are its great load-bearing capacity and its resistance to fire.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A fully rammed tire, which is about 2 feet 8&amp;amp;nbsp;inches wide, is massive enough to surpass conventional requirements for structural load distribution to the earth.  Because the tire is full of soil, it does not burn when exposed to fire.  In 1996 after a fire swept through many conventional homes in New Mexico, an Earthship discovered in the aftermath was relatively unharmed.{{Citation needed|date=August 2007}}  Only the south-facing wall and the roof had burned away, compared to the total destruction of the conventional homes.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Currently, Earthships are in use in almost every state in the United States, as well as many countries in Europe.  The use of insulation on the outside of tire walls, which was not common in early designs, is improving the viability of Earthships in every climate without compromising their durability.  In the year 2000, Mike Reynolds, in partnership with Daren Howarth, launched Earthship Biotecture Europe, an organization that aims to explore and evolve the concept of the Earthship within a European context.  Two more directors were appointed to Earthship Biotecture Europe in July 2006 – Kevan Trott and Kirsten Jacobsen.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Europe ==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Brighton Earthship.JPG|thumb|Brighton Earthship, UK]]&lt;br /&gt;
In 2004, the very first Earthship in the UK was opened at [[Kinghorn]] Loch in Fife, Scotland. It was built by volunteers of the SCI charity. In 2005, the first earthship in England was established in [[Stanmer Park]], [[Brighton]] with the [[Low Carbon Trust]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Earthship biotecture has now finalized plans for a planning application to build on a valuable development site overlooking the [[Brighton Marina]] in the UK. The application follows the successful six-month feasibility study funded by the UK Environment Agency and the Energy Savings Trust. The application calls for sixteen one, two, and three-bedroom earthship homes on this site. The homes are all designed according to basic earthship principles developed in the United States. 15,000 tires will be recycled to construct these homes (the UK burns approximately 40 million tires each year). The plans include the enhancement of habitats on the site for [[lizard]]s that already live there, which is the reasoning behind entitling the project &amp;quot;The Lizard&amp;quot;. This will be the first development of its kind in Europe, and successful development in [[Brighton]] may help to pave the way for similar projects around the UK and other places.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://web.archive.org/web/20071213144133/http://www.earthship.co.uk/earthship-homes.htm Earthship Homes development] (archived from [http://www.earthship.co.uk/earthship-homes.htm the original] on 2007-12-13).&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The first official Earthship home in mainland Europe with official planning commission approval was built in a small French village called Ger. The home, which is owned by Kevan and Gillian Trott, was built in April 2007 by Kevan, Mike Reynolds and an Earthship Crew from Taos. The design was modified for a European climate and is seen as the first of many for the European arena. It is currently used as a holiday home for eco-tourists.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kevin Telfer, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/travel/2008/apr/26/top100flightfreeholidays.green Super green European breaks] (26 April 2008 ), The Guardian.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Africa ==&lt;br /&gt;
The first earthship was built by Angel and Yvonne Kamp from 1996 to 1998. They rammed a total of 1,500 tires for the walls. The earthship, near [[Hermanus]], is located in a 60 hectare private nature reserve which is part of a 500000ha area enclosed in a game fence and borders the [[Walker Bay]] Nature Reserve.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;http://www.fynbos.co0.za/html/chaynouqua.htm&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Two new projects are also in early development in [[Africa]], an information and training centre in [[Orania, Northern Cape|Orania]], South Africa&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.aardskip.com Project/Projek Aardskip]. Aardskip.com. Retrieved on 2010-11-26.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and a residential house in [[Swaziland]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.earthships.co.za Sustainable Buildings Earthships » Earthships Sustainable Living South Africa Swaziland]. Earthships.co.za. Retrieved on 2010-11-26.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Systems==&lt;br /&gt;
The Earthship was designed as a structure that would exist in harmony with its environment and be freed from the constraints of modern shelters which rely on centralized utilities.  It is important that the Earthship create its own utilities as well as use readily available and sustainable materials.  In order to be entirely self-sufficient the Earthship needs to be able to handle the three systems of water, electricity, and climate. While these systems are not exclusive to Earthships, a properly designed Earthship must have these systems.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Water==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Interior Jacobsen House Earthship Botanical Cell 2009.JPG|upright|thumb|A botanical cell for greywater treatment featuring interior banana trees]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Rainwater harvesting system.svg|thumb|A domestic rainwater harvesting system]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Active Solar Water Heater Diagram.svg|thumb|Schematic of an active solar heating system]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Collection ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Earthships are designed to catch and use water from the local environment without bringing in water from a centralized source. Water used in an Earthship is harvested from rain, snow and condensation.  As water collects on the roof it is channeled through a silt-catching device and into a cistern.  The cisterns are positioned so they gravity-feed a WOM (water organization module), that filters out bacteria and contaminants, and makes it suitable for drinking. The WOM consists of filters and a DC-pump that are screwed into a panel. Water is then pushed into a conventional pressure tank to create common household water pressure.  Water collected in this fashion is used for any household activity except flushing toilets the conventional way. Rather, the water used for flushing toilets has been used at least once already: frequently it is filtered waste-water from sinks and showers, and described as &amp;quot;Greywater&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== Greywater ===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Greywater]], water that has been used and is unsuitable for drinking, is used within the Earthship for a multitude of purposes once it is reclaimed.  First, before the greywater can be reused, it is channeled through a grease and particle filter/digester and into a 30”-60&amp;quot; deep rubber-lined [[botanical cell]], a miniature [[living machine]], within the Earthship. This filter with imbedded plants can potentially also be used to produce food (by using a [[fruit tree]], ...). [[Water oxygenation|Oxygenation]], [[filtration]], [[transpiration]], and bacteria-encounter all take place within the cell and help to cleanse the water (Reynolds 2000).  Within the botanical cell, filtration is achieved by passing the water through a mixture of gravel and plant roots.  Because of the nature of plants, oxygen is added to the water as it filters, while nitrogen is removed.  Water taken up through the plants and transpired at their tops helps to humidify the air.  In the cell, bacteria will naturally grow and help to cleanse the water.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Water from the low end of the botanical cell is then directed through a peat-moss filter and collected in a reservoir or well.  This reclaimed water is then passed once more through a greywater board and used to flush conventional toilets.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Often, any greywater that is made at earthships is not polluted enough to justify treatment (its &amp;quot;pollution&amp;quot; being usually just soap, which is often not environmentally damaging). At earthships, the use of plants placed at outlets of fixtures is then practiced to regain the water and the nutrients lost (from the soaps, etc.).. Usually, a single plant is placed directly in front of the pipe, but mini drain-fields are also sometimes used. The pipe is made large enough (5,08&amp;amp;nbsp;cm) so that the formation of underground gas (from the greywater) is avoided. This is done with kitchen and bathroom sinks, and even showers, washing machines, and dishwashing machines. The plants are usually placed indoors with the sinks and outdoors with the washing/dishwashing machines and shower (to avoid indoor &amp;quot;floods&amp;quot;). Also, with the latter, larger drain-fields are used instead of a mere plant being placed before an outlet.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://melinathinks.wordpress.com/category/earthship-greywater-plantergreenhouse/ Plants placed at fixtures]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.greenhomebuilding.com/earthship.htm Plants placed at fixtures in earthships]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Black water===&lt;br /&gt;
[[Blackwater (waste)|Black water]], water that has been used in a toilet, was usually not created within many of the earliest earthships as the use of conventional toilets was discouraged.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Earthship Volume 2:Systems and components&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Instead, in the early days [[composting toilet]]s were advocated, which use no water at all. However, with the new greywater treatment system design (used in Nautilus, Helios, ...) created by Michael Reynolds, flush toilets have now found a place in the earthship and the general water system has been redesigned according to the new &amp;quot;6-step process&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://heliohouse.com/tech.htm New water purification system process at Helios house: overview with pictures]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.earthship.net/modules.php?name=News&amp;amp;file=article&amp;amp;sid=25 Wastewater path]{{Citation broken|date=March 2009}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Now, when the newly included flush-toilets are used, blackwater is not reused within the Earthship.  Instead, blackwater is sent to a solar-enhanced septic tank with leach-field and planter cells (the whole being often referred to as the “incubator”).  The solar-enhanced septic tank is a regular [[septic tank]] which is heated by the sun and glazed with an equator-facing window. The incubator stores the sun&#039;s heat in its concrete mass, and is insulated, to help the anaerobic process.  Water from the incubator is channeled out to an exterior [[leach field]] and then to landscaping &amp;quot;planter cells&amp;quot; (spaces surrounded by concrete in which plants have been put). The cells are similar to the botanical cell used in greywater treatment and are usually placed just before and under the windows of the earthship.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In cases where it is not possible to use flush-toilets operating on water, [[dry solar toilet]]s are now advocated, instead of &#039;&#039;regular&#039;&#039; [[composting toilet]]s. If this is the case, obviously no black water is formed and the use of an incubator is thus (usually) not necessary. Instead, regular &amp;quot;planters&amp;quot; (plants used for sucking up water/nutrients) are then used. When using regular planters as well, no chemical soaps or detergents can be used.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The space where the WOM (water organization module), graywater pump panel, pressure tank, (first set of) batteries, and POM (power organising module) are stored is in a small room referred to as the &amp;quot;systems package&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Electricity==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Wind generator system.jpg|upright|thumb|Parts of DIY Wind turbine]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:PVSolarSystem.svg|thumb|A PV-solar system]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Earthships are designed to collect and store their own energy from a variety of sources.  The majority of electrical energy is harvested from the sun and wind.  [[Photovoltaic]] panels and [[windturbine]]s located on or near the Earthship generate DC energy that is then stored in several types of [[deep-cycle batteries]]. The space in which the batteries are kept is usually a special, purpose-built room placed on the roof. Additional energy, if required, can be obtained from gasoline-powered generators or by integrating with the city grid.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In an Earthship, a Power Organizing Module is used to take stored energy from batteries and [[Inverter (electrical)|invert]] it for AC use.  The Power Organizing Module is a prefabricated system provided by Earthship Biotecture that is simply attached to a wall on the interior of the Earthship and wired in a conventional manner. It includes the necessary equipment such as [[circuit breakers]] and [[Voltage converter|converters]]. The energy run through the Power Organizing Module can be used to run any house-hold appliance including washing machines, computers, kitchen appliances, print machines, vacuums, etc.  Generally, none of the electrical energy in an Earthship is used for heating or cooling.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://earthship.com/systems/energy.php] {{Dead link|date=March 2009|url=http://earthship.com/systems/energy.php}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;{{Failed verification|date=March 2009}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Climate==&lt;br /&gt;
The interior climate of an Earthship is stabilized and made comfortable by taking advantage of many phenomena. Mainly, the Earthship tries to take advantage of the properties of thermal mass and passive solar heating and cooling. Examples are large front windows with integrated [[shades]], [[trombe wall]]s and other technologies such as [[Skylight (window)#Skylights|skylights]] or [[Steve Baer|Track Rack solar trackers]] (dualling as an energy generation device and passive solar source.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The load-bearing walls of an Earthship, which are made from [[Steel-belted radial|steel-belted tires]] rammed with earth, serve two purposes. First, they hold up the roof, and second, they provide a dense [[thermal mass]] that will soak up heat during the day and radiate heat during the night, keeping the interior climate relatively comfortable all day.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In addition to high thermal mass, some Earthships may be [[Earth sheltering|earth-sheltered]].  The benefits of earth-sheltering are twofold because it adds to the thermal mass and, if the Earthship is buried deep enough, allows the structure to take advantage of the Earth&#039;s stable temperature.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The Earthship is designed in such a way that the sun provides heating, ventilation, and lighting.  To take advantage of the sun, an Earthship is positioned so that its principal wall, which is nonstructural and made mostly of glass sheets, faces directly towards the equator.  This positioning allows for optimum solar exposure.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
To allow the sun to heat the mass of the Earthship, the solar-orientated wall is angled so that it is perpendicular to light from the winter sun.  This allows for maximum exposure in the winter, when heat is wanted, and lesser exposure in the summer, when heat is to be avoided.  Some Earthships, especially those built in colder climates, use insulated shading on the solar-orientated wall to reduce heat loss during the night (Reynolds 2000).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Natural ventilation===&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:EarthshipVentilation new.png|thumb|The ventilation system of an earthship]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The earthships usually use their own [[natural ventilation]] system. It consists of cold(er) air coming in from a front (&amp;quot;hopper&amp;quot;) window, especially made for this purpose and flowing out through (one of) the skylights that are placed on the earthship. As hot air rises, the system maintains itself and keeps sucking in (and out), air.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Heating problems==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:PHOENIXBATH.jpg|thumb|[[Bottle wall]]s are used in earthships such as this earthship bathroom, located in Phoenix Earthship, Taos, NM, USA]]&lt;br /&gt;
