Open Source Ecology - User contributions [en]

Mario Jimenez

2023-06-19T13:10:03Z

Mario: /* WHAT */

[[Image:Mario_Jimenez.PNG‎ |thumb|Mario Jiménez]]

=Team Culturing Information=

last updated: 1. May, 2011

==='''WHO''' are you?===
*''Name'' - Mario Jiménez

*''Location (city, country)'' - La línea, Cadiz, Spain

*''Contact Information (email, phone, Skype)'' -
mariojimenez408 (at) hotmail (dot) com<br/>
+34 671 909 987

*''Introductory Video'' - I don't have at the moment

*''Resume/CV'' - [[Media:Mario_Jimenez_-_curriculum_vitae_english.doc‎]]

==='''WHY''' are you motivated to support/develop this work?===
*''Do you endorse open source culture?''
Yes, of course.

*''Why are you interested in collaborating with us?''
Because I really like that the knowledge must to be free.

*''How do you think that the GVCS can address pressing world issues?''
No comments

*''What should happen so that you become more involved with the project?''
People must to be more conscience about knowledge, about his freedom, and a real sense of change in they life's.

*''What are you missing in the project?''
In the project I think that although it is quite complete in the creation of machines, there is a big gap in basic issues such as water and energy, which are the pillars of any settlement.

*''What are your suggestions for improvement of the project?''
It is well known that since the equations of Charles Proteus Steinmetz (1911) Study of Electrodynamics, (Refuting the theories of Nikola Tesla [https://archive.org/details/elementarylectur00steirich] , The electrolysis with super efficient high frequency pulses supported by the University of Japan [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227323540_A_novel_method_of_hydrogen_generation_by_water_electrolysis_using_an_ultra-short-pulse_power_supply] that support the work of Stanley Meyer, the laboratory of JNaudin [http://jnaudin.free.fr/], Erick Dollar, among others. It is fully feasible and proven that energy generating machines can be created.

Besides being able to recycle certain materials, for greater energy efficiency, and other alternatives, such as the use of the sun, for the generation of cold, recycling of plastics for the creation of fuels, etc..

==='''WHAT'''===
*''List all of your skills in these areas: Communications - Organizational - Computer Support - Finances - Design - Natural Building - Electronics - Automation - Mechatronics - Metallurgy - Engineering - Fabrication - Agriculture - Energy - Architecture - Video/Graphics/Art - PR/Marketing - Education - Construction - Industry - CNC - Chemistry - Product Design - Other''
From ever I have one idea on my mind, if somebody can do it I can do it also. My knowledge are listed in CV, but I am a very curious man, and its the key to improve.

==='''HOW''' can you help?''===
*''How are you interested in contributing to the work of GVCS development?''
I want to share with you all my experience from past and in the future. All my knowledge, and if its possible, move your proyect around latin world.

*''Can you volunteer to work with us, and if so, how many hours per week?''
answered in past question.

*''Are you interested in working with us for pay? If so, what services can you offer, and what is your hourly or per-project rate?''
More powerful as money its share knowledge, experience, and help by free.

*''Are you interested in [[Dedicated_Project_Visit|Dedicated Project Visit]]?''
not at the moment

*''Are you interested in purchasing equipment from us to help bootstrap development?''
At the moment I am creating one NPO and one ecovillage, and the money dont give me for more.

*''Are you interested in bidding for consulting/design/prototyping work?''
no

*''Are you a [[True_Fans|True Fan]]? If not, why not?''
Yes I am

*''Would you like to see yourself working with us on a full-time basis?''
No, I will support in other ways.

*''Are you interested in using the technologies that we are developing directly?''
If its exactly what we need, Yes.

*''Are you interested in being part of the world's first, open source, resilient community? The GVCS is the preparatory step for the OSE Village Experiment - a 2 year, immersion experiment (2013-2014) for testing whether a real, thriving, modern-day prototype community of 200 people can be built on 200 acres using local resources and open access to information? We are looking for approximately 200 people to fill a diverse array of roles, according to the Social Contract that is being developed. This may be the boldest social experiment on earth - a pioneering community whose goal is to extend the index of possibilities regarding harmonious existence of humans, ecology, and technology - as a beacon of light to benefit of all people on Earth.
No sorry. I am working and traveling arround the world and at the moment is not possible.

[[Category:Team Culturing]]

Mario Jimenez

2023-06-19T13:08:12Z

Mario: /* HOW can you help? */

[[Image:Mario_Jimenez.PNG‎ |thumb|Mario Jiménez]]

=Team Culturing Information=

last updated: 1. May, 2011

==='''WHO''' are you?===
*''Name'' - Mario Jiménez

*''Location (city, country)'' - La línea, Cadiz, Spain

*''Contact Information (email, phone, Skype)'' -
mariojimenez408 (at) hotmail (dot) com<br/>
+34 671 909 987

*''Introductory Video'' - I don't have at the moment

*''Resume/CV'' - [[Media:Mario_Jimenez_-_curriculum_vitae_english.doc‎]]

==='''WHY''' are you motivated to support/develop this work?===
*''Do you endorse open source culture?''
Yes, of course.

*''Why are you interested in collaborating with us?''
Because I really like that the knowledge must to be free.

*''How do you think that the GVCS can address pressing world issues?''
No comments

*''What should happen so that you become more involved with the project?''
People must to be more conscience about knowledge, about his freedom, and a real sense of change in they life's.

*''What are you missing in the project?''
In the project I think that although it is quite complete in the creation of machines, there is a big gap in basic issues such as water and energy, which are the pillars of any settlement.

*''What are your suggestions for improvement of the project?''
It is well known that since the equations of Charles Proteus Steinmetz (1911) Study of Electrodynamics, (Refuting the theories of Nikola Tesla [https://archive.org/details/elementarylectur00steirich] , The electrolysis with super efficient high frequency pulses supported by the University of Japan [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227323540_A_novel_method_of_hydrogen_generation_by_water_electrolysis_using_an_ultra-short-pulse_power_supply] that support the work of Stanley Meyer, the laboratory of JNaudin [http://jnaudin.free.fr/], Erick Dollar, among others. It is fully feasible and proven that energy generating machines can be created.

Besides being able to recycle certain materials, for greater energy efficiency, and other alternatives, such as the use of the sun, for the generation of cold, recycling of plastics for the creation of fuels, etc..

==='''WHAT'''===
*''List all of your skills in these areas: Communications - Organizational - Computer Support - Finances - Design - Natural Building - Electronics - Automation - Metallurgy - Engineering - Fabrication - Agriculture - Energy - Architecture - Video/Graphics/Art - PR/Marketing - Education - Construction - Industry - CNC - Chemistry - Product Design - Other''
From ever I have one idea on my mind, if somebody can do it I can do it also. My knowledge are listed in CV, but I am a very curious man, and its the key to improve.

*''How have you already contributed to the project?''
At the moment I dont know how to help you.

==='''HOW''' can you help?''===
*''How are you interested in contributing to the work of GVCS development?''
I want to share with you all my experience from past and in the future. All my knowledge, and if its possible, move your proyect around latin world.

*''Can you volunteer to work with us, and if so, how many hours per week?''
answered in past question.

*''Are you interested in working with us for pay? If so, what services can you offer, and what is your hourly or per-project rate?''
More powerful as money its share knowledge, experience, and help by free.

*''Are you interested in [[Dedicated_Project_Visit|Dedicated Project Visit]]?''
not at the moment

*''Are you interested in purchasing equipment from us to help bootstrap development?''
At the moment I am creating one NPO and one ecovillage, and the money dont give me for more.

*''Are you interested in bidding for consulting/design/prototyping work?''
no

*''Are you a [[True_Fans|True Fan]]? If not, why not?''
Yes I am

*''Would you like to see yourself working with us on a full-time basis?''
No, I will support in other ways.

*''Are you interested in using the technologies that we are developing directly?''
If its exactly what we need, Yes.

*''Are you interested in being part of the world's first, open source, resilient community? The GVCS is the preparatory step for the OSE Village Experiment - a 2 year, immersion experiment (2013-2014) for testing whether a real, thriving, modern-day prototype community of 200 people can be built on 200 acres using local resources and open access to information? We are looking for approximately 200 people to fill a diverse array of roles, according to the Social Contract that is being developed. This may be the boldest social experiment on earth - a pioneering community whose goal is to extend the index of possibilities regarding harmonious existence of humans, ecology, and technology - as a beacon of light to benefit of all people on Earth.
No sorry. I am working and traveling arround the world and at the moment is not possible.

[[Category:Team Culturing]]

Mario Jimenez

2023-06-19T12:47:48Z

Mario: /* WHY are you motivated to support/develop this work? */

[[Image:Mario_Jimenez.PNG‎ |thumb|Mario Jiménez]]

=Team Culturing Information=

last updated: 1. May, 2011

==='''WHO''' are you?===
*''Name'' - Mario Jiménez

*''Location (city, country)'' - La línea, Cadiz, Spain

*''Contact Information (email, phone, Skype)'' -
mariojimenez408 (at) hotmail (dot) com<br/>
+34 671 909 987

*''Introductory Video'' - I don't have at the moment

*''Resume/CV'' - [[Media:Mario_Jimenez_-_curriculum_vitae_english.doc‎]]

==='''WHY''' are you motivated to support/develop this work?===
*''Do you endorse open source culture?''
Yes, of course.

*''Why are you interested in collaborating with us?''
Because I really like that the knowledge must to be free.

*''How do you think that the GVCS can address pressing world issues?''
No comments

*''What should happen so that you become more involved with the project?''
People must to be more conscience about knowledge, about his freedom, and a real sense of change in they life's.

*''What are you missing in the project?''
In the project I think that although it is quite complete in the creation of machines, there is a big gap in basic issues such as water and energy, which are the pillars of any settlement.

*''What are your suggestions for improvement of the project?''
It is well known that since the equations of Charles Proteus Steinmetz (1911) Study of Electrodynamics, (Refuting the theories of Nikola Tesla [https://archive.org/details/elementarylectur00steirich] , The electrolysis with super efficient high frequency pulses supported by the University of Japan [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227323540_A_novel_method_of_hydrogen_generation_by_water_electrolysis_using_an_ultra-short-pulse_power_supply] that support the work of Stanley Meyer, the laboratory of JNaudin [http://jnaudin.free.fr/], Erick Dollar, among others. It is fully feasible and proven that energy generating machines can be created.

Besides being able to recycle certain materials, for greater energy efficiency, and other alternatives, such as the use of the sun, for the generation of cold, recycling of plastics for the creation of fuels, etc..

==='''WHAT'''===
*''List all of your skills in these areas: Communications - Organizational - Computer Support - Finances - Design - Natural Building - Electronics - Automation - Metallurgy - Engineering - Fabrication - Agriculture - Energy - Architecture - Video/Graphics/Art - PR/Marketing - Education - Construction - Industry - CNC - Chemistry - Product Design - Other''
From ever I have one idea on my mind, if somebody can do it I can do it also. My knowledge are listed in CV, but I am a very curious man, and its the key to improve.

*''How have you already contributed to the project?''
At the moment I dont know how to help you.

==='''HOW''' can you help?''===
*''How are you interested in contributing to the work of GVCS development?''
I want to share with you all my experience from past and in the future. All my knowledge, and if its possible, move your proyect around latin world.

*''Can you volunteer to work with us, and if so, how many hours per week?''
answered in past question.

*''Are you interested in working with us for pay? If so, what services can you offer, and what is your hourly or per-project rate?''
More powerful as money its share knowledge, experience, and help by free.

*''Are you interested in [[Dedicated_Project_Visit|Dedicated Project Visit]]?''
not at the moment

*''Are you interested in purchasing equipment from us to help bootstrap development?''
At the moment I am creating one NPO and one ecovillage, and the money dont give me for more.

*''Are you interested in bidding for consulting/design/prototyping work?''
no

*''Are you a [[True_Fans|True Fan]]? If not, why not?''
give my time. Its only my second day.

*''Would you like to see yourself working with us on a full-time basis?''
No thanks, I'll have my own ecovillage to turn economic independet. Just cooperation will be good at the moment.

*''Are you interested in using the technologies that we are developing directly?''
If its exactly what we need in ecovillage, why not?