Earthships rely on a balance between the solar heat gain and the ability of the tire walls and subsoil to transport and store heat.  The design intends to require little if any auxiliary heat. Some earthships have suffered from over-heating and some from over-cooling.&amp;lt;!-- please provide a reference(s) to substantiate the claim that this problem is due to &amp;quot;failure to adjust to local conditions&amp;quot; and not a broader problem with the fundamental design --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Some earthships appear to have serious problems with heat loss. In these cases heat appears to be leaking into the ground constantly during the heating season and being lost. This situation may have arisen from the mistaken belief that ground-coupled structures (building in thermal contact with the ground) do not require insulation. The situation may also be due to large climatic differences between the sunny, arid, and warm Southwest (of the USA) where earthships were first built and the cloudier, cooler, and wetter climates where some are now being built. [[Malcolm Wells]], an architect and authority on earth-sheltered design, recommends [[R-value (insulation)|R-value]] 10 insulation between deep soils and heated spaces. Wells&#039;s insulation recommendations increase as the depth of the soil decreases.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In very limited and specific situations, uncommon during the heating season, [[thermal mass]] can marginally increase the apparent R-value of a building assembly such as a wall.  Generally speaking [[thermal mass]] and [[R-value (insulation)|R-value]] are distinct thermodynamic properties and should not be equated.  Thermal performance problems apparently seen in some earthship designs may have occurred because of thermal mass being erroneously equated to R-value. The R-value of soil is about 1 per foot.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.engext.ksu.edu/ees/henergy/envelope/basement.html Kansas State University Extension Service]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Potential advantages==&lt;br /&gt;
* Having an earth-bermed home with windows facing the sun is a good idea in any climate where heating is required.&lt;br /&gt;
* Collecting rainwater that falls on the roof reduces the runoff impact of the building and may reduce water and even sewer service fees.&lt;br /&gt;
* Having a combination of [[photovoltaic cells]] and wind generation is a prudent way to provide electricity in many situations.&lt;br /&gt;
* Using curved modules as horizontal arches to resist earth loads is a sound structural design.&lt;br /&gt;
* On-site processing of runoff water, grey water, and black water using plant beds reduces the environmental impact of the building.&lt;br /&gt;
* Rubber tires make a wind- and puncture- resistant wall.  They may be safe from [[outgassing]] when plastered semi-airtight.&lt;br /&gt;
* Rubber tires are usually free and it may be possible to be paid to take them.  It also is beneficial to keep them out of landfills or prevent them from being illegally burnt.&lt;br /&gt;
*Potential to eliminate utility bills.&lt;br /&gt;
*The structure is highly moldable to different aesthetic tastes.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Potential disadvantages==&lt;br /&gt;
* The sloped glazing may be hard to keep watertight and in warm climates allows excessive solar gain in summer. In colder climates, the glazing itself, which has far poorer insulating properties than any other component, will obviously be the major conduit of heat loss in winter. New designs call for vertical windows with an overhang.&lt;br /&gt;
* Uninsulated ground-coupled thermal mass presents a large potential for heat loss, especially in climates with a heating season.  This varies to a degree with soil type and moisture content.{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}}&lt;br /&gt;
* Rubber-tire walls tend to lack structural stiffness and may require perpendicular stiffening ribs.{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}}&lt;br /&gt;
* Most solar photovoltaic systems suffer from poor efficiency and some wind systems only generate in periods of high wind velocity.&lt;br /&gt;
* The novel design may diminish resale value or make buyers more difficult to find.&lt;br /&gt;
* The intimate ground contact inherent in this approach may increase hazards due to soil gases including [[Radon]], and those due to water intrusion.&lt;br /&gt;
* Packing or ramming dirt into the inside of tires is a very labor-intensive process.&lt;br /&gt;
* Many Earthship builders are drawn to this system by its apparently low environmental impact.  However, this is only valid if the design is highly thermally efficient. Earthship designs may require substantial thermal analysis and redesign to be adapted to non-Southwest USA climate.&lt;br /&gt;
* Earthships built with concrete, sand bags, or adobe and with better solar and heat control perform better.{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}}&lt;br /&gt;
* Earthships are usually built in areas of extremely low population density, so unless they are entirely self-sufficient, a significant amount of fossil fuels could have to be expended in their construction because of the transportation of materials and workers.  They can be built anywhere, however, and this can mitigate certain issues dealing with fossil fuels and transportation.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==A tour through the Earthship Museum==&lt;br /&gt;
{{double image|left|Earthship museum 1 greywater treatment planter.JPG|300|Earthship museum1 botanical cell featuring jade and banana plants.JPG|300|A greywater treatment botanical cell featuring [[Jade]] and [[banana]] plants}}&lt;br /&gt;
{{double image|left|Earthship museum 2 operable skylight.JPG|300|Earthship museum 2 operable skylight seen.JPG|300|an operable [[skylight]]]}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Earthship museum 3 Tire walls.JPG|thumb|left|300px| Tire walls]]&lt;br /&gt;
{{double image|left|Earthship museum 4 scupper silt catch.JPG|300|Earthship museum 4 silt catch.JPG|300|Scupper / Silt Catch}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Earthship museum 5 indoor cistern.JPG|thumb|left|300px| Indoor Cistern]]&lt;br /&gt;
{{double image|left|Earthship museum 6 water org module.JPG|300|Earthship museum 6 water organizing module.JPG|300| Water Organizing Module}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Earthship museum 7 pressure tank.JPG|thumb|left|300px| pressure tank]]&lt;br /&gt;
{{double image|left|Earthship museum 8 power org module.JPG|300|Earthship museum 8 power organizing module.JPG|300|Power Organizing Module}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Earthship museum 9 battery room.JPG|thumb|left|300px|Battery Room ]]&lt;br /&gt;
{{double image|left|Earthship museum 11 can and cement bathtub.JPG|300|Earthship museum 11 can and cement bathtubb.JPG|300|Can and Cement Bathtub}}&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Earthship museum 12 can and bottle wall.JPG|thumb|left|300px|Can and bottle wall ]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Earthship museum 13 oiled mud wall .JPG|thumb|left|300px| Oiled Mud wall]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Earthship museum 14 greywater pump.JPG|thumb|left|300px| Greywater pump]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Images of Earthships==&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;gallery perrow=3 widths=220px heights=160px&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
File:Unfinished Earthship 2.JPG|an unfinished Earthship&lt;br /&gt;
File:Unfinished earthship 3.JPG|an unfinished Earthship&lt;br /&gt;
File:Unfinished Earthship.JPG|an unfinished Earthship&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/gallery&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==See also==&lt;br /&gt;
{{colbegin|3}}&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Antoni Gaudi]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Friedensreich Hundertwasser]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Geothermal]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Hurricane proof building]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Permaculture]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Spaceship Earth]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Steve Baer]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Sustainable architecture]]&lt;br /&gt;
*[[Repurposing]]&lt;br /&gt;
{{colend}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Notes ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{Reflist|2}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== References ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{refbegin}}&lt;br /&gt;
* Hewitt, M. and Telfer, K. (2007). &#039;&#039;Earthships: building a zero carbon future for homes&#039;&#039;. ISBN 9781860819728&lt;br /&gt;
* Klippel, James H. http://www.garrellassociates.com/EcoDesign.html, green page&lt;br /&gt;
* Reynolds, Mike. (2000).  &#039;&#039;Comfort In Any Climate&#039;&#039;, Taos: Solar Survival P. ISBN 0962676748&lt;br /&gt;
{{refend}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Further reading==&lt;br /&gt;
*  Schirber, Michael. [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/21755230/ &amp;quot;Making Earthships Mainstream&amp;quot;] on &#039;&#039;Going Green at [[msnbc.com]]&#039;&#039;, November 12, 2007.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==External links ==&lt;br /&gt;
{{commonscat-inline}}&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.earthshipfloridaproject.com Earthship Florida Project]&lt;br /&gt;
*{{dmoz|Business/Construction_and_Maintenance/Building_Types/Sustainable_Architecture/Earthships/|Earthships}}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Masonry]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Solar architecture]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Sustainable building]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[es:Earthship]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[fr:Earthship]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[nl:Earthship]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[no:Jordskip]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[simple:Earthship]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[sv:Jordskepp]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Jiff64138</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=OSE_Specifications&amp;diff=17104</id>
		<title>OSE Specifications</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=OSE_Specifications&amp;diff=17104"/>
		<updated>2011-01-23T00:09:41Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Jiff64138: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;=Introduction=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(last updated June 2010)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
OSE Specifications are a metric for assessing a product&#039;s contribution to the creation of post-scarcity economies. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The OSE Specifications are a standard aimed at defining and evaluating the criteria of products, services, and their production - which serve to promote the creation of post-scarcity economies, and therefore, the creation of resilient communities. &#039;&#039;Post-scarcity&#039;&#039; refers to the rigorous condition of a community&#039;s adjustment to the usage of its resource base, such that needs and desires and provided abundantly - with significant surplus to fuel progress and evolution of the community.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Components of OSE Specifications=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
OSE Specifications cover a number of aspects of economically-significant production, covering the development and production aspects:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*Economic significance&lt;br /&gt;
*Open documentation&lt;br /&gt;
*Distributive economic nature&lt;br /&gt;
*Transformative nature of enterprise&lt;br /&gt;
*Systems design&lt;br /&gt;
*Transparency and participatory nature of production model and development process&lt;br /&gt;
*Creation of post-scarcity levels of production&lt;br /&gt;
*Simplicity and low cost&lt;br /&gt;
*Lifetime, modular design; design-for-disassembly; design-for-scalability &lt;br /&gt;
*Localization of material sourcing and of production&lt;br /&gt;
*Ecological qualities &lt;br /&gt;
*Economic Feasibility and Replicability&lt;br /&gt;
**Minimization of waste, overhead, and bureaucracy&lt;br /&gt;
**Product Evolution&lt;br /&gt;
**Fabrication Facilities&lt;br /&gt;
**Open Franchising or Open Business Model&lt;br /&gt;
**Startup Assistance&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Economic Significance==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Economic significance refers to the overall economic importance of a given product or service. The assumption here that economic significance is defined on the basis of relevance for meeting the material needs of humans. For example, fuels and tractors constitute multibillion dollar global markets, and are thus economically significant. On the other hand, plain discussion may have little economic significance, if is not more than hot air.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Open Documentation==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Open content===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
We begin with open content as a foundation – content that is free of restrictions on use or dissemination. The optimal license for content that we promote is the public domain. This keeps it simple from the practical and legal perspective. We have a philosophy that the users should decide for themselves as to how to use the information. We support open licensing. We are not interested in policing. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
We believe that to claim something as ‘one’s own’ is arrogant, as it does not address the fact that any single ‘invention’ is simply a small additional to a large pool of existing knowledge that made the ‘invention’ possible. We believe that there is no point in trying to police the patenting of forks, as are simply so many different forks or development paths that could be taken nonetheless: creativity is unlimited. We believe that the more we contribute to the commons, the more new content will be generated.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Readily accessible or downloadble documentation and design===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Distributed information in the computer age is made most readily accessible if it is available for immediate download from the internet. If material is available in electronic format, it may be manipulated or utilized readily with software tools. For example, digital designs may be edited or used immediately in CAD or CAM. If CAM formats are available, then data at one point in space can be readily transformed into a physical object at another point in space, in the presence of digital fabrication capacities.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Design Drawings===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This is a start towards replicability.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Bill of Materials (BOM)===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Next to design drawing, the BOM is the second most important towards replicability. This is a detailed listing of all parts used, sourcing, and prices. Availability of the BOM saves the potential builder countless hours of searching for part availability and for reasonable pricing. Relevant comments should be made alongside the BOM, such as, quality or reliability of certain vendors, their quality of service, and any other useful comments. The only difficulty with a BOM may be that if the audience is global, sourcing may not be readily available or shipping may be prohibitive, so local substitution of parts must be made. If a BOM is available, then the building of a specific product can commence immediately: there is no guessing which parts would work, or which supplier is reliable. At best, the process for one-off individual production can be as follows:&lt;br /&gt;
#an individual decides that they need a certain product&lt;br /&gt;
#they look that product up on an online repository of open source products, download fabrication procedures and parts lists&lt;br /&gt;
#purchase parts locally all on the same day if they are located in an urban area where many suppliers are available&lt;br /&gt;
#and start building a certain project.&lt;br /&gt;
All these steps can potentially be completed in one day when the BOM is available. Open design drawings and plans are only one aspect, but the critical point to enabling immediate production is the availability of BOMs, as the last step prior to actual fabrication.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Under this scenario, a realistic possibility emerges that a large number of individuals discontinue purchasing slave goods from who-knows-where, and begin to fabricate them locally. This is feasibile on the individual level for anyone equipped with a robust Fab Lab, or when small groups (a few to a dozen people) get together to purchase low-cost, open source, digital fabrication equipment. These people could operate out of backyard garages, rented workshop spaces, co-working facilities, or other community supported manufacturing operations. The types of products that yield themselves particularly to this type of production are those items that fall beyond the class of disposable goods, and are more or less long-use items. These items include electronics, mechanized tools, semi-heavy machinery, green vehicles, renewable energy systems, among others.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
====Tools====&lt;br /&gt;
[[CAD by Mariano Alvira]] and [[SKDB]] are two different tools that can improve and automate different aspects of handling a BOM.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Free information===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
If information is free, it is most easily accessible.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Distributive Economics==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Distributive economics refer to economic models that tend to distribute economic power as opposed to monopolizing this power.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Transformative Nature of Enterprise==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