*''Are you interested in being part of the world's first, open source, resilient community? The GVCS is the preparatory step for the OSE Village Experiment - a 2 year, immersion experiment (2013-2014) for testing whether a real, thriving, modern-day prototype community of 200 people can be built on 200 acres using local resources and open access to information? We are looking for approximately 200 people to fill a diverse array of roles, according to the Social Contract that is being developed. This may be the boldest social experiment on earth - a pioneering community whose goal is to extend the index of possibilities regarding harmonious existence of humans, ecology, and technology - as a beacon of light to benefit of all people on Earth.
No sorry. I answered before the question. Because I will have my own ecovillage in Peru.

[[Category:Team Culturing]]

Earthship/es

2011-05-06T15:53:54Z

Mario:

{{Lang}}
{{Breadcrumb|Vivienda y construcción}}
{| align="left"
| __TOC__
|}

[[File:Earthship1.jpg|400px|right]]
[[File:Earthship2.jpg|400px|right|El diseño utilizado en la mayoría de Earthship, corresponde a la utilización de una larga serie de ventanas y neumáticos, caracterizan a este tipo de construcción]]Un '''Earthship''' (Nave-tierra en inglés) es un tipo de casa que cuida de sus propias necesidades en materia de energía, agua, eliminación de residuos e incluso a veces hasta de producción de alimentos. Se logra un alto nivel de eficiencia energética, mediante el aprovechamiento máximo del calor del sol y gran aislamiento térmico. La idea es de tener una casa libre de tuberías y cables que entren o salgan de la vivienda: No hay líneas eléctricas, tuberías de agua, ni alcantarillado.

Los Earthships están enfocados para ser construido por personas no especializadas.

== Introducción ==
Los Earthship originales están construidos a base de latas o neumáticos rellenos de tierra. Esto significa que el material principal se encuentra en el mismo sitio de construcción y el resto es reciclado. Estos materiales son baratos o gratuitos y pueden ser manipulados con muy poco gasto de energía (huella energética) o impacto medio-ambiental.

Los Earthships son una creación de Mike Reynold y son diseñados y comercializados por
[http://earthship.com/ Earthship Biotecture] de Taos, Nuevo México.

Existen muchos otros Earthships autosuficientes que son factibles. Otro ejemplo tradicional son las Casas de arena-Mandan, construidas por los Indios americanos del norte. Un ejemplo moderno puede ser una casa-contenedor.
Este es un gran ejemplo porque utilizando viejos contenedores de mercancías, describe muy bien la idea del reciclaje de forma muy clara. Utilizar un contenedor de este tipo es reciclar muchas toneladas de hierro con muy poca energía de entrada.
[http://www.facebook.com/group.php?gid=104266276286421&v=wall]

==Estructura==
===Neumáticos rellenos de tierra aprisionada===
Los Earthships son normalmente fabricados por neumáticos rellenos de tierra aprisionada. De todos modos, cualquier material con alto grado potencial de masa térmica como hormigón, adobe o piedra pueden ser utilizados.
Los neumáticos rellenos de tierra, tienen las siguientes ventajas -
# A diferencia de materiales como el hormigón, puede ser usado por cualquier persona. No necesita equipamiento especializado para fabricarlo o manipularlo. Los neumáticos de desecho se encuentran por todo el mundo y son fáciles de conseguir. Se estima que hay 2 Mil millones a lo largo de todo estados unidos. Desde 1996, se están desechando 253 millones de neumáticos usados en los estados unidos, con una tasa del 70% reclamada por el mercado de neumáticos de desecho (dejan alrrededor de 75 millones de neumáticos para reutilizar como neumáticos enteros).<ref>Tom Verde, [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0CE0DA133CF931A35751C1A960958260&n=Top%2FReference%2FTimes%20Topics%2FSubjects%2FT%2FTires At Heart of Dispute, Tires by the Acre] (December 2, 1996), The New York Times.</ref> El método por el cual los neumáticos de desecho son convertidos en bloques utilizables es muy sencillo: La tierra es aprisionada con un martillo.

#Tienen gran capacidad para el soporte de carga. De todos modos, las paredes de neumáticos tienden a carecer de rigidez estructural y puede que requieran de estructura vertical de soporte/refuerzo.
#Debido a que los neumáticos están llenos de tierra no arden cuando se exponen al fuego
En 1996 después que un incendio en Nuevo México se extendiese por muchos hogares convencionales, un se encontró un Eartheship relativamente ileso. Sólo la cara sur y el techo se habían quemado, comparado con la destrucción total de las casas convencionales.

Un neumático completo aplastado es alrrededor 2 pies 8 pulgadas (81,82 cm) de ancho. Es suficientemente grande para ser cruzado por las estructuras convencionales requeridas para la distribución de la carga al suelo. Las paredes de un Earthship son mucho mas anchas que una convencional, lo que hace mucho más fuerte al edificio y con mejor aislamiento al sonido y el calor.

====Trabajo====
Los neumáticos rellenos de tierra de los Earthship son normalmente ensamblados por equipos de dos personas, formando parte de un gran grupo de trabajo. Una persona los llena de tierra y otro los compacta con un martillo, martilleando repartidamente por todo el neumático para no deformarlo. Este es un trabajo laborioso. En el manual;'' 'The Earthship Manual: Vol. 1' '' dice que dos personas trabajando durante una hora pueden terminar el relleno de cuatro neumáticos. Aproximadamente toma de mil neumáticos para la construcción de una vivienda (depende del modelo)([http://www.spiritofmaat.com/archive/apr2/eship.htm]), por lo que equivale a unas 500 horas por hombre y casa. Alrrededor del 40% del costo de un Earthshio terminado está asociado a la construcción.[http://www.reedconstructiondata.com/construction-forecast/news/2011/01/earthships-down-to-earth-homes/]

Los neumáticos son rellenos y aprisionados de tierra en el mismo lugar de emplazamiento, ya que el peso de cada neumático relleno puede ascender a 136 Kg aproximadamente, lo que resulta engorroso de estar moviendo.

===Paredes Interiores===
Las paredes interiores, normalmente usadas para delimitar y/o separación entre habitaciones, por lo que no necesitan de soportar carga, se construllen a base de latas unidas con hormigón, formando una especie de panel de abeja. Una vez terminadas normalmente se cubre con estuco para el acabado, no viendose ninguna lata.

===Forma Estructural===
La forma estructural de un Earthship normalmente consiste en uno o varios módulos en forma de "U". Cada uno de ellos tiene una pared de algunos metros de altura y un piso que está por debajo del nivel del suelo. El estar parcialmente por debajo del nivel del suelo, permite a la vivienda el ahorro de energía, aprovechando las propiedades de almacenamiento térmico provenientes de la tierra. De todos modos hay que prestar atención sobre la profundidad del nivel del suelo puesto que puede haber problemas con filtraciones de agua o escapes de gas radon provenientes de la tierra.

===Techo===
El techo de un Earhtship tiene un alto aislamiento - a menudo de tierra o adobe - para añadir eficiencia energética.

==Agua==
=== Recojida de agua de lluvia ===
El agua usada en un Earthship es mayormente [[Harvested Rainwater|recolectada de la lluvia]], nieve y la condensación.
El agua es recojida por una especie de embudo que llena un tanque por gravedad y después pasan al módulo WOM (Water organization module / Módulo organizador de agua) que la filtra de bacterias y contaminantes, convirtiendola en potable.

El WOM consiste en una serie de filtros y una pequeña bomba atornillada a un panel. El agua es bombeada a un tanque elevado para proporcionar una presión de salida normal de un hogar. El agua recojida y tratada de este modo es utilizada para cualquier actividad, excepto para la cisterna del baño. Por el contrario el agua para inodoros ya ha sido utilizada al menos una vez, normalmente filtrada de fregaderos y duchas, a este agua se le llama "Aguas Grises".

=== Aguas Grises ===
Las [[Aguas Grises| Aguas grises]] son aguas que ya han sido utilizadas de manera no potable y pueden seguir siendo utilizadas para otros usos como para limpieza. Antes de que las aguas grises puedan ser reutilizadas en un Earthship, deben ser canalizadas a través de filtros de grasa y partículas de 30"-60" de profundidadBefore the greywater is reused in an Earthship, it is channeled through a grease and particle filter/digester and into a 30”-60" deep rubber-lined [[Living Machines|living machine]], which is a biological water filter. This filter can include plants that produce food while filtering the water with their roots. Water oxygenation, filtration, transpiration, and bacteria-encounter all take place within the cell and help to cleanse the water (Reynolds 2000). Within the botanical cell, filtration is achieved by passing the water through a mixture of gravel and plant roots. The plants add oxygen to the water and remove nitrogen. Water taken up through the plants and transpired at their tops helps to humidify the air. In the cell, bacteria will naturally grow and help to cleanse the water.

Water from the low end of the botanical cell is then directed through a peat-moss filter and collected in a reservoir or well. This reclaimed water is then passed once more through a greywater board and used to flush toilets.

Often, any greywater that is made at earthships is not polluted enough to justify treatment (its "pollution" being usually just soap, which is often not environmentally damaging). At earthships, the use of plants placed at outlets of fixtures is then practiced to regain the water and the nutrients lost (from the soaps, etc.).. Usually, a single plant is placed directly in front of the pipe, but mini drain-fields are also sometimes used. The pipe is made large enough (5,08 cm) so that the formation of underground gas (from the greywater) is avoided. This is done with kitchen and bathroom sinks, and even showers, washing machines, and dishwashing machines. The plants are usually placed indoors with the sinks and outdoors with the washing/dishwashing machines and shower (to avoid indoor "floods"). Also, with the latter, larger drain-fields are used instead of a mere plant being placed before an outlet.<ref>[http://melinathinks.wordpress.com/category/earthship-greywater-plantergreenhouse/ Plants placed at fixtures]</ref><ref>[http://www.greenhomebuilding.com/earthship.htm Plants placed at fixtures in earthships]</ref>

===Black water===
Black water, water that has been used in a toilet, was usually not created within many of the earliest earthships as the use of flush toilets was discouraged.<ref>Earthship Volume 2:Systems and components</ref> Instead, [[Composting Toilet|composting toilets]] were advocated, which use no water at all. However, with the new greywater treatment system design (used in Nautilus, Helios, ...) created by Michael Reynolds, flush toilets have now found a place in the earthship and the general water system has been redesigned according to the new "6-step process".<ref>[http://heliohouse.com/tech.htm New water purification system process at Helios house: overview with pictures]</ref><ref>[http://www.earthship.net/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=25 Wastewater path]</ref>

When flush-toilets are used blackwater is not reused inside the Earthship. Instead, it is sent to a solar-enhanced septic tank with leach-field and planter cells (the whole being often referred to as the “incubator”). The solar-enhanced septic tank is a regular septic tank which is heated by the sun and glazed with an equator-facing window. The incubator stores the sun's heat in its concrete mass, and is insulated, to help the anaerobic process. Water from the incubator is channeled out to an exterior leach field and then to landscaping "planter cells" (spaces surrounded by concrete in which plants have been put). The cells are similar to the botanical cell used in greywater treatment and are usually placed just before and under the windows of the earthship.

In cases where it is not possible to use flush-toilets operating on water, dry solar toilets are now advocated, instead of ''regular'' composting toilets. If this is the case, obviously no black water is formed and the use of an incubator is thus (usually) not necessary. Instead, regular "planters" (plants used for sucking up water/nutrients) are then used. When using regular planters as well, no chemical soaps or detergents can be used.

The space where the WOM (water organization module), graywater pump panel, pressure tank, (first set of) batteries, and POM (power organising module) are stored is in a small room referred to as the "systems package".

==Electricity==
Earthships are designed to collect and store their own energy from a variety of sources. The majority of electrical energy is harvested from the sun and wind. [[Solar Cells|Photovoltaic panels]] and [[Small Wind Turbine|wind turbines]] located on or near the Earthship generate DC energy that is then stored in several types of [[deep-cycle batteries]]. The space in which the batteries are kept is usually a special, purpose-built room placed on the roof. Additional energy, if required, can be obtained from gasoline-powered generators or by integrating with the city grid.

In an Earthship, a Power Organizing Module is used to take stored energy from batteries and inverter it for AC use. The Power Organizing Module is a prefabricated system provided by Earthship Biotecture that is simply attached to a wall on the interior of the Earthship and wired in a conventional manner. It includes the necessary equipment such as circuit breakers and Voltage converter. The energy run through the Power Organizing Module can be used to run any household appliance including washing machines, computers, kitchen appliances, print machines, vacuums, etc. Generally, none of the electrical energy in an Earthship is used for heating or cooling.<ref>[http://earthship.com/systems/energy.php] http://earthship.com/systems/energy.php}}</ref>

==Climate==
The Earthship aims to maintain a comfortable temperature passively i.e. without reliance on systems that require energy. It does this by maximizing the effect of thermal mass and solar heating and by using building materials that are heavily insulated.