We are interested in transformative economics, or those economics which tend towards community and global resilience, while having qualities that, proactively, move the world away from: concentration of societal power; perennial warfare; loss of meaning; bureaucracy; globalization of economic activity; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspeak newspeak]; loss of freedom; and so forth.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Systems Design==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Systems design refers to design of economic paradigms which consider the whole human and natural ecosystem, and the relationships involved, not just an isolated part of that system. For example, non-systems thinking may lead one to conclude that a modern steam engine for transportation is a bad idea compared to biodiesel or fuel alcohol because the thermodynamic efficiency of a steam engine is two times lower than that of diesel engines or gasoline engines. The systems design perspective will claim that the steam engine is a great idea, because biomass pellets can be used as fuel, and the yield of cellulosic biomass per acre is about 10 times higher than the yield of oil or alcohol. The systems thinker will continue, by stating that if the whole system is considered, biomass pellet production is much simpler to accomplish, and that biomass-growing areas can be integrated with other uses such as orcharding or livestock raising, and the systems thinker will continue to make other claims that such an energy source allows for absolute decentralization of production and resilience of communities using the simplest means possible. The point to be made is that the systems thinker can continue to make a large number of claims on how a particular activity is desirable based on a number of systems connections, which the non-systems thinker dismisses as simply not being part of the question.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
We believe that destructive non-systems thinking is so pervasive in our society, that in general, individual and societal decision-making is completely partisan, thin on logic, and downright retarded. We are including a metric for systems design in the OSE Specifications to raise awareness of this issue, with a hope, which even if futile, attempts to bring a glimmer of light to the situation.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Transparency of Production Model and Development Process==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The development process for products, and their production model, should be transparent to any interested observer. This allows for study of, input into, and improvement of the topic of interest. Transparency allows feedback loops to become active, and empowers those who are interested in learning more about a topic. Transparency is one of several qualities of a distributive, economic process. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Transparency of some program implies that the program is open to suggestions, correction, or replication of itself, stemming from an ethical foundation of the given program. Therefore, tools such as non-disclosure agreements, patents, trade secrets, and other means of protectionism are inconsistent with the creation of transparency.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Development Process===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
1. Participation in the development process is entirely voluntary. No compensation for alienation is necessary. As a result, the best designs are produced from the commitment of passionate stakeholders.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2. Anyone may join or leave the development group at any time&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
3. Collaborative development process utilizes the input of diverse stakeholders&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
4. Steps and results of the development process are documented&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Creation of Post-Scarcity Levels of Production==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Post-scarcity levels of production imply the availability of effective tools of production, including both hardware and techniques - which allow for the ample meeting of human needs. Post-scarcity levels of production also imply that local, nonstrategic resources can be utilized effectively, reliably, and with the capacity to produce significant surplus. The goal of attaining post-scarcity levels of production of something are thus synonymous with a particular community being able to transcend physical survival as a basis for evolving to pursuits beyond mere survival.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Simplicity and Low Cost==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The design and implementation of any product or service should be the simplest from both the fabrication and cost perspective, such that it is the most readily replicable. Attaining simplicity is indeed the most difficult design challenge. Most people confuse high performance with extra features, because they externalize the hidden liabilities that accompany the extra features. Simplicity is synonymous with efficient resource use. Simplicity should also apply to the fabrication procedure of an object. As such, simplicity is also synonymous with low cost. The basic design philosophy of OSE is to include simplicity in design and fabrication - ie, design-for-fabrication should be applied.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Lifetime, Modular Design; Design-for-Disassembly; Design-for-Scalability (DfS)==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(Note: For mainstream reference on lifetime design, see the work of [[Saul Griffith]])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Simplicity of design promotes the features of lifetime, modular, and scalable design-for-disassembly (DfD). &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Lifetime design implies that the value of a product does not depreciate over time. This implies freedom from labor required to replace a certain product, which has direct implication for one&#039;s access to free time.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Modular design is a design which allows different modules to be used and interchanged, giving the user control over and flexibility with the object of use.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
DfD means that parts of modules may be replaced readily, by taking the module apart. This has profound implications to lifetime design.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
DfS is more than a design that can be scaled. It is the principle of designing things with ease of scalability as one of the features - ie, design that can be scaled easily. This is a slight improvement over design that can be scaled, in that DfS includes explicit features that make scalability easy. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Scalability means that a basic building block can be used to make larger or smaller versions. This contributes to low cost and efficiency.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Multipurpose Modular Design===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Objects should be designed so that they are made as building blocks, or modules, of other or larger objects. This way, objects can be modified. Instead of a whole object having to be replaced to add new functionality, a module may be added. This gives products a flexibility that is built into their very nature, such that the user has additional control with minimum expense. Modularity may sometimes be synonymous with inter-operability, and may sometimes be synonymous with scalability. It may contribute to lifetime design if an object is 100% modular and each module may be replaced. Modularity also means that an object may function as a building block of other objects. In all cases, modularity implies that an object may be modified. The combination of flexibility, adaptability, scalability, interoperability are desirable. These features expand the range of applications, increase lifetime, reduce cost, as well as provide and retain high value. In a material world, these are features that contribute to wealth and prosperity. In a nutshell, modularity provides large value and has low associated costs. These are good implications for individual and community well-being.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
If modular design is followed, then the type of interoperability of using building blocks leads us to a [[Pattern Language]] of technology. In this pattern language, the modules or building blocks serve as the sentences of a larger language, or technology infrastructure.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Scalability===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Products should be designed so that they can be scaled up or down - such as by addition of new modules, or using multiples of a part in parallel. For example, a solar concentrator system designed according to the principle of scalability should be a linear design (see [[Solar Power Generator]]), so that it could be enlarged either by lengthening or widening the array.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Localization of Material Sourcing and of Production==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For community resilience, ability to use local resources is key. While it is important that a community have this ability for essential needs, it is optional, though desirable, for other nonessential items.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Using local resources may necessitate that a given community have additional technology to produce a certain item. For example, if a given community does not have the conditions to grow a certain crop easily, it may want to invest in the additional technology required to grow that crop successfully. Or, if a certain community does not have adequate water, it should invest in well-drilling or roof-catchment technology, instead of importing water from unsecured sources.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A community should thus, in general, strive to increase its technology base to accommodate the provision of all essentials, and not settle on its ability to trade to procure these essentials, as trade may be vulnerable to disruption. Trade is quite acceptable for non-essential items, such as musical instruments, since disruption of such supply does not threaten the survival of a community. The level of technology in which a community is autonomous should be determined on practical grounds.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Moreover, in today&#039;s world, we already hear about &#039;produced locally.&#039; We should add &#039;sourced locally&#039; to our vocabulary - as resilience implies not only local production, but also local sourcing. Local sourcing typically requires that a community have additional technological infrastructure and knowhow for providing the necessary feedstocks.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Localization Levels===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*Level 1 - production is local&lt;br /&gt;
*Level 2 - sourcing of materials used in production is local&lt;br /&gt;
*Level 3 - raw material production is local&lt;br /&gt;
*Level 4 - production machinery used in the production process above is open source and locally fabricated&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Localization applies to the creation of natural economies, or those economies based on the substance of their own, natural resources, free of supply chain disruptions.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
An example of Level 3 is that local aluminum is made by [[Smelting]] aluminum from local clays.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
If localization is taken to all the 4 levels, for all necessities of sustaining its population - that means that a region is autonomous, and as such, has no built-in tendency to wage war for others&#039; resources. This is the &lt;br /&gt;
critical point of localization - its benign effect on global geopolitical struggle. In simple words, people don&#039;t kill and steal.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Ecological Qualities==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The product of interest must be good for the environment.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Economic Feasibility and Replicability==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Minimization of Waste, Overhead, and Bureaucracy===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The key point to the competitiveness of agile, open source enterprise is its lean structure with minimal overhead. Minimization of waste occurs by collaborative development, such that R&amp;amp;D costs are shared by a number of stakeholders. Competitive waste is eliminated by open enterprise giving services away rather than competing for market share, which is the ethical marketing strategy for open enterprise.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Other strategies for keeping overhead low are [http://openfarmtech.org/weblog/?p=391 crowd-funding the production facility], such as in Factor e Farm&#039;s case. We also propose paperwork reduction by operating as an un-incorporated entity, with contractually-based fiscal fiduciaries and liability management, operation in the Republic via private contract, and by in-house legal literacy.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Product Evolution===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A process should be in place for continued maintenance and development of a product. This could be a support community, foundation, or users.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Fabrication Facilities===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Concrete Flexible Fabrication mechanism exists for others to purchase the product at reasonable cost. This is a means to assuring that a diversity of suppliers exists, such that monopoly is avoided.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Open Franchising or [[Open Business Model]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This point defines how easily one can obtain access to replicable enterprise design. See our motivation with respect to Open Business Models, as described under the [[OSE License]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There is a number of details that goes into enterprise replications. These are all the standard details found in a [[Business Plan]], plus the actual technical details that go into that plan, such as designs and CAD, fabrication procedures, BOM and sourcing information, economic analysis, ergonomic analysis, and so forth.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
If you are interested in replicating an enterprise, then please inquire with us regarding practical considerations. For those interested in replication, we are looking for long-term commitment to provide the necessary due diligence of business model documentation.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Startup Assistance===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Producer training is the key to assisting others to start up enterprise. Dedicated workshops should be available for others to learn the trade. We plan on offering a 2 year immersion program, which includes not only workshop skills, but agriculture, as well as theoretical and organizational aspects.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Calculation of a Metric Score=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The list of properties below defines the OSE Specifications Rating. There are 42 aspects listed above (with question marks), which divided into a total of 100 points (for a perfect score), gives the value of 2.38095+ points for each question. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Economic Significance&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
a) Is it relevant for meeting the material needs of humans?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Distributive Economics&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
a) Does the economic model distribute economic power?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Transformative Nature of Enterprise&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
a) Does it promote community and global resilience?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Systems Design&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
a) Does it consider the complete human and natural ecosystem?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ecology&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
a) Is it good for the environment?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Development Process&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
a) Is participation in the process entirely voluntary? &lt;br /&gt;
b) Can anyone join or leave the development group at any time?&lt;br /&gt;
c) Does the collaborative development process utilize the input of diverse stakeholders?&lt;br /&gt;
d) Are the steps and results of the development process documented?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Simplicity of design&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
a) Is it low Cost?&lt;br /&gt;
b) Does it have Long Life?&lt;br /&gt;
c) Is it modular?&lt;br /&gt;
d) Is it designed for disassembly?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Design for scalability &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
a) Can it be scaled up?&lt;br /&gt;
b) Can it be scaled down?&lt;br /&gt;
c) Is it easily scalable?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Localization &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
a) Materials &lt;br /&gt;
1) Are materials used in production local?&lt;br /&gt;
2) Is raw material production local?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
b) Production&lt;br /&gt;
1) Is product production local?&lt;br /&gt;
2) Production machinery used in production process &lt;br /&gt;
a) Is it Open Source?&lt;br /&gt;
b) Is it locally fabricated?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Economic Feasibility and Replicability&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
a) Is there minimal overhead? &lt;br /&gt;
b) Is there minimal waste?&lt;br /&gt;
c) Are R&amp;amp;D costs shared by a number of stakeholders?&lt;br /&gt;
d) Are services given away? &lt;br /&gt;
e) Are production facilities Crowd-funded?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Product Evolution&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
a) Is there continual produce maintenance? &lt;br /&gt;
b) Is there continual product development?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Fabrication Facilities&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
a) Is there a flexible fabrication mechanism? &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Open Business Model&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
a) Is there a Business Plan?&lt;br /&gt;
b) Are there technical details in the business plan?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Open Documentation &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