Windows on sun-facing walls admit light and heat. The buildings are often horseshoe-shaped to maximize natural light and solar-gain during winter months. The thick, dense inner walls provide thermal mass that naturally regulates the interior temperature during both cold and hot outside temperatures.

Mainly, the Earthship tries to take advantage of the properties of thermal mass and passive solar heating and cooling. Examples are large front windows with integrated shades, trombe walls and other technologies such as skylights or solar trackers (which also generate electricity).

The load-bearing walls of an Earthship provide a dense thermal mass that will soak up heat during the day and radiate heat during the night, keeping the interior climate relatively comfortable all day.

In addition to high thermal mass, some Earthships may be earth-sheltered. The benefits of earth-sheltering are twofold because it adds to the thermal mass and, if the Earthship is buried deep enough, allows the structure to take advantage of the Earth's stable temperature.

The Earthship is designed in such a way that the sun provides heating, ventilation, and lighting. To take advantage of the sun, an Earthship is positioned so that its principal wall, which is nonstructural and made mostly of glass sheets, faces directly towards the equator. This positioning allows for optimum solar exposure.

To allow the sun to heat the mass of the Earthship, the solar-orientated wall is angled so that it is perpendicular to light from the winter sun. This allows for maximum exposure in the winter, when heat is wanted, and lesser exposure in the summer, when heat is to be avoided. Some Earthships, especially those built in colder climates, use insulated shading on the solar-orientated wall to reduce heat loss during the night (Reynolds 2000).

===Natural ventilation===
The earthships usually use their own natural ventilation system. It consists of cold(er) air coming in from a front ("hopper") window, especially made for this purpose and flowing out through (one of) the skylights that are placed on the earthship. As hot air rises, the system maintains itself and keeps sucking in (and out), air.

===Heating problems===
Bottle walls are used in earthships. Earthships rely on a balance between the solar heat gain and the ability of the tire walls and subsoil to transport and store heat. The design intends to require little if any auxiliary heat. Some earthships have suffered from overheating and some from over-cooling.

Some earthships appear to have serious problems with heat loss. In these cases heat appears to be leaking into the ground constantly during the heating season and being lost. This situation may have arisen from the mistaken belief that ground-coupled structures (building in thermal contact with the ground) do not require insulation. The situation may also be due to large climatic differences between the sunny, arid, and warm Southwest (of the USA) where earthships were first built and the cloudier, cooler, and wetter climates where some are now being built. [[Malcolm Wells]], an architect and authority on earth-sheltered design, recommends R-value 10 insulation between deep soils and heated spaces. Wells's insulation recommendations increase as the depth of the soil decreases.

In very limited and specific situations, uncommon during the heating season, thermal mass can marginally increase the apparent R-value of a building assembly such as a wall. Generally speaking, thermal mass and R-value are distinct thermodynamic properties and should not be equated. Thermal performance problems apparently seen in some earthship designs may have occurred because of thermal mass being erroneously equated to R-value. The R-value of soil is about 1 per foot.<ref>[http://www.engext.ksu.edu/ees/henergy/envelope/basement.html Kansas State University Extension Service]</ref>

The sloped glazing may be hard to keep watertight and in warm climates allows excessive solar gain in summer. In colder climates, the glazing itself, which has far poorer insulating properties than any other component, will obviously be the major conduit of heat loss in winter. New designs call for vertical windows with an overhang.

Uninsulated ground-coupled thermal mass presents a large potential for heat loss, especially in climates with a heating season. This varies to a degree with soil type and moisture content.

==History==
The history of the earthship was featured in the 2007 documentary [http://www.garbagewarrior.com/ "Garbage Warrior"]:
<html>
<iframe title="YouTube video player" width="640" height="390" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed//b1cUa4yWQp4" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>
</>
</html>

The Earthship began to take shape in the 1970s. Designs were at first very experimental, but have been improved over time.

Currently, Earthships are in use in almost every state in the United States, as well as many countries in Europe. In 2000 Mike Reynolds and Daren Howarth launched Earthship Biotecture Europe to explore and evolve the concept of the Earthship in Europe. Two more directors were appointed to Earthship Biotecture Europe in July 2006 – Kevan Trott and Kirsten Jacobsen.

Earthship Biotecture has now finalized plans to build 16 Earthship homes in Brighton.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20071213144133/http://www.earthship.co.uk/earthship-homes.htm Earthship Homes development] (archived from [http://www.earthship.co.uk/earthship-homes.htm the original] on 2007-12-13).</ref>

Earthship Biotecture aims to build Earthships to house 32 people made homeless by the earthquake in Haiti [http://earthship.com/haiti-disaster-relief.html].

==Further reading==
* Schirber, Michael. [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/21755230/ "Making Earthships Mainstream"] on ''Going Green at [[msnbc.com]]'', November 12, 2007.
* [http://www.earthshipfloridaproject.com Earthship Florida Project]

----

A building guide is available on The Pirate Bay:
*[http://thepiratebay.org/torrent/5561875/Michael_Reynolds__Earthship_Vol._1__How_to_build_your_own Volume 1]. This tells you how to make the rammed-earth tires and how to build walls out of them.
*[http://thepiratebay.org/torrent/5599633/Michael_Reynolds__Earthship_Vol._2__Systems_and_components Volume 2]. Solar power, water systems, greywater, water heating systems, lighting, fireplaces, stairs, doors, cabinets, baths, showers, domes & vaults.
*[http://thepiratebay.org/torrent/5569181/Michael_Reynolds__Earthship_Vol._3__Evolution_beyond_economics Volume 3]. This was written 3 years after Volume 1 and gives improvements over the methods of building described then. Also talks about toilets, refrigerators and improved water and ventilation systems.
* Hewitt, M. and Telfer, K. (2007). ''Earthships: building a zero carbon future for homes''. ISBN 9781860819728
* Klippel, James H. http://www.garrellassociates.com/EcoDesign.html, green page
* Reynolds, Mike. (2000). ''Comfort In Any Climate'', Taos: Solar Survival P. ISBN 0962676748

== References==
<small><references/></small>

Talk:Earthship/es

2011-05-06T15:08:26Z

Mario:

1.- Well, I see that the document use complex words or definitions if the proyect are destinate to people who doesn't have construcction knowledge.

For example when sais "...any dense material with a potential for thermal mass, such as concrete, adobe, or stone could be used."

What means "...any dense material with a potential for thermal mass.." in this context???

2.- Inside "Structural shape" you sais "...However, it may cause problems with water or radon gas leaking up from the earth." I think that normally nobody measure earth for nocive gases or radiactive products and more if destinate to people without knowledge. If its so important this point, I think its better to create a pre-build requirement instructions.

Thanks

Talk:Earthship/es

2011-05-06T15:06:09Z

Mario:

Earthship/es

2011-05-06T14:58:30Z

Mario:

{{Lang}}
{{Breadcrumb|Vivienda y construcción}}
{| align="left"
| __TOC__
|}

[[File:Earthship1.jpg|400px|right]]
[[File:Earthship2.jpg|400px|right|El diseño utilizado en la mayoría de Earthship, corresponde a la utilización de una larga serie de ventanas y neumáticos, caracterizan a este tipo de construcción]]Un '''Earthship''' (Nave-tierra en inglés) es un tipo de casa que cuida de sus propias necesidades en materia de energía, agua, eliminación de residuos e incluso a veces hasta de producción de alimentos. Se logra un alto nivel de eficiencia energética, mediante el aprovechamiento máximo del calor del sol y gran aislamiento térmico. La idea es de tener una casa libre de tuberías y cables que entren o salgan de la vivienda: No hay líneas eléctricas, tuberías de agua, ni alcantarillado.

Los Earthships están enfocados para ser construido por personas no especializadas.

== Introducción ==
Los Earthship originales están construidos a base de latas o neumáticos rellenos de tierra. Esto significa que el material principal se encuentra en el mismo sitio de construcción y el resto es reciclado. Estos materiales son baratos o gratuitos y pueden ser manipulados con muy poco gasto de energía (huella energética) o impacto medio-ambiental.

Los Earthships son una creación de Mike Reynold y son diseñados y comercializados por
[http://earthship.com/ Earthship Biotecture] de Taos, Nuevo México.

Existen muchos otros Earthships autosuficientes que son factibles. Otro ejemplo tradicional son las Casas de arena-Mandan, construidas por los Indios americanos del norte. Un ejemplo moderno puede ser una casa-contenedor.
Este es un gran ejemplo porque utilizando viejos contenedores de mercancías, describe muy bien la idea del reciclaje de forma muy clara. Utilizar un contenedor de este tipo es reciclar muchas toneladas de hierro con muy poca energía de entrada.
[http://www.facebook.com/group.php?gid=104266276286421&v=wall]

==Estructura==
===Neumáticos rellenos de tierra aprisionada===
Los Earthships son normalmente fabricados por neumáticos rellenos de tierra aprisionada. De todos modos, cualquier material con alto grado potencial de masa térmica como hormigón, adobe o piedra pueden ser utilizados.
Los neumáticos rellenos de tierra, tienen las siguientes ventajas -
# A diferencia de materiales como el hormigón, puede ser usado por cualquier persona. No necesita equipamiento especializado para fabricarlo o manipularlo. Los neumáticos de desecho se encuentran por todo el mundo y son fáciles de conseguir. Se estima que hay 2 Mil millones a lo largo de todo estados unidos. Desde 1996, se están desechando 253 millones de neumáticos usados en los estados unidos, con una tasa del 70% reclamada por el mercado de neumáticos de desecho (dejan alrrededor de 75 millones de neumáticos para reutilizar como neumáticos enteros).<ref>Tom Verde, [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0CE0DA133CF931A35751C1A960958260&n=Top%2FReference%2FTimes%20Topics%2FSubjects%2FT%2FTires At Heart of Dispute, Tires by the Acre] (December 2, 1996), The New York Times.</ref> El método por el cual los neumáticos de desecho son convertidos en bloques utilizables es muy sencillo: La tierra es aprisionada con un martillo.

#Tienen gran capacidad para el soporte de carga. De todos modos, las paredes de neumáticos tienden a carecer de rigidez estructural y puede que requieran de estructura vertical de soporte/refuerzo.
#Debido a que los neumáticos están llenos de tierra no arden cuando se exponen al fuego
En 1996 después que un incendio en Nuevo México se extendiese por muchos hogares convencionales, un se encontró un Eartheship relativamente ileso. Sólo la cara sur y el techo se habían quemado, comparado con la destrucción total de las casas convencionales.

Un neumático completo aplastado es alrrededor 2 pies 8 pulgadas (81,82 cm) de ancho. Es suficientemente grande para ser cruzado por las estructuras convencionales requeridas para la distribución de la carga al suelo. Las paredes de un Earthship son mucho mas anchas que una convencional, lo que hace mucho más fuerte al edificio y con mejor aislamiento al sonido y el calor.

====Trabajo====
Los neumáticos rellenos de tierra de los Earthship son normalmente ensamblados por equipos de dos personas, formando parte de un gran grupo de trabajo. Una persona los llena de tierra y otro los compacta con un martillo, martilleando repartidamente por todo el neumático para no deformarlo. Este es un trabajo laborioso. En el manual;' 'The Earthship Manual: Vol. 1' '' dice que dos personas trabajando durante una hora pueden terminar el relleno de cuatro neumáticos. Aproximadamente toma de mil neumáticos para la construcción de una vivienda (depende del modelo)([http://www.spiritofmaat.com/archive/apr2/eship.htm]), por lo que equivale a unas 500 horas por hombre y casa. Alrrededor del 40% del costo de un Earthshio terminado está asociado a la construcción.[http://www.reedconstructiondata.com/construction-forecast/news/2011/01/earthships-down-to-earth-homes/]

Los neumáticos son rellenos y aprisionados de tierra en el mismo lugar de emplazamiento, ya que el peso de cada neumático relleno puede ascender a 136 Kg aproximadamente, lo que resulta engorroso de estar moviendo.