a) Is content Open Source?&lt;br /&gt;
b) Is content readily accessible (downloadable)?&lt;br /&gt;
c) Are there design drawings?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Designs&lt;br /&gt;
a) Are design drawings CAD?&lt;br /&gt;
b) Are fabrication procedures detailed?&lt;br /&gt;
c) Is economic analysis available?&lt;br /&gt;
d) Is ergonomic analysis available?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
e) Bill of Materials (BOM) &lt;br /&gt;
1) Is there a parts list?&lt;br /&gt;
2) Is Sourcing of parts listed?&lt;br /&gt;
3) Are prices of parts listed?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Startup Assistance&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
a) Is producer training available?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Summary=&lt;br /&gt;
In summary, we aim to raise the standards embodied in open source product development efforts by articulating the possibilities. OSE Specification describes all the desirable features that can be embodied in open economic development, under the assumption that maximum advancement of distributive production is the best route to human prosperity.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The end promise is &#039;&#039;[http://www.inclusivedemocracy.org/dn/vol4/fotopoulos_technology.htm#_ftn2 liberatory technology]&#039;&#039; - open, replicable, essential, optimal, and ecological goods and services for humankind living in harmony with natural life support systems.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Other Notes=&lt;br /&gt;
We are interested in providing a transparent assessment of the overall openness or accessibility of &#039;&#039;so-called&#039;&#039; open source products. The concept of open source is extended here to physical products in general. The intent of this specification is to clarify those attributes of the product or product development process that contribute to widespread access to users. This specification is intended to help people assess distributive production aspects of projects, by distinguishing between the various degrees of ‘opensourceness’ embodied in projects. This is because some projects call themselves ‘open source’ when, in reality, only a small portion, or even no physical portion, of the hardware is open source. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
For example, in the case of the [http://green.autoblog.com/2007/10/16/autobloggreen-qanda-open-source-green-vehicle-project/ OS Green Vehicle], the only open source component is an apparent design process, but the output of the design process is proprietary: ‘Your rights to use, modify and re-distribute any data from this web site are limited.’ Moreover, the components used in the car are proprietary. This is not in the true nature of open source ideals.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Access refers to use for both private or market purposes. The specification is not neutral in its goals, just as no technologies are ever neutral. The intent goes so far as to point out the nuances that contribute to a particular direction of: (1), promoting ecological integrity, (2), contributing to the highest possible quality of life, and (3), creating the widest possible distribution of wealth. Because the open source method of product development has immense potential in transforming the economic system, the OSE Specification aims to address the evaluation of positive change endorsed by various open source projects. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The scope of OSE Specifications is far-reaching: it considers all the steps necessary for a product to be user-accessible. This includes open access to relevant information and affordable access to physical products. This implies that for physical products, the highest standard is the existence of a production facility to bring a given product to market.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
OSE Specification does not stop at physical production facilities. It addresses the means for replicating the production process itself. This includes the development of open business models, training materials, and apprenticeships for entrepreneurs. As the final step, we consider the availability of capitalization assistance within the metric. The capitalization assistance may be in the form of producing the machines involved in production for the trainee’s new enterprise, or it may mean that the trainee shares in the earnings from making a product in order to help defray the cost of a new facility.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Such level of commitment to the success of replication may imply a hidden agenda behind this program. Indeed there is: the greatest possible empowerment of people and communities to be the masters of their destinies by beginning to take control of their means of production. Self-employment and local, ecological economies are desirable byproducts.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
OSE Spec addresses access for two audiences: both users and producers. Production could occur by do-it-yourself means. More importantly, we have the framework of flexible fabrication in mind. The OSE Spec addresses the availability of blueprints or digital designs, which can be used readily in computer-controlled fabrication facilities. Such fabrication procedures lend themselves for use by producers selling to outside markets. Indeed, the metric addresses the ease with which production may be initiated. At best, production should be easy to start, if it requires minimal capitalization, and if producers can be trained effectively.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The particular elements of OSE Spec includes four areas: information access, ecological design, design process, and economic feasibility and replicability. The components of OSE Specifications are detailed as follows:&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Jiff64138</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=Controlador_de_ra&amp;diff=17004</id>
		<title>Controlador de ra</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=Controlador_de_ra&amp;diff=17004"/>
		<updated>2011-01-20T00:15:35Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Jiff64138: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Consiste em uma dosador de ração controlado pelo computador.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Controlador_racao.png]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Já consegui fazer o driver de controle do motor de passo e já fiz a parte logica de programação tanto pela porta paralela quanto por chip atmega (arduino).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Se os senhores quiserem pegar este projeto como estudo e me ajudar a concluir vai ser bastante util pois este é um dos projetos que integram um projeto maior sobre [[Aquaponics|aquaponia]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
in english:&lt;br /&gt;
I&#039;ve already got the driver to control the stepper motor and have already made part of logic programming through the parallel port as well for Atmega chip (arduino).&lt;br /&gt;
If you want to take this project to study and help me finish will be very useful because this is one of the projects that are part of a larger project on [[Aquaponics|aquaponia]] .&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category: OSA]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Jiff64138</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=TerraCrua&amp;diff=16678</id>
		<title>TerraCrua</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=TerraCrua&amp;diff=16678"/>
		<updated>2011-01-05T20:20:08Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Jiff64138: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;http://www.terracrua.com/?page=portfolio&amp;amp;lang=en_GB&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:CEB Press]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Jiff64138</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=Babington_Burner&amp;diff=16626</id>
		<title>Babington Burner</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=Babington_Burner&amp;diff=16626"/>
		<updated>2011-01-03T20:43:05Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Jiff64138: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;=Video of Successful Burner at Factor e Farm=&lt;br /&gt;
http://www.youtube.com/v/uwO_ysHOJZ8&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;fs=1&lt;br /&gt;
=Introduction=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
See [[Babington Burner Project Status]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This burner is important because it is a versatile source of heat for: space heating, metal melting, glassworks, pottery, steam engines for remote power, heat engines for mobile power in cars and tractors, and many others. We can use it with any waste oil - crankcase, vegetable, etc. - plus [[Pyrolysis Oil from Biomass]] once we develop it. It is not a far stretch to produce pyrolysis oil- see this simple experimental proposition. Do you think this would yield useful amounts of liquid fuel?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Problem Statement=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The problem statement is to design a simple, low-cost, high performance, optimal, open source, and replicable (see [[OSE Specifications]]) Babington burner. This burner should:&lt;br /&gt;
*Be capable of burning any oil&lt;br /&gt;
*Have auto ignition and flame sensor for auto reignition&lt;br /&gt;
*Circulating oil pump&lt;br /&gt;
*Compact size&lt;br /&gt;
*Scalability to larger and smaller power units&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There is one Babington burner that has most of these features on the market - from yellowbiodiesel.net - [http://openfarmtech.org/Bab_Operation_Manual.doc turnkey Babington burner]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Background Reseach - Design Rationale=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
So what is the synthesis of available information regarding the Babington Burner? [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/wastewatts/?yguid=233802573 Wastewatts] is one Yahoo group that deals with the Babington. What is the state of the art for:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*The type of ball used - size, shape (endcap with groove, ball, doorknob). Does wall thickness matter&lt;br /&gt;
**Do people have trouble with debris from inside the ball clogging up the ball hole? We had trouble, so we are cleaning our brass doorknow with an overnight vinegar bath.&lt;br /&gt;
**What is the number of holes that people have used? I&#039;ve seen 1 and 2 hole versions on the internet.&lt;br /&gt;
**What is the hole size range? I&#039;ve seen .01-.02 being used.&lt;br /&gt;
**What is the pressure range used?&lt;br /&gt;
**What is the range of flame size possible for a clean burn?&lt;br /&gt;
*Did anyone measure fuel usage rate and heat output in BTU or kW?&lt;br /&gt;
*What is the optimal pump used for active fuel pumping?&lt;br /&gt;
*Is there an upper limit to the desirable air pressure for the burner ball?&lt;br /&gt;
*What is the best type of shroud to use?&lt;br /&gt;
**Pipe section - what length, diameter, wall thickness?&lt;br /&gt;
**Air holes - what is the number and location for these?&lt;br /&gt;
**Ends of pipe - the flame end is open, and burner ball end is closed?&lt;br /&gt;
*Does anyone use forced air for additional air input?&lt;br /&gt;
*Applications - has anyone field-tested:&lt;br /&gt;
**Shop heating?&lt;br /&gt;
**Water heating with heat exchanger?&lt;br /&gt;
**Steam generation?&lt;br /&gt;
**Steam engine operation?&lt;br /&gt;
**Combined heat power applications?&lt;br /&gt;
**Metal melting furnace?&lt;br /&gt;
**Pottery kiln?&lt;br /&gt;
**Brickworks?&lt;br /&gt;
**Glassworks applications?&lt;br /&gt;
**Backup power generation with steam engine?&lt;br /&gt;
**Mobile power application in steam cars and tractors?&lt;br /&gt;
**Flame week killer?&lt;br /&gt;
**Flamethrower for parades?&lt;br /&gt;
*What measures need to be taken to assure the flame does not go out?&lt;br /&gt;
*What is the optimal temperature range for the fuel feed, and how to preheat the fuel?&lt;br /&gt;
*What are other issues/quirks that make the Babington unstable?&lt;br /&gt;
*What is the expected lifetime of a burner ball? Is this an issue?&lt;br /&gt;
*Is regular cleaning required, or can this system be self-cleaning in continuous burning?&lt;br /&gt;
*Does anyone have effective, complete system designs that we can replicate?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Internet Research=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After searching for hours on details for the Babington burner, here is the best one:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
http://www.aipengineering.com/babington/Babington_Oil_Burner_HOWTO.html&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:babpix.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[http://www.aipengineering.com/babington/Babington_Oil_Burner_HOWTO.html (source)]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Here&#039;s a video that shows the clear potential of the Babington:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=78ebfypFLXI&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Here is several pictures of a design&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[http://pateri.com/Foundry/Burners.html]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Completed_head_assembly.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Preheat.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
Preheating oil via copper loop before atomization&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Parts Sourcing=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Turnkey system==&lt;br /&gt;
*http://yellowheat.com/catalog $1500&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Drill Bits==&lt;br /&gt;
*Drill bit size table - [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drill_and_tap_size_chart]&lt;br /&gt;
*Drill bit set - [http://www.ares-server.com/Ares/Ares.asp?MerchantID=RET01229&amp;amp;Action=Catalog&amp;amp;Type=Product&amp;amp;ID=15186]&lt;br /&gt;
**Ordered from Drill Bit City - [[http://drillcity.stores.yahoo.net/8001351.html]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:microbits.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Burner Balls==&lt;br /&gt;
http://homebrewpower.co.uk/html-shop-products/babington-burner-nozzles-for-sale.html&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Babington Nozzles For Sale&lt;br /&gt;
Babington burner atomizing nozzles are used to atomize almost all combustible fuel sources. Fuels such as vegetable oil, WVO waste vegetable oil, WMO waste motor oil, waste gearbox oil, waste transmission oil, peanut oil, canola oil and paraffin oil can all be burned very cleanly.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
We guarantee to send each individual Nozzle out within 3 working days of receipt of money.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Our Babington Burner Nozzles have the following specifications:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ball Diameter	50MM&lt;br /&gt;
Ball Material	1MM Thick Spun Brass&lt;br /&gt;
Air Connection	15MM Copper Compression Gland&lt;br /&gt;
Brazing Metal	55% Sure Silver M25T Rods 680 Degrees Celsius Melting Point&lt;br /&gt;
Atomizing Hole Specification	0.0135&amp;quot; Diameter Hole - Pillar Drilled @ 20,000 RPM&lt;br /&gt;
Air Pressure Suggested Rating	15 - 80 PSI - Set To Suit Individual Application&lt;br /&gt;
Finish	Acid Dipped, Hand Wired &amp;amp; Polished&lt;br /&gt;
Notes On Finish	Oxidization will occur when exposed to air - This does not affect performance&lt;br /&gt;
Construction	Hand Made In The United Kingdom&lt;br /&gt;
Babington Ball Usage	Clean Atomization of combustible oils &amp;amp; fats - Various Heating Projects&lt;br /&gt;
Purchase below if you are in the UK	Click below for the rest of the world&lt;br /&gt;
  &lt;br /&gt;
http://homebrewpower.co.uk/html-shop-products/babington-burner-nozzles-for-sale.html&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Burner Ball=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Here is a brass endcap with a channel for directing oil flow:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:babsendcapball.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Does this work better than a ball?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Heat Exchanger for Water Heating=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
We need to coil tubing for a heat exchanger. From Northern Tool:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:coil bender.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Implementation at Factor e Farm=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On 9.29.08 we started to put together our Babington burner. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
We drilled a 0.0135 inch hole in the face of a hollow, brass doorknob - and brazed on a fitting that supplied compressed air at a constant pressure between 20-35 psi. We were able to atomize water but when we tried motor oil we had problems. We were able to produce a bit of a flame but never sustained burning. Two possibilities: 1) the hole became clogged from debris inside the burner ball, 2) the oil was not heated sufficiently. Has anyone had success in sustaining a flame over a long period? What is a good method for automatic ignition? Best way to regulate the flow over the ball? Any feedback is welcome from experienced Babsmen.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Technique: we attached a rotary tool to a regular drill press - to utilize the up-down motion of the drill press with the rototool as the work tool for the .0135 micro drill bit.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:babsatfactore.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Water atomization was successful, seen in the last picture. Fuel atomization was not.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Next steps: heat oil properly - for now on a stove top, and use a metal dispenser container. Clean out the inside of the burner ball.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A day later: success!&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:babflame.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Babington Burner]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
May 2009  [ Reply from Richard Rea ]&lt;br /&gt;
I have experimented with the Babington system.&lt;br /&gt;
Ball size  = 50mm  single hole&lt;br /&gt;
Hole size  = .01 in&lt;br /&gt;
air        =  3 bar&lt;br /&gt;
Fuel       =  recycled veg&lt;br /&gt;
Fuel temp  =  60 deg C  minimum for start&lt;br /&gt;
Open tube&lt;br /&gt;
Circ pump  =  12v wiper motor coupled to a sump oil pump&lt;br /&gt;
Speed control= pulse width modulator&lt;br /&gt;
Burn rate  =  estimate 30,000 BTU,  very clean exhaust&lt;br /&gt;
Safety     =  LDR flame detector, relay drops out and stops oil pump.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Future plans&lt;br /&gt;
Develop automatic start with electric element pre-heat.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
August 2010.&lt;br /&gt;
Pre heat system working using a Deep Fat fryier.&lt;br /&gt;
Temp 90 Degrees C&lt;br /&gt;
Automatic start using a modified kerosine/diesel burner.&lt;br /&gt;
Burner attached to Firebird 90 boiler.&lt;br /&gt;
Running four radiators. 78 degrees C achieved before thermostat shuts down the air.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Problems yet to solve:&lt;br /&gt;
[1]   Un burnt oil carry over into boiler. This oil then burns in TURK mode but creates smoke at shut-down.&lt;br /&gt;
[2]   Automat adjustment of oil flow to allow reliable start but then reduce flow to give bestclean burn.&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Great Link to Babington Burner Nozzles:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
http://homebrewpower.co.uk/Babington-Burner-Nozzles-For-Sale.html&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
http://www.youtube.com/v/uwO_ysHOJZ8&amp;amp;hl&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Jiff64138</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=Babington_Burner&amp;diff=16625</id>
		<title>Babington Burner</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=Babington_Burner&amp;diff=16625"/>
		<updated>2011-01-03T20:41:17Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Jiff64138: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;=Video of Successful Burner at Factor e Farm=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;object width=&amp;quot;425&amp;quot; height=&amp;quot;344&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;param name=&amp;quot;movie&amp;quot; value=&amp;quot;http://www.youtube.com/v/uwO_ysHOJZ8&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;fs=1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/param&amp;gt;&amp;lt;param name=&amp;quot;allowFullScreen&amp;quot; value=&amp;quot;true&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/param&amp;gt;&amp;lt;param name=&amp;quot;allowscriptaccess&amp;quot; value=&amp;quot;always&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/param&amp;gt;&amp;lt;embed src=&amp;quot;http://www.youtube.com/v/uwO_ysHOJZ8&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;fs=1&amp;quot; type=&amp;quot;application/x-shockwave-flash&amp;quot; allowscriptaccess=&amp;quot;always&amp;quot; allowfullscreen=&amp;quot;true&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;425&amp;quot; height=&amp;quot;344&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/embed&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/html&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Introduction=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
See [[Babington Burner Project Status]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This burner is important because it is a versatile source of heat for: space heating, metal melting, glassworks, pottery, steam engines for remote power, heat engines for mobile power in cars and tractors, and many others. We can use it with any waste oil - crankcase, vegetable, etc. - plus [[Pyrolysis Oil from Biomass]] once we develop it. It is not a far stretch to produce pyrolysis oil- see this simple experimental proposition. Do you think this would yield useful amounts of liquid fuel?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Problem Statement=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The problem statement is to design a simple, low-cost, high performance, optimal, open source, and replicable (see [[OSE Specifications]]) Babington burner. This burner should:&lt;br /&gt;
*Be capable of burning any oil&lt;br /&gt;
*Have auto ignition and flame sensor for auto reignition&lt;br /&gt;
*Circulating oil pump&lt;br /&gt;
*Compact size&lt;br /&gt;
*Scalability to larger and smaller power units&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There is one Babington burner that has most of these features on the market - from yellowbiodiesel.net - [http://openfarmtech.org/Bab_Operation_Manual.doc turnkey Babington burner]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Background Reseach - Design Rationale=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
So what is the synthesis of available information regarding the Babington Burner? [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/wastewatts/?yguid=233802573 Wastewatts] is one Yahoo group that deals with the Babington. What is the state of the art for:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*The type of ball used - size, shape (endcap with groove, ball, doorknob). Does wall thickness matter&lt;br /&gt;
**Do people have trouble with debris from inside the ball clogging up the ball hole? We had trouble, so we are cleaning our brass doorknow with an overnight vinegar bath.&lt;br /&gt;
**What is the number of holes that people have used? I&#039;ve seen 1 and 2 hole versions on the internet.&lt;br /&gt;
**What is the hole size range? I&#039;ve seen .01-.02 being used.&lt;br /&gt;
**What is the pressure range used?&lt;br /&gt;
**What is the range of flame size possible for a clean burn?&lt;br /&gt;
*Did anyone measure fuel usage rate and heat output in BTU or kW?&lt;br /&gt;
*What is the optimal pump used for active fuel pumping?&lt;br /&gt;
*Is there an upper limit to the desirable air pressure for the burner ball?&lt;br /&gt;
*What is the best type of shroud to use?&lt;br /&gt;
**Pipe section - what length, diameter, wall thickness?&lt;br /&gt;
**Air holes - what is the number and location for these?&lt;br /&gt;
**Ends of pipe - the flame end is open, and burner ball end is closed?&lt;br /&gt;
*Does anyone use forced air for additional air input?&lt;br /&gt;
*Applications - has anyone field-tested:&lt;br /&gt;
**Shop heating?&lt;br /&gt;
**Water heating with heat exchanger?&lt;br /&gt;
**Steam generation?&lt;br /&gt;
**Steam engine operation?&lt;br /&gt;
**Combined heat power applications?&lt;br /&gt;
**Metal melting furnace?&lt;br /&gt;
**Pottery kiln?&lt;br /&gt;
**Brickworks?&lt;br /&gt;
**Glassworks applications?&lt;br /&gt;
**Backup power generation with steam engine?&lt;br /&gt;
**Mobile power application in steam cars and tractors?&lt;br /&gt;
**Flame week killer?&lt;br /&gt;
**Flamethrower for parades?&lt;br /&gt;
*What measures need to be taken to assure the flame does not go out?&lt;br /&gt;
*What is the optimal temperature range for the fuel feed, and how to preheat the fuel?&lt;br /&gt;
*What are other issues/quirks that make the Babington unstable?&lt;br /&gt;
*What is the expected lifetime of a burner ball? Is this an issue?&lt;br /&gt;
*Is regular cleaning required, or can this system be self-cleaning in continuous burning?&lt;br /&gt;
*Does anyone have effective, complete system designs that we can replicate?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Internet Research=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After searching for hours on details for the Babington burner, here is the best one:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
http://www.aipengineering.com/babington/Babington_Oil_Burner_HOWTO.html&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:babpix.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[http://www.aipengineering.com/babington/Babington_Oil_Burner_HOWTO.html (source)]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Here&#039;s a video that shows the clear potential of the Babington:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=78ebfypFLXI&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Here is several pictures of a design&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[http://pateri.com/Foundry/Burners.html]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Completed_head_assembly.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Preheat.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
Preheating oil via copper loop before atomization&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Parts Sourcing=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Turnkey system==&lt;br /&gt;
*http://yellowheat.com/catalog $1500&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Drill Bits==&lt;br /&gt;
*Drill bit size table - [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drill_and_tap_size_chart]&lt;br /&gt;
*Drill bit set - [http://www.ares-server.com/Ares/Ares.asp?MerchantID=RET01229&amp;amp;Action=Catalog&amp;amp;Type=Product&amp;amp;ID=15186]&lt;br /&gt;
**Ordered from Drill Bit City - [[http://drillcity.stores.yahoo.net/8001351.html]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:microbits.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Burner Balls==&lt;br /&gt;
http://homebrewpower.co.uk/html-shop-products/babington-burner-nozzles-for-sale.html&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Babington Nozzles For Sale&lt;br /&gt;
Babington burner atomizing nozzles are used to atomize almost all combustible fuel sources. Fuels such as vegetable oil, WVO waste vegetable oil, WMO waste motor oil, waste gearbox oil, waste transmission oil, peanut oil, canola oil and paraffin oil can all be burned very cleanly.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
We guarantee to send each individual Nozzle out within 3 working days of receipt of money.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Our Babington Burner Nozzles have the following specifications:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ball Diameter	50MM&lt;br /&gt;
Ball Material	1MM Thick Spun Brass&lt;br /&gt;
Air Connection	15MM Copper Compression Gland&lt;br /&gt;
Brazing Metal	55% Sure Silver M25T Rods 680 Degrees Celsius Melting Point&lt;br /&gt;
Atomizing Hole Specification	0.0135&amp;quot; Diameter Hole - Pillar Drilled @ 20,000 RPM&lt;br /&gt;
Air Pressure Suggested Rating	15 - 80 PSI - Set To Suit Individual Application&lt;br /&gt;
Finish	Acid Dipped, Hand Wired &amp;amp; Polished&lt;br /&gt;
Notes On Finish	Oxidization will occur when exposed to air - This does not affect performance&lt;br /&gt;
Construction	Hand Made In The United Kingdom&lt;br /&gt;
Babington Ball Usage	Clean Atomization of combustible oils &amp;amp; fats - Various Heating Projects&lt;br /&gt;
Purchase below if you are in the UK	Click below for the rest of the world&lt;br /&gt;
  &lt;br /&gt;
http://homebrewpower.co.uk/html-shop-products/babington-burner-nozzles-for-sale.html&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Burner Ball=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Here is a brass endcap with a channel for directing oil flow:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:babsendcapball.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Does this work better than a ball?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Heat Exchanger for Water Heating=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
We need to coil tubing for a heat exchanger. From Northern Tool:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:coil bender.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Implementation at Factor e Farm=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On 9.29.08 we started to put together our Babington burner. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
We drilled a 0.0135 inch hole in the face of a hollow, brass doorknob - and brazed on a fitting that supplied compressed air at a constant pressure between 20-35 psi. We were able to atomize water but when we tried motor oil we had problems. We were able to produce a bit of a flame but never sustained burning. Two possibilities: 1) the hole became clogged from debris inside the burner ball, 2) the oil was not heated sufficiently. Has anyone had success in sustaining a flame over a long period? What is a good method for automatic ignition? Best way to regulate the flow over the ball? Any feedback is welcome from experienced Babsmen.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Technique: we attached a rotary tool to a regular drill press - to utilize the up-down motion of the drill press with the rototool as the work tool for the .0135 micro drill bit.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:babsatfactore.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Water atomization was successful, seen in the last picture. Fuel atomization was not.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Next steps: heat oil properly - for now on a stove top, and use a metal dispenser container. Clean out the inside of the burner ball.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A day later: success!&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:babflame.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Babington Burner]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
May 2009  [ Reply from Richard Rea ]&lt;br /&gt;
I have experimented with the Babington system.&lt;br /&gt;
Ball size  = 50mm  single hole&lt;br /&gt;
Hole size  = .01 in&lt;br /&gt;
air        =  3 bar&lt;br /&gt;
Fuel       =  recycled veg&lt;br /&gt;
Fuel temp  =  60 deg C  minimum for start&lt;br /&gt;
Open tube&lt;br /&gt;
Circ pump  =  12v wiper motor coupled to a sump oil pump&lt;br /&gt;
Speed control= pulse width modulator&lt;br /&gt;
Burn rate  =  estimate 30,000 BTU,  very clean exhaust&lt;br /&gt;
Safety     =  LDR flame detector, relay drops out and stops oil pump.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Future plans&lt;br /&gt;
Develop automatic start with electric element pre-heat.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
August 2010.&lt;br /&gt;
Pre heat system working using a Deep Fat fryier.&lt;br /&gt;
Temp 90 Degrees C&lt;br /&gt;
Automatic start using a modified kerosine/diesel burner.&lt;br /&gt;
Burner attached to Firebird 90 boiler.&lt;br /&gt;
Running four radiators. 78 degrees C achieved before thermostat shuts down the air.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Problems yet to solve:&lt;br /&gt;
[1]   Un burnt oil carry over into boiler. This oil then burns in TURK mode but creates smoke at shut-down.&lt;br /&gt;
[2]   Automat adjustment of oil flow to allow reliable start but then reduce flow to give bestclean burn.&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Great Link to Babington Burner Nozzles:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
http://homebrewpower.co.uk/Babington-Burner-Nozzles-For-Sale.html&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
http://www.youtube.com/v/uwO_ysHOJZ8&amp;amp;hl&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Jiff64138</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=Babington_Burner&amp;diff=16618</id>
		<title>Babington Burner</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=Babington_Burner&amp;diff=16618"/>
		<updated>2011-01-03T19:40:49Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Jiff64138: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;=Video of Successful Burner at Factor e Farm=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;html&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;object width=&amp;quot;425&amp;quot; height=&amp;quot;344&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;param name=&amp;quot;movie&amp;quot; value=&amp;quot;http://www.youtube.com/v/uwO_ysHOJZ8&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;fs=1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/param&amp;gt;&amp;lt;param name=&amp;quot;allowFullScreen&amp;quot; value=&amp;quot;true&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/param&amp;gt;&amp;lt;param name=&amp;quot;allowscriptaccess&amp;quot; value=&amp;quot;always&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/param&amp;gt;&amp;lt;embed src=&amp;quot;http://www.youtube.com/v/uwO_ysHOJZ8&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;fs=1&amp;quot; type=&amp;quot;application/x-shockwave-flash&amp;quot; allowscriptaccess=&amp;quot;always&amp;quot; allowfullscreen=&amp;quot;true&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;425&amp;quot; height=&amp;quot;344&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/embed&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/html&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Introduction=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
See [[Babington Burner Project Status]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This burner is important because it is a versatile source of heat for: space heating, metal melting, glassworks, pottery, steam engines for remote power, heat engines for mobile power in cars and tractors, and many others. We can use it with any waste oil - crankcase, vegetable, etc. - plus [[Pyrolysis Oil from Biomass]] once we develop it. It is not a far stretch to produce pyrolysis oil- see this simple experimental proposition. Do you think this would yield useful amounts of liquid fuel?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Problem Statement=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The problem statement is to design a simple, low-cost, high performance, optimal, open source, and replicable (see [[OSE Specifications]]) Babington burner. This burner should:&lt;br /&gt;
*Be capable of burning any oil&lt;br /&gt;
*Have auto ignition and flame sensor for auto reignition&lt;br /&gt;
*Circulating oil pump&lt;br /&gt;
*Compact size&lt;br /&gt;
*Scalability to larger and smaller power units&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There is one Babington burner that has most of these features on the market - from yellowbiodiesel.net - [http://openfarmtech.org/Bab_Operation_Manual.doc turnkey Babington burner]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Background Reseach - Design Rationale=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