===Paredes Interiores===

Las paredes interiores, normalmente usadas para delimitar y/o separación entre habitaciones, por lo que no necesitan de soportar carga, se construllen a base de latas unidas con hormigón, formando una especie de panel de abeja. Una vez terminadas normalmente se cubre con estuco para el acabado, no viendose ninguna lata.

===Forma Estructural===
La forma estructural de un Earthship normalmente consiste en uno o varios módulos en forma de "U". Cada uno de ellos tiene una pared de algunos metros de altura y un piso que está por debajo del nivel del suelo. Being partially submerged like this allows the house to take advantage of the thermal storage properties of the earth. However, it may cause problems with water or radon gas leaking up from the earth.

===Roof===
The roof of an Earthship is heavily insulated – often with earth or adobe – for added energy efficiency.

==Water==
=== Rainwater harvesting ===
Water used in an Earthship is [[Harvested Rainwater|harvested from rain]], snow and condensation. As water collects on the roof it is channeled through a silt-catching device and into a cistern. The cisterns are positioned so they gravity-feed a WOM (water organization module), that filters out bacteria and contaminants, and makes it suitable for drinking. The WOM consists of filters and a DC-pump that are screwed into a panel. Water is then pushed into a conventional pressure tank to create common household water pressure. Water collected in this fashion is used for any household activity except flushing toilets the conventional way. Rather, the water used for flushing toilets has been used at least once already: frequently it is filtered waste-water from sinks and showers, and described as "Greywater".

=== Greywater ===
[[Gray Water|Greywater]] is water that has been used and is unsuitable for drinking, but can still be used for things like cleaning. Before the greywater is reused in an Earthship, it is channeled through a grease and particle filter/digester and into a 30”-60" deep rubber-lined [[Living Machines|living machine]], which is a biological water filter. This filter can include plants that produce food while filtering the water with their roots. Water oxygenation, filtration, transpiration, and bacteria-encounter all take place within the cell and help to cleanse the water (Reynolds 2000). Within the botanical cell, filtration is achieved by passing the water through a mixture of gravel and plant roots. The plants add oxygen to the water and remove nitrogen. Water taken up through the plants and transpired at their tops helps to humidify the air. In the cell, bacteria will naturally grow and help to cleanse the water.

Water from the low end of the botanical cell is then directed through a peat-moss filter and collected in a reservoir or well. This reclaimed water is then passed once more through a greywater board and used to flush toilets.

Often, any greywater that is made at earthships is not polluted enough to justify treatment (its "pollution" being usually just soap, which is often not environmentally damaging). At earthships, the use of plants placed at outlets of fixtures is then practiced to regain the water and the nutrients lost (from the soaps, etc.).. Usually, a single plant is placed directly in front of the pipe, but mini drain-fields are also sometimes used. The pipe is made large enough (5,08 cm) so that the formation of underground gas (from the greywater) is avoided. This is done with kitchen and bathroom sinks, and even showers, washing machines, and dishwashing machines. The plants are usually placed indoors with the sinks and outdoors with the washing/dishwashing machines and shower (to avoid indoor "floods"). Also, with the latter, larger drain-fields are used instead of a mere plant being placed before an outlet.<ref>[http://melinathinks.wordpress.com/category/earthship-greywater-plantergreenhouse/ Plants placed at fixtures]</ref><ref>[http://www.greenhomebuilding.com/earthship.htm Plants placed at fixtures in earthships]</ref>

===Black water===
Black water, water that has been used in a toilet, was usually not created within many of the earliest earthships as the use of flush toilets was discouraged.<ref>Earthship Volume 2:Systems and components</ref> Instead, [[Composting Toilet|composting toilets]] were advocated, which use no water at all. However, with the new greywater treatment system design (used in Nautilus, Helios, ...) created by Michael Reynolds, flush toilets have now found a place in the earthship and the general water system has been redesigned according to the new "6-step process".<ref>[http://heliohouse.com/tech.htm New water purification system process at Helios house: overview with pictures]</ref><ref>[http://www.earthship.net/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=25 Wastewater path]</ref>

When flush-toilets are used blackwater is not reused inside the Earthship. Instead, it is sent to a solar-enhanced septic tank with leach-field and planter cells (the whole being often referred to as the “incubator”). The solar-enhanced septic tank is a regular septic tank which is heated by the sun and glazed with an equator-facing window. The incubator stores the sun's heat in its concrete mass, and is insulated, to help the anaerobic process. Water from the incubator is channeled out to an exterior leach field and then to landscaping "planter cells" (spaces surrounded by concrete in which plants have been put). The cells are similar to the botanical cell used in greywater treatment and are usually placed just before and under the windows of the earthship.

In cases where it is not possible to use flush-toilets operating on water, dry solar toilets are now advocated, instead of ''regular'' composting toilets. If this is the case, obviously no black water is formed and the use of an incubator is thus (usually) not necessary. Instead, regular "planters" (plants used for sucking up water/nutrients) are then used. When using regular planters as well, no chemical soaps or detergents can be used.

The space where the WOM (water organization module), graywater pump panel, pressure tank, (first set of) batteries, and POM (power organising module) are stored is in a small room referred to as the "systems package".

==Electricity==
Earthships are designed to collect and store their own energy from a variety of sources. The majority of electrical energy is harvested from the sun and wind. [[Solar Cells|Photovoltaic panels]] and [[Small Wind Turbine|wind turbines]] located on or near the Earthship generate DC energy that is then stored in several types of [[deep-cycle batteries]]. The space in which the batteries are kept is usually a special, purpose-built room placed on the roof. Additional energy, if required, can be obtained from gasoline-powered generators or by integrating with the city grid.

In an Earthship, a Power Organizing Module is used to take stored energy from batteries and inverter it for AC use. The Power Organizing Module is a prefabricated system provided by Earthship Biotecture that is simply attached to a wall on the interior of the Earthship and wired in a conventional manner. It includes the necessary equipment such as circuit breakers and Voltage converter. The energy run through the Power Organizing Module can be used to run any household appliance including washing machines, computers, kitchen appliances, print machines, vacuums, etc. Generally, none of the electrical energy in an Earthship is used for heating or cooling.<ref>[http://earthship.com/systems/energy.php] http://earthship.com/systems/energy.php}}</ref>

==Climate==
The Earthship aims to maintain a comfortable temperature passively i.e. without reliance on systems that require energy. It does this by maximizing the effect of thermal mass and solar heating and by using building materials that are heavily insulated.