So what is the synthesis of available information regarding the Babington Burner? [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/wastewatts/?yguid=233802573 Wastewatts] is one Yahoo group that deals with the Babington. What is the state of the art for:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*The type of ball used - size, shape (endcap with groove, ball, doorknob). Does wall thickness matter&lt;br /&gt;
**Do people have trouble with debris from inside the ball clogging up the ball hole? We had trouble, so we are cleaning our brass doorknow with an overnight vinegar bath.&lt;br /&gt;
**What is the number of holes that people have used? I&#039;ve seen 1 and 2 hole versions on the internet.&lt;br /&gt;
**What is the hole size range? I&#039;ve seen .01-.02 being used.&lt;br /&gt;
**What is the pressure range used?&lt;br /&gt;
**What is the range of flame size possible for a clean burn?&lt;br /&gt;
*Did anyone measure fuel usage rate and heat output in BTU or kW?&lt;br /&gt;
*What is the optimal pump used for active fuel pumping?&lt;br /&gt;
*Is there an upper limit to the desirable air pressure for the burner ball?&lt;br /&gt;
*What is the best type of shroud to use?&lt;br /&gt;
**Pipe section - what length, diameter, wall thickness?&lt;br /&gt;
**Air holes - what is the number and location for these?&lt;br /&gt;
**Ends of pipe - the flame end is open, and burner ball end is closed?&lt;br /&gt;
*Does anyone use forced air for additional air input?&lt;br /&gt;
*Applications - has anyone field-tested:&lt;br /&gt;
**Shop heating?&lt;br /&gt;
**Water heating with heat exchanger?&lt;br /&gt;
**Steam generation?&lt;br /&gt;
**Steam engine operation?&lt;br /&gt;
**Combined heat power applications?&lt;br /&gt;
**Metal melting furnace?&lt;br /&gt;
**Pottery kiln?&lt;br /&gt;
**Brickworks?&lt;br /&gt;
**Glassworks applications?&lt;br /&gt;
**Backup power generation with steam engine?&lt;br /&gt;
**Mobile power application in steam cars and tractors?&lt;br /&gt;
**Flame week killer?&lt;br /&gt;
**Flamethrower for parades?&lt;br /&gt;
*What measures need to be taken to assure the flame does not go out?&lt;br /&gt;
*What is the optimal temperature range for the fuel feed, and how to preheat the fuel?&lt;br /&gt;
*What are other issues/quirks that make the Babington unstable?&lt;br /&gt;
*What is the expected lifetime of a burner ball? Is this an issue?&lt;br /&gt;
*Is regular cleaning required, or can this system be self-cleaning in continuous burning?&lt;br /&gt;
*Does anyone have effective, complete system designs that we can replicate?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Internet Research=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After searching for hours on details for the Babington burner, here is the best one:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
http://www.aipengineering.com/babington/Babington_Oil_Burner_HOWTO.html&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:babpix.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[http://www.aipengineering.com/babington/Babington_Oil_Burner_HOWTO.html (source)]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Here&#039;s a video that shows the clear potential of the Babington:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=78ebfypFLXI&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Here is several pictures of a design&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[http://pateri.com/Foundry/Burners.html]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Completed_head_assembly.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Preheat.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
Preheating oil via copper loop before atomization&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Parts Sourcing=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Turnkey system==&lt;br /&gt;
*http://yellowheat.com/catalog $1500&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Drill Bits==&lt;br /&gt;
*Drill bit size table - [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drill_and_tap_size_chart]&lt;br /&gt;
*Drill bit set - [http://www.ares-server.com/Ares/Ares.asp?MerchantID=RET01229&amp;amp;Action=Catalog&amp;amp;Type=Product&amp;amp;ID=15186]&lt;br /&gt;
**Ordered from Drill Bit City - [[http://drillcity.stores.yahoo.net/8001351.html]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:microbits.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Burner Balls==&lt;br /&gt;
http://homebrewpower.co.uk/html-shop-products/babington-burner-nozzles-for-sale.html&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Babington Nozzles For Sale&lt;br /&gt;
Babington burner atomizing nozzles are used to atomize almost all combustible fuel sources. Fuels such as vegetable oil, WVO waste vegetable oil, WMO waste motor oil, waste gearbox oil, waste transmission oil, peanut oil, canola oil and paraffin oil can all be burned very cleanly.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
We guarantee to send each individual Nozzle out within 3 working days of receipt of money.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Our Babington Burner Nozzles have the following specifications:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ball Diameter	50MM&lt;br /&gt;
Ball Material	1MM Thick Spun Brass&lt;br /&gt;
Air Connection	15MM Copper Compression Gland&lt;br /&gt;
Brazing Metal	55% Sure Silver M25T Rods 680 Degrees Celsius Melting Point&lt;br /&gt;
Atomizing Hole Specification	0.0135&amp;quot; Diameter Hole - Pillar Drilled @ 20,000 RPM&lt;br /&gt;
Air Pressure Suggested Rating	15 - 80 PSI - Set To Suit Individual Application&lt;br /&gt;
Finish	Acid Dipped, Hand Wired &amp;amp; Polished&lt;br /&gt;
Notes On Finish	Oxidization will occur when exposed to air - This does not affect performance&lt;br /&gt;
Construction	Hand Made In The United Kingdom&lt;br /&gt;
Babington Ball Usage	Clean Atomization of combustible oils &amp;amp; fats - Various Heating Projects&lt;br /&gt;
Purchase below if you are in the UK	Click below for the rest of the world&lt;br /&gt;
  &lt;br /&gt;
http://homebrewpower.co.uk/html-shop-products/babington-burner-nozzles-for-sale.html&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Burner Ball=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Here is a brass endcap with a channel for directing oil flow:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:babsendcapball.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Does this work better than a ball?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Heat Exchanger for Water Heating=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
We need to coil tubing for a heat exchanger. From Northern Tool:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:coil bender.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Implementation at Factor e Farm=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On 9.29.08 we started to put together our Babington burner. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
We drilled a 0.0135 inch hole in the face of a hollow, brass doorknob - and brazed on a fitting that supplied compressed air at a constant pressure between 20-35 psi. We were able to atomize water but when we tried motor oil we had problems. We were able to produce a bit of a flame but never sustained burning. Two possibilities: 1) the hole became clogged from debris inside the burner ball, 2) the oil was not heated sufficiently. Has anyone had success in sustaining a flame over a long period? What is a good method for automatic ignition? Best way to regulate the flow over the ball? Any feedback is welcome from experienced Babsmen.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Technique: we attached a rotary tool to a regular drill press - to utilize the up-down motion of the drill press with the rototool as the work tool for the .0135 micro drill bit.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:babsatfactore.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Water atomization was successful, seen in the last picture. Fuel atomization was not.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Next steps: heat oil properly - for now on a stove top, and use a metal dispenser container. Clean out the inside of the burner ball.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A day later: success!&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:babflame.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Babington Burner]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
May 2009  [ Reply from Richard Rea ]&lt;br /&gt;
I have experimented with the Babington system.&lt;br /&gt;
Ball size  = 50mm  single hole&lt;br /&gt;
Hole size  = .01 in&lt;br /&gt;
air        =  3 bar&lt;br /&gt;
Fuel       =  recycled veg&lt;br /&gt;
Fuel temp  =  60 deg C  minimum for start&lt;br /&gt;
Open tube&lt;br /&gt;
Circ pump  =  12v wiper motor coupled to a sump oil pump&lt;br /&gt;
Speed control= pulse width modulator&lt;br /&gt;
Burn rate  =  estimate 30,000 BTU,  very clean exhaust&lt;br /&gt;
Safety     =  LDR flame detector, relay drops out and stops oil pump.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Future plans&lt;br /&gt;
Develop automatic start with electric element pre-heat.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
August 2010.&lt;br /&gt;
Pre heat system working using a Deep Fat fryier.&lt;br /&gt;
Temp 90 Degrees C&lt;br /&gt;
Automatic start using a modified kerosine/diesel burner.&lt;br /&gt;
Burner attached to Firebird 90 boiler.&lt;br /&gt;
Running four radiators. 78 degrees C achieved before thermostat shuts down the air.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Problems yet to solve:&lt;br /&gt;
[1]   Un burnt oil carry over into boiler. This oil then burns in TURK mode but creates smoke at shut-down.&lt;br /&gt;
[2]   Automat adjustment of oil flow to allow reliable start but then reduce flow to give bestclean burn.&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Great Link to Babington Burner Nozzles:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
http://homebrewpower.co.uk/Babington-Burner-Nozzles-For-Sale.html&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
http://www.youtube.com/v/uwO_ysHOJZ8&amp;amp;hl&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Jiff64138</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=Babington_Burner&amp;diff=16617</id>
		<title>Babington Burner</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=Babington_Burner&amp;diff=16617"/>
		<updated>2011-01-03T19:39:43Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Jiff64138: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;=Video of Successful Burner at Factor e Farm=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Introduction=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
See [[Babington Burner Project Status]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This burner is important because it is a versatile source of heat for: space heating, metal melting, glassworks, pottery, steam engines for remote power, heat engines for mobile power in cars and tractors, and many others. We can use it with any waste oil - crankcase, vegetable, etc. - plus [[Pyrolysis Oil from Biomass]] once we develop it. It is not a far stretch to produce pyrolysis oil- see this simple experimental proposition. Do you think this would yield useful amounts of liquid fuel?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Problem Statement=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The problem statement is to design a simple, low-cost, high performance, optimal, open source, and replicable (see [[OSE Specifications]]) Babington burner. This burner should:&lt;br /&gt;
*Be capable of burning any oil&lt;br /&gt;
*Have auto ignition and flame sensor for auto reignition&lt;br /&gt;
*Circulating oil pump&lt;br /&gt;
*Compact size&lt;br /&gt;
*Scalability to larger and smaller power units&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There is one Babington burner that has most of these features on the market - from yellowbiodiesel.net - [http://openfarmtech.org/Bab_Operation_Manual.doc turnkey Babington burner]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Background Reseach - Design Rationale=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
So what is the synthesis of available information regarding the Babington Burner? [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/wastewatts/?yguid=233802573 Wastewatts] is one Yahoo group that deals with the Babington. What is the state of the art for:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*The type of ball used - size, shape (endcap with groove, ball, doorknob). Does wall thickness matter&lt;br /&gt;
**Do people have trouble with debris from inside the ball clogging up the ball hole? We had trouble, so we are cleaning our brass doorknow with an overnight vinegar bath.&lt;br /&gt;
**What is the number of holes that people have used? I&#039;ve seen 1 and 2 hole versions on the internet.&lt;br /&gt;
**What is the hole size range? I&#039;ve seen .01-.02 being used.&lt;br /&gt;
**What is the pressure range used?&lt;br /&gt;
**What is the range of flame size possible for a clean burn?&lt;br /&gt;
*Did anyone measure fuel usage rate and heat output in BTU or kW?&lt;br /&gt;
*What is the optimal pump used for active fuel pumping?&lt;br /&gt;
*Is there an upper limit to the desirable air pressure for the burner ball?&lt;br /&gt;
*What is the best type of shroud to use?&lt;br /&gt;
**Pipe section - what length, diameter, wall thickness?&lt;br /&gt;
**Air holes - what is the number and location for these?&lt;br /&gt;
**Ends of pipe - the flame end is open, and burner ball end is closed?&lt;br /&gt;
*Does anyone use forced air for additional air input?&lt;br /&gt;
*Applications - has anyone field-tested:&lt;br /&gt;
**Shop heating?&lt;br /&gt;
**Water heating with heat exchanger?&lt;br /&gt;
**Steam generation?&lt;br /&gt;
**Steam engine operation?&lt;br /&gt;
**Combined heat power applications?&lt;br /&gt;
**Metal melting furnace?&lt;br /&gt;
**Pottery kiln?&lt;br /&gt;
**Brickworks?&lt;br /&gt;
**Glassworks applications?&lt;br /&gt;
**Backup power generation with steam engine?&lt;br /&gt;
**Mobile power application in steam cars and tractors?&lt;br /&gt;
**Flame week killer?&lt;br /&gt;
**Flamethrower for parades?&lt;br /&gt;
*What measures need to be taken to assure the flame does not go out?&lt;br /&gt;
*What is the optimal temperature range for the fuel feed, and how to preheat the fuel?&lt;br /&gt;
*What are other issues/quirks that make the Babington unstable?&lt;br /&gt;
*What is the expected lifetime of a burner ball? Is this an issue?&lt;br /&gt;
*Is regular cleaning required, or can this system be self-cleaning in continuous burning?&lt;br /&gt;
*Does anyone have effective, complete system designs that we can replicate?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Internet Research=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After searching for hours on details for the Babington burner, here is the best one:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
http://www.aipengineering.com/babington/Babington_Oil_Burner_HOWTO.html&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:babpix.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[http://www.aipengineering.com/babington/Babington_Oil_Burner_HOWTO.html (source)]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Here&#039;s a video that shows the clear potential of the Babington:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=78ebfypFLXI&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Here is several pictures of a design&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[http://pateri.com/Foundry/Burners.html]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Completed_head_assembly.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Preheat.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
Preheating oil via copper loop before atomization&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Parts Sourcing=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Turnkey system==&lt;br /&gt;
*http://yellowheat.com/catalog $1500&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Drill Bits==&lt;br /&gt;
*Drill bit size table - [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drill_and_tap_size_chart]&lt;br /&gt;
*Drill bit set - [http://www.ares-server.com/Ares/Ares.asp?MerchantID=RET01229&amp;amp;Action=Catalog&amp;amp;Type=Product&amp;amp;ID=15186]&lt;br /&gt;
**Ordered from Drill Bit City - [[http://drillcity.stores.yahoo.net/8001351.html]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:microbits.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Burner Balls==&lt;br /&gt;
http://homebrewpower.co.uk/html-shop-products/babington-burner-nozzles-for-sale.html&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Babington Nozzles For Sale&lt;br /&gt;
Babington burner atomizing nozzles are used to atomize almost all combustible fuel sources. Fuels such as vegetable oil, WVO waste vegetable oil, WMO waste motor oil, waste gearbox oil, waste transmission oil, peanut oil, canola oil and paraffin oil can all be burned very cleanly.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
We guarantee to send each individual Nozzle out within 3 working days of receipt of money.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Our Babington Burner Nozzles have the following specifications:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ball Diameter	50MM&lt;br /&gt;
Ball Material	1MM Thick Spun Brass&lt;br /&gt;
Air Connection	15MM Copper Compression Gland&lt;br /&gt;
Brazing Metal	55% Sure Silver M25T Rods 680 Degrees Celsius Melting Point&lt;br /&gt;
Atomizing Hole Specification	0.0135&amp;quot; Diameter Hole - Pillar Drilled @ 20,000 RPM&lt;br /&gt;
Air Pressure Suggested Rating	15 - 80 PSI - Set To Suit Individual Application&lt;br /&gt;
Finish	Acid Dipped, Hand Wired &amp;amp; Polished&lt;br /&gt;
Notes On Finish	Oxidization will occur when exposed to air - This does not affect performance&lt;br /&gt;
Construction	Hand Made In The United Kingdom&lt;br /&gt;
Babington Ball Usage	Clean Atomization of combustible oils &amp;amp; fats - Various Heating Projects&lt;br /&gt;
Purchase below if you are in the UK	Click below for the rest of the world&lt;br /&gt;
  &lt;br /&gt;
http://homebrewpower.co.uk/html-shop-products/babington-burner-nozzles-for-sale.html&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Burner Ball=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Here is a brass endcap with a channel for directing oil flow:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:babsendcapball.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Does this work better than a ball?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Heat Exchanger for Water Heating=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
We need to coil tubing for a heat exchanger. From Northern Tool:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:coil bender.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Implementation at Factor e Farm=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On 9.29.08 we started to put together our Babington burner. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
We drilled a 0.0135 inch hole in the face of a hollow, brass doorknob - and brazed on a fitting that supplied compressed air at a constant pressure between 20-35 psi. We were able to atomize water but when we tried motor oil we had problems. We were able to produce a bit of a flame but never sustained burning. Two possibilities: 1) the hole became clogged from debris inside the burner ball, 2) the oil was not heated sufficiently. Has anyone had success in sustaining a flame over a long period? What is a good method for automatic ignition? Best way to regulate the flow over the ball? Any feedback is welcome from experienced Babsmen.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Technique: we attached a rotary tool to a regular drill press - to utilize the up-down motion of the drill press with the rototool as the work tool for the .0135 micro drill bit.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:babsatfactore.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Water atomization was successful, seen in the last picture. Fuel atomization was not.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Next steps: heat oil properly - for now on a stove top, and use a metal dispenser container. Clean out the inside of the burner ball.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A day later: success!&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:babflame.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Babington Burner]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
May 2009  [ Reply from Richard Rea ]&lt;br /&gt;
I have experimented with the Babington system.&lt;br /&gt;
Ball size  = 50mm  single hole&lt;br /&gt;
Hole size  = .01 in&lt;br /&gt;
air        =  3 bar&lt;br /&gt;
Fuel       =  recycled veg&lt;br /&gt;
Fuel temp  =  60 deg C  minimum for start&lt;br /&gt;
Open tube&lt;br /&gt;
Circ pump  =  12v wiper motor coupled to a sump oil pump&lt;br /&gt;
Speed control= pulse width modulator&lt;br /&gt;
Burn rate  =  estimate 30,000 BTU,  very clean exhaust&lt;br /&gt;
Safety     =  LDR flame detector, relay drops out and stops oil pump.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;html&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;object width=&amp;quot;425&amp;quot; height=&amp;quot;344&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;param name=&amp;quot;movie&amp;quot; value=&amp;quot;http://www.youtube.com/v/uwO_ysHOJZ8&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;fs=1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/param&amp;gt;&amp;lt;param name=&amp;quot;allowFullScreen&amp;quot; value=&amp;quot;true&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/param&amp;gt;&amp;lt;param name=&amp;quot;allowscriptaccess&amp;quot; value=&amp;quot;always&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/param&amp;gt;&amp;lt;embed src=&amp;quot;http://www.youtube.com/v/uwO_ysHOJZ8&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;fs=1&amp;quot; type=&amp;quot;application/x-shockwave-flash&amp;quot; allowscriptaccess=&amp;quot;always&amp;quot; allowfullscreen=&amp;quot;true&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;425&amp;quot; height=&amp;quot;344&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/embed&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/html&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Future plans&lt;br /&gt;
Develop automatic start with electric element pre-heat.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
August 2010.&lt;br /&gt;
Pre heat system working using a Deep Fat fryier.&lt;br /&gt;
Temp 90 Degrees C&lt;br /&gt;
Automatic start using a modified kerosine/diesel burner.&lt;br /&gt;
Burner attached to Firebird 90 boiler.&lt;br /&gt;
Running four radiators. 78 degrees C achieved before thermostat shuts down the air.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Problems yet to solve:&lt;br /&gt;
[1]   Un burnt oil carry over into boiler. This oil then burns in TURK mode but creates smoke at shut-down.&lt;br /&gt;
[2]   Automat adjustment of oil flow to allow reliable start but then reduce flow to give bestclean burn.&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Great Link to Babington Burner Nozzles:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
http://homebrewpower.co.uk/Babington-Burner-Nozzles-For-Sale.html&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
http://www.youtube.com/v/uwO_ysHOJZ8&amp;amp;hl&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Jiff64138</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=Babington_Burner&amp;diff=16616</id>
		<title>Babington Burner</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=Babington_Burner&amp;diff=16616"/>
		<updated>2011-01-03T19:38:18Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Jiff64138: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;=Video of Successful Burner at Factor e Farm=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;html&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;object width=&amp;quot;425&amp;quot; height=&amp;quot;344&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;param name=&amp;quot;movie&amp;quot; value=&amp;quot;http://www.youtube.com/v/uwO_ysHOJZ8&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;fs=1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/param&amp;gt;&amp;lt;param name=&amp;quot;allowFullScreen&amp;quot; value=&amp;quot;true&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/param&amp;gt;&amp;lt;param name=&amp;quot;allowscriptaccess&amp;quot; value=&amp;quot;always&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/param&amp;gt;&amp;lt;embed src=&amp;quot;http://www.youtube.com/v/uwO_ysHOJZ8&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;fs=1&amp;quot; type=&amp;quot;application/x-shockwave-flash&amp;quot; allowscriptaccess=&amp;quot;always&amp;quot; allowfullscreen=&amp;quot;true&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;425&amp;quot; height=&amp;quot;344&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/embed&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/center&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/html&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
=Introduction=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
See [[Babington Burner Project Status]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This burner is important because it is a versatile source of heat for: space heating, metal melting, glassworks, pottery, steam engines for remote power, heat engines for mobile power in cars and tractors, and many others. We can use it with any waste oil - crankcase, vegetable, etc. - plus [[Pyrolysis Oil from Biomass]] once we develop it. It is not a far stretch to produce pyrolysis oil- see this simple experimental proposition. Do you think this would yield useful amounts of liquid fuel?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Problem Statement=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The problem statement is to design a simple, low-cost, high performance, optimal, open source, and replicable (see [[OSE Specifications]]) Babington burner. This burner should:&lt;br /&gt;
*Be capable of burning any oil&lt;br /&gt;
*Have auto ignition and flame sensor for auto reignition&lt;br /&gt;
*Circulating oil pump&lt;br /&gt;
*Compact size&lt;br /&gt;
*Scalability to larger and smaller power units&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
There is one Babington burner that has most of these features on the market - from yellowbiodiesel.net - [http://openfarmtech.org/Bab_Operation_Manual.doc turnkey Babington burner]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Background Reseach - Design Rationale=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
So what is the synthesis of available information regarding the Babington Burner? [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/wastewatts/?yguid=233802573 Wastewatts] is one Yahoo group that deals with the Babington. What is the state of the art for:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*The type of ball used - size, shape (endcap with groove, ball, doorknob). Does wall thickness matter&lt;br /&gt;
**Do people have trouble with debris from inside the ball clogging up the ball hole? We had trouble, so we are cleaning our brass doorknow with an overnight vinegar bath.&lt;br /&gt;
**What is the number of holes that people have used? I&#039;ve seen 1 and 2 hole versions on the internet.&lt;br /&gt;
**What is the hole size range? I&#039;ve seen .01-.02 being used.&lt;br /&gt;
**What is the pressure range used?&lt;br /&gt;
**What is the range of flame size possible for a clean burn?&lt;br /&gt;
*Did anyone measure fuel usage rate and heat output in BTU or kW?&lt;br /&gt;
*What is the optimal pump used for active fuel pumping?&lt;br /&gt;
*Is there an upper limit to the desirable air pressure for the burner ball?&lt;br /&gt;
*What is the best type of shroud to use?&lt;br /&gt;
**Pipe section - what length, diameter, wall thickness?&lt;br /&gt;
**Air holes - what is the number and location for these?&lt;br /&gt;
**Ends of pipe - the flame end is open, and burner ball end is closed?&lt;br /&gt;
*Does anyone use forced air for additional air input?&lt;br /&gt;
*Applications - has anyone field-tested:&lt;br /&gt;
**Shop heating?&lt;br /&gt;
**Water heating with heat exchanger?&lt;br /&gt;
**Steam generation?&lt;br /&gt;
**Steam engine operation?&lt;br /&gt;
**Combined heat power applications?&lt;br /&gt;
**Metal melting furnace?&lt;br /&gt;
**Pottery kiln?&lt;br /&gt;
**Brickworks?&lt;br /&gt;
**Glassworks applications?&lt;br /&gt;
**Backup power generation with steam engine?&lt;br /&gt;
**Mobile power application in steam cars and tractors?&lt;br /&gt;
**Flame week killer?&lt;br /&gt;
**Flamethrower for parades?&lt;br /&gt;
*What measures need to be taken to assure the flame does not go out?&lt;br /&gt;
*What is the optimal temperature range for the fuel feed, and how to preheat the fuel?&lt;br /&gt;
*What are other issues/quirks that make the Babington unstable?&lt;br /&gt;
*What is the expected lifetime of a burner ball? Is this an issue?&lt;br /&gt;
*Is regular cleaning required, or can this system be self-cleaning in continuous burning?&lt;br /&gt;
*Does anyone have effective, complete system designs that we can replicate?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Internet Research=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After searching for hours on details for the Babington burner, here is the best one:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
http://www.aipengineering.com/babington/Babington_Oil_Burner_HOWTO.html&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:babpix.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[http://www.aipengineering.com/babington/Babington_Oil_Burner_HOWTO.html (source)]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Here&#039;s a video that shows the clear potential of the Babington:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=78ebfypFLXI&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Here is several pictures of a design&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[http://pateri.com/Foundry/Burners.html]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Completed_head_assembly.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:Preheat.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
Preheating oil via copper loop before atomization&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Parts Sourcing=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Turnkey system==&lt;br /&gt;
*http://yellowheat.com/catalog $1500&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Drill Bits==&lt;br /&gt;
*Drill bit size table - [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drill_and_tap_size_chart]&lt;br /&gt;
*Drill bit set - [http://www.ares-server.com/Ares/Ares.asp?MerchantID=RET01229&amp;amp;Action=Catalog&amp;amp;Type=Product&amp;amp;ID=15186]&lt;br /&gt;
**Ordered from Drill Bit City - [[http://drillcity.stores.yahoo.net/8001351.html]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:microbits.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Burner Balls==&lt;br /&gt;
http://homebrewpower.co.uk/html-shop-products/babington-burner-nozzles-for-sale.html&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Babington Nozzles For Sale&lt;br /&gt;
Babington burner atomizing nozzles are used to atomize almost all combustible fuel sources. Fuels such as vegetable oil, WVO waste vegetable oil, WMO waste motor oil, waste gearbox oil, waste transmission oil, peanut oil, canola oil and paraffin oil can all be burned very cleanly.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
We guarantee to send each individual Nozzle out within 3 working days of receipt of money.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Our Babington Burner Nozzles have the following specifications:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ball Diameter	50MM&lt;br /&gt;
Ball Material	1MM Thick Spun Brass&lt;br /&gt;
Air Connection	15MM Copper Compression Gland&lt;br /&gt;
Brazing Metal	55% Sure Silver M25T Rods 680 Degrees Celsius Melting Point&lt;br /&gt;
Atomizing Hole Specification	0.0135&amp;quot; Diameter Hole - Pillar Drilled @ 20,000 RPM&lt;br /&gt;
Air Pressure Suggested Rating	15 - 80 PSI - Set To Suit Individual Application&lt;br /&gt;
Finish	Acid Dipped, Hand Wired &amp;amp; Polished&lt;br /&gt;
Notes On Finish	Oxidization will occur when exposed to air - This does not affect performance&lt;br /&gt;
Construction	Hand Made In The United Kingdom&lt;br /&gt;
Babington Ball Usage	Clean Atomization of combustible oils &amp;amp; fats - Various Heating Projects&lt;br /&gt;
Purchase below if you are in the UK	Click below for the rest of the world&lt;br /&gt;
  &lt;br /&gt;
http://homebrewpower.co.uk/html-shop-products/babington-burner-nozzles-for-sale.html&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
= Burner Ball=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Here is a brass endcap with a channel for directing oil flow:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:babsendcapball.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Does this work better than a ball?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Heat Exchanger for Water Heating=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
We need to coil tubing for a heat exchanger. From Northern Tool:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:coil bender.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=Implementation at Factor e Farm=&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
On 9.29.08 we started to put together our Babington burner. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
We drilled a 0.0135 inch hole in the face of a hollow, brass doorknob - and brazed on a fitting that supplied compressed air at a constant pressure between 20-35 psi. We were able to atomize water but when we tried motor oil we had problems. We were able to produce a bit of a flame but never sustained burning. Two possibilities: 1) the hole became clogged from debris inside the burner ball, 2) the oil was not heated sufficiently. Has anyone had success in sustaining a flame over a long period? What is a good method for automatic ignition? Best way to regulate the flow over the ball? Any feedback is welcome from experienced Babsmen.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Technique: we attached a rotary tool to a regular drill press - to utilize the up-down motion of the drill press with the rototool as the work tool for the .0135 micro drill bit.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:babsatfactore.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Water atomization was successful, seen in the last picture. Fuel atomization was not.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Next steps: heat oil properly - for now on a stove top, and use a metal dispenser container. Clean out the inside of the burner ball.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A day later: success!&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Image:babflame.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Category:Babington Burner]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
May 2009  [ Reply from Richard Rea ]&lt;br /&gt;
I have experimented with the Babington system.&lt;br /&gt;
Ball size  = 50mm  single hole&lt;br /&gt;
Hole size  = .01 in&lt;br /&gt;
air        =  3 bar&lt;br /&gt;
Fuel       =  recycled veg&lt;br /&gt;
Fuel temp  =  60 deg C  minimum for start&lt;br /&gt;
Open tube&lt;br /&gt;
Circ pump  =  12v wiper motor coupled to a sump oil pump&lt;br /&gt;
Speed control= pulse width modulator&lt;br /&gt;
Burn rate  =  estimate 30,000 BTU,  very clean exhaust&lt;br /&gt;
Safety     =  LDR flame detector, relay drops out and stops oil pump.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Future plans&lt;br /&gt;
Develop automatic start with electric element pre-heat.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
August 2010.&lt;br /&gt;
Pre heat system working using a Deep Fat fryier.&lt;br /&gt;
Temp 90 Degrees C&lt;br /&gt;
Automatic start using a modified kerosine/diesel burner.&lt;br /&gt;
Burner attached to Firebird 90 boiler.&lt;br /&gt;
Running four radiators. 78 degrees C achieved before thermostat shuts down the air.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Problems yet to solve:&lt;br /&gt;
[1]   Un burnt oil carry over into boiler. This oil then burns in TURK mode but creates smoke at shut-down.&lt;br /&gt;
[2]   Automat adjustment of oil flow to allow reliable start but then reduce flow to give bestclean burn.&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Great Link to Babington Burner Nozzles:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
http://homebrewpower.co.uk/Babington-Burner-Nozzles-For-Sale.html&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
http://www.youtube.com/v/uwO_ysHOJZ8&amp;amp;hl&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Jiff64138</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=Sun_Catalytix_tech&amp;diff=16614</id>
		<title>Sun Catalytix tech</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=Sun_Catalytix_tech&amp;diff=16614"/>
		<updated>2011-01-03T19:33:34Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Jiff64138: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Sun Catalytix is a company that has a new, active, versatile, and affordable catalysts that split water into oxygen and hydrogen fuel, mimicking photosynthesis.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== from cnet article ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sun Catalytix, a company that&#039;s trying to develop a revolutionary clean-energy system, has finished a round of seed funding and secured a technology license from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.&lt;br /&gt;
The Cambridge, Mass.-based company was formed about one year ago to commercialize research from MIT professor Daniel Nocera in which he attempts to mimic the process of photosynthesis.&lt;br /&gt;
Polaris Ventures finalized a $3 million seed round of funding for Sun Catalytix and expects to raise a series A round next year, said Polaris&#039; Bob Metcalfe, who is also on the board.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Image:http://i.imgur.com/hBWjn.jpg&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sun Catalytix is pursuing a breakthrough system that would use cheap solar panels to produce hydrogen, which would be stored and then used to produce electricity in a fuel cell.&lt;br /&gt;
(Credit: MIT)&lt;br /&gt;
The core of the company&#039;s technology, which Nocera has sought to patent, is a low-cost catalyst for an electrolyzer, a device that splits water to make hydrogen. That hydrogen can be used with a fuel cell to make electricity. Or the hydrogen could be combined with other materials to store energy in a liquid fuel, such as methanol or ammonia, Metcalfe said.&lt;br /&gt;
Nocera envisions that homes would be equipped with solar panels to produce hydrogen from water during the day. At night, the stored hydrogen could power a home without releasing carbon emissions.&lt;br /&gt;
The key difference with the Sun Catalytix electrolyzer is that it is being designed to be made with cheap materials and work with all sorts of water, said Metcalfe.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;Splitting water to make hydrogen is as old as the hills. The breakthrough here is that it&#039;s dirt cheap. They operate in dirty water like water from the Charles River and they&#039;ve used salt water from the Boston Harbor,&amp;quot; he said.&lt;br /&gt;
The catalyst that splits the water molecules uses cobalt phosphate, which is cheap and abundant compared to expensive metals such as platinum, Metcalfe added. So far, the five-person company has built a number of prototypes made from PVC plastic.&lt;br /&gt;
A fully functioning system would take a number of years to develop and depend on other components being cheaper, including solar panels and hydrogen storage, Nocera has said.&lt;br /&gt;
But Metcalfe said that Polaris believes the company can commercialize the technology &amp;quot;in the short attention span of a venture capitalist.&amp;quot; Typically, venture capitalists expect to generate a big return in five to seven years.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Read more: http://news.cnet.com/8301-11128_3-10402468-54.html#ixzz1A08lXSz0&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
== from Popsci == &lt;br /&gt;
One of the interesting side effects of last year&#039;s stimulus bill was $400 million in funding for ARPA-E, the civilian, energy-focused cousin of DARPA. And in this week&#039;s first ever ARPA-E conference, MIT chemist Dan Nocera showed how well he put that stimulus money to use by highlighting his new photosynthetic process. Using a special catalyst, the process splits water into oxygen and hydrogen fuel efficiently enough to power a home using only sunlight and a bottle of water.&lt;br /&gt;
Like organic photosynthesis, Nocera&#039;s reaction uses sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and energy. However, whereas plants create energy in the form of sugars, this process creates energy in the form of free hydrogen. That hydrogen can either be recombined with the oxygen in a fuel cell to generate electricity, or converted into a liquid fuel.&lt;br /&gt;
In about four hours, water treated with Nocera&#039;s catalyst can produce 30 kilowatt-hours of energy. Moreover, the process is cheap. So cheap, in fact, that Nocera has no problem envisioning a day when each house generates its own fuel and electricity from photosynthesis.&lt;br /&gt;
But don&#039;t take my word for it. Check out this video and hear Nocera describe this process himself&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;html&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;object style=&amp;quot;height: 390px; width: 640px&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;param name=&amp;quot;movie&amp;quot; value=&amp;quot;http://www.youtube.com/v/WD9yr-Bf-Kw?version=3&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;param name=&amp;quot;allowFullScreen&amp;quot; value=&amp;quot;true&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;param name=&amp;quot;allowScriptAccess&amp;quot; value=&amp;quot;always&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;embed src=&amp;quot;http://www.youtube.com/v/WD9yr-Bf-Kw?version=3&amp;quot; type=&amp;quot;application/x-shockwave-flash&amp;quot; allowfullscreen=&amp;quot;true&amp;quot; allowScriptAccess=&amp;quot;always&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;640&amp;quot; height=&amp;quot;390&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/object&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/html&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Read more: http://www.popsci.com/technology/article/2010-03/video-artificial-photosynthesis-produces-enough-energy-power-house-one-bottle-water&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Jiff64138</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=Sun_Catalytix_tech&amp;diff=16613</id>
		<title>Sun Catalytix tech</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=Sun_Catalytix_tech&amp;diff=16613"/>
		<updated>2011-01-03T19:32:58Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Jiff64138: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Sun Catalytix is a company that has a new, active, versatile, and affordable catalysts that split water into oxygen and hydrogen fuel, mimicking photosynthesis.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== from cnet article ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sun Catalytix, a company that&#039;s trying to develop a revolutionary clean-energy system, has finished a round of seed funding and secured a technology license from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.&lt;br /&gt;
The Cambridge, Mass.-based company was formed about one year ago to commercialize research from MIT professor Daniel Nocera in which he attempts to mimic the process of photosynthesis.&lt;br /&gt;
Polaris Ventures finalized a $3 million seed round of funding for Sun Catalytix and expects to raise a series A round next year, said Polaris&#039; Bob Metcalfe, who is also on the board.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;html&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Image:http://i.imgur.com/hBWjn.jpg&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/html&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
Sun Catalytix is pursuing a breakthrough system that would use cheap solar panels to produce hydrogen, which would be stored and then used to produce electricity in a fuel cell.&lt;br /&gt;
(Credit: MIT)&lt;br /&gt;
The core of the company&#039;s technology, which Nocera has sought to patent, is a low-cost catalyst for an electrolyzer, a device that splits water to make hydrogen. That hydrogen can be used with a fuel cell to make electricity. Or the hydrogen could be combined with other materials to store energy in a liquid fuel, such as methanol or ammonia, Metcalfe said.&lt;br /&gt;
Nocera envisions that homes would be equipped with solar panels to produce hydrogen from water during the day. At night, the stored hydrogen could power a home without releasing carbon emissions.&lt;br /&gt;
The key difference with the Sun Catalytix electrolyzer is that it is being designed to be made with cheap materials and work with all sorts of water, said Metcalfe.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;Splitting water to make hydrogen is as old as the hills. The breakthrough here is that it&#039;s dirt cheap. They operate in dirty water like water from the Charles River and they&#039;ve used salt water from the Boston Harbor,&amp;quot; he said.&lt;br /&gt;
The catalyst that splits the water molecules uses cobalt phosphate, which is cheap and abundant compared to expensive metals such as platinum, Metcalfe added. So far, the five-person company has built a number of prototypes made from PVC plastic.&lt;br /&gt;
A fully functioning system would take a number of years to develop and depend on other components being cheaper, including solar panels and hydrogen storage, Nocera has said.&lt;br /&gt;
But Metcalfe said that Polaris believes the company can commercialize the technology &amp;quot;in the short attention span of a venture capitalist.&amp;quot; Typically, venture capitalists expect to generate a big return in five to seven years.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Read more: http://news.cnet.com/8301-11128_3-10402468-54.html#ixzz1A08lXSz0&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
== from Popsci == &lt;br /&gt;
One of the interesting side effects of last year&#039;s stimulus bill was $400 million in funding for ARPA-E, the civilian, energy-focused cousin of DARPA. And in this week&#039;s first ever ARPA-E conference, MIT chemist Dan Nocera showed how well he put that stimulus money to use by highlighting his new photosynthetic process. Using a special catalyst, the process splits water into oxygen and hydrogen fuel efficiently enough to power a home using only sunlight and a bottle of water.&lt;br /&gt;
Like organic photosynthesis, Nocera&#039;s reaction uses sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and energy. However, whereas plants create energy in the form of sugars, this process creates energy in the form of free hydrogen. That hydrogen can either be recombined with the oxygen in a fuel cell to generate electricity, or converted into a liquid fuel.&lt;br /&gt;
In about four hours, water treated with Nocera&#039;s catalyst can produce 30 kilowatt-hours of energy. Moreover, the process is cheap. So cheap, in fact, that Nocera has no problem envisioning a day when each house generates its own fuel and electricity from photosynthesis.&lt;br /&gt;
But don&#039;t take my word for it. Check out this video and hear Nocera describe this process himself&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;html&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;object style=&amp;quot;height: 390px; width: 640px&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;param name=&amp;quot;movie&amp;quot; value=&amp;quot;http://www.youtube.com/v/WD9yr-Bf-Kw?version=3&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;param name=&amp;quot;allowFullScreen&amp;quot; value=&amp;quot;true&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;param name=&amp;quot;allowScriptAccess&amp;quot; value=&amp;quot;always&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;embed src=&amp;quot;http://www.youtube.com/v/WD9yr-Bf-Kw?version=3&amp;quot; type=&amp;quot;application/x-shockwave-flash&amp;quot; allowfullscreen=&amp;quot;true&amp;quot; allowScriptAccess=&amp;quot;always&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;640&amp;quot; height=&amp;quot;390&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/object&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/html&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Read more: http://www.popsci.com/technology/article/2010-03/video-artificial-photosynthesis-produces-enough-energy-power-house-one-bottle-water&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Jiff64138</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=Sun_Catalytix_tech&amp;diff=16612</id>
		<title>Sun Catalytix tech</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/index.php?title=Sun_Catalytix_tech&amp;diff=16612"/>
		<updated>2011-01-03T19:31:51Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Jiff64138: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Sun Catalytix is a company that has a new, active, versatile, and affordable catalysts that split water into oxygen and hydrogen fuel, mimicking photosynthesis.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== from cnet article ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sun Catalytix, a company that&#039;s trying to develop a revolutionary clean-energy system, has finished a round of seed funding and secured a technology license from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.&lt;br /&gt;
The Cambridge, Mass.-based company was formed about one year ago to commercialize research from MIT professor Daniel Nocera in which he attempts to mimic the process of photosynthesis.&lt;br /&gt;
Polaris Ventures finalized a $3 million seed round of funding for Sun Catalytix and expects to raise a series A round next year, said Polaris&#039; Bob Metcalfe, who is also on the board.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Image:http://i.imgur.com/hBWjn.jpg&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sun Catalytix is pursuing a breakthrough system that would use cheap solar panels to produce hydrogen, which would be stored and then used to produce electricity in a fuel cell.&lt;br /&gt;
(Credit: MIT)&lt;br /&gt;
The core of the company&#039;s technology, which Nocera has sought to patent, is a low-cost catalyst for an electrolyzer, a device that splits water to make hydrogen. That hydrogen can be used with a fuel cell to make electricity. Or the hydrogen could be combined with other materials to store energy in a liquid fuel, such as methanol or ammonia, Metcalfe said.&lt;br /&gt;
Nocera envisions that homes would be equipped with solar panels to produce hydrogen from water during the day. At night, the stored hydrogen could power a home without releasing carbon emissions.&lt;br /&gt;
The key difference with the Sun Catalytix electrolyzer is that it is being designed to be made with cheap materials and work with all sorts of water, said Metcalfe.&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;Splitting water to make hydrogen is as old as the hills. The breakthrough here is that it&#039;s dirt cheap. They operate in dirty water like water from the Charles River and they&#039;ve used salt water from the Boston Harbor,&amp;quot; he said.&lt;br /&gt;
The catalyst that splits the water molecules uses cobalt phosphate, which is cheap and abundant compared to expensive metals such as platinum, Metcalfe added. So far, the five-person company has built a number of prototypes made from PVC plastic.&lt;br /&gt;
A fully functioning system would take a number of years to develop and depend on other components being cheaper, including solar panels and hydrogen storage, Nocera has said.&lt;br /&gt;
But Metcalfe said that Polaris believes the company can commercialize the technology &amp;quot;in the short attention span of a venture capitalist.&amp;quot; Typically, venture capitalists expect to generate a big return in five to seven years.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Read more: http://news.cnet.com/8301-11128_3-10402468-54.html#ixzz1A08lXSz0&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
----&lt;br /&gt;
== from Popsci == &lt;br /&gt;
One of the interesting side effects of last year&#039;s stimulus bill was $400 million in funding for ARPA-E, the civilian, energy-focused cousin of DARPA. And in this week&#039;s first ever ARPA-E conference, MIT chemist Dan Nocera showed how well he put that stimulus money to use by highlighting his new photosynthetic process. Using a special catalyst, the process splits water into oxygen and hydrogen fuel efficiently enough to power a home using only sunlight and a bottle of water.&lt;br /&gt;
Like organic photosynthesis, Nocera&#039;s reaction uses sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and energy. However, whereas plants create energy in the form of sugars, this process creates energy in the form of free hydrogen. That hydrogen can either be recombined with the oxygen in a fuel cell to generate electricity, or converted into a liquid fuel.&lt;br /&gt;
In about four hours, water treated with Nocera&#039;s catalyst can produce 30 kilowatt-hours of energy. Moreover, the process is cheap. So cheap, in fact, that Nocera has no problem envisioning a day when each house generates its own fuel and electricity from photosynthesis.&lt;br /&gt;
But don&#039;t take my word for it. Check out this video and hear Nocera describe this process himself&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;html&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;object style=&amp;quot;height: 390px; width: 640px&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;param name=&amp;quot;movie&amp;quot; value=&amp;quot;http://www.youtube.com/v/WD9yr-Bf-Kw?version=3&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;param name=&amp;quot;allowFullScreen&amp;quot; value=&amp;quot;true&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;param name=&amp;quot;allowScriptAccess&amp;quot; value=&amp;quot;always&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;embed src=&amp;quot;http://www.youtube.com/v/WD9yr-Bf-Kw?version=3&amp;quot; type=&amp;quot;application/x-shockwave-flash&amp;quot; allowfullscreen=&amp;quot;true&amp;quot; allowScriptAccess=&amp;quot;always&amp;quot; width=&amp;quot;640&amp;quot; height=&amp;quot;390&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/object&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/html&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Read more: http://www.popsci.com/technology/article/2010-03/video-artificial-photosynthesis-produces-enough-energy-power-house-one-bottle-water&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Jiff64138</name></author>
	</entry>
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