Windows on sun-facing walls admit light and heat. The buildings are often horseshoe-shaped to maximize natural light and solar-gain during winter months. The thick, dense inner walls provide thermal mass that naturally regulates the interior temperature during both cold and hot outside temperatures.

Mainly, the Earthship tries to take advantage of the properties of thermal mass and passive solar heating and cooling. Examples are large front windows with integrated shades, trombe walls and other technologies such as skylights or solar trackers (which also generate electricity).

The load-bearing walls of an Earthship provide a dense thermal mass that will soak up heat during the day and radiate heat during the night, keeping the interior climate relatively comfortable all day.

In addition to high thermal mass, some Earthships may be earth-sheltered. The benefits of earth-sheltering are twofold because it adds to the thermal mass and, if the Earthship is buried deep enough, allows the structure to take advantage of the Earth's stable temperature.

The Earthship is designed in such a way that the sun provides heating, ventilation, and lighting. To take advantage of the sun, an Earthship is positioned so that its principal wall, which is nonstructural and made mostly of glass sheets, faces directly towards the equator. This positioning allows for optimum solar exposure.

To allow the sun to heat the mass of the Earthship, the solar-orientated wall is angled so that it is perpendicular to light from the winter sun. This allows for maximum exposure in the winter, when heat is wanted, and lesser exposure in the summer, when heat is to be avoided. Some Earthships, especially those built in colder climates, use insulated shading on the solar-orientated wall to reduce heat loss during the night (Reynolds 2000).

===Natural ventilation===
The earthships usually use their own natural ventilation system. It consists of cold(er) air coming in from a front ("hopper") window, especially made for this purpose and flowing out through (one of) the skylights that are placed on the earthship. As hot air rises, the system maintains itself and keeps sucking in (and out), air.

===Heating problems===
Bottle walls are used in earthships. Earthships rely on a balance between the solar heat gain and the ability of the tire walls and subsoil to transport and store heat. The design intends to require little if any auxiliary heat. Some earthships have suffered from overheating and some from over-cooling.

Some earthships appear to have serious problems with heat loss. In these cases heat appears to be leaking into the ground constantly during the heating season and being lost. This situation may have arisen from the mistaken belief that ground-coupled structures (building in thermal contact with the ground) do not require insulation. The situation may also be due to large climatic differences between the sunny, arid, and warm Southwest (of the USA) where earthships were first built and the cloudier, cooler, and wetter climates where some are now being built. [[Malcolm Wells]], an architect and authority on earth-sheltered design, recommends R-value 10 insulation between deep soils and heated spaces. Wells's insulation recommendations increase as the depth of the soil decreases.

In very limited and specific situations, uncommon during the heating season, thermal mass can marginally increase the apparent R-value of a building assembly such as a wall. Generally speaking, thermal mass and R-value are distinct thermodynamic properties and should not be equated. Thermal performance problems apparently seen in some earthship designs may have occurred because of thermal mass being erroneously equated to R-value. The R-value of soil is about 1 per foot.<ref>[http://www.engext.ksu.edu/ees/henergy/envelope/basement.html Kansas State University Extension Service]</ref>

The sloped glazing may be hard to keep watertight and in warm climates allows excessive solar gain in summer. In colder climates, the glazing itself, which has far poorer insulating properties than any other component, will obviously be the major conduit of heat loss in winter. New designs call for vertical windows with an overhang.

Uninsulated ground-coupled thermal mass presents a large potential for heat loss, especially in climates with a heating season. This varies to a degree with soil type and moisture content.

==History==
The history of the earthship was featured in the 2007 documentary [http://www.garbagewarrior.com/ "Garbage Warrior"]:
<html>
<iframe title="YouTube video player" width="640" height="390" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed//b1cUa4yWQp4" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>
</>
</html>

The Earthship began to take shape in the 1970s. Designs were at first very experimental, but have been improved over time.

Currently, Earthships are in use in almost every state in the United States, as well as many countries in Europe. In 2000 Mike Reynolds and Daren Howarth launched Earthship Biotecture Europe to explore and evolve the concept of the Earthship in Europe. Two more directors were appointed to Earthship Biotecture Europe in July 2006 – Kevan Trott and Kirsten Jacobsen.

Earthship Biotecture has now finalized plans to build 16 Earthship homes in Brighton.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20071213144133/http://www.earthship.co.uk/earthship-homes.htm Earthship Homes development] (archived from [http://www.earthship.co.uk/earthship-homes.htm the original] on 2007-12-13).</ref>

Earthship Biotecture aims to build Earthships to house 32 people made homeless by the earthquake in Haiti [http://earthship.com/haiti-disaster-relief.html].

==Further reading==
* Schirber, Michael. [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/21755230/ "Making Earthships Mainstream"] on ''Going Green at [[msnbc.com]]'', November 12, 2007.
* [http://www.earthshipfloridaproject.com Earthship Florida Project]

----

A building guide is available on The Pirate Bay:
*[http://thepiratebay.org/torrent/5561875/Michael_Reynolds__Earthship_Vol._1__How_to_build_your_own Volume 1]. This tells you how to make the rammed-earth tires and how to build walls out of them.
*[http://thepiratebay.org/torrent/5599633/Michael_Reynolds__Earthship_Vol._2__Systems_and_components Volume 2]. Solar power, water systems, greywater, water heating systems, lighting, fireplaces, stairs, doors, cabinets, baths, showers, domes & vaults.
*[http://thepiratebay.org/torrent/5569181/Michael_Reynolds__Earthship_Vol._3__Evolution_beyond_economics Volume 3]. This was written 3 years after Volume 1 and gives improvements over the methods of building described then. Also talks about toilets, refrigerators and improved water and ventilation systems.
* Hewitt, M. and Telfer, K. (2007). ''Earthships: building a zero carbon future for homes''. ISBN 9781860819728
* Klippel, James H. http://www.garrellassociates.com/EcoDesign.html, green page
* Reynolds, Mike. (2000). ''Comfort In Any Climate'', Taos: Solar Survival P. ISBN 0962676748

== References==
<small><references/></small>

Earthship/es

2011-05-06T14:24:16Z

Mario:

{{Lang}}
{{Breadcrumb|Housing and construction}}
{| align="left"
| __TOC__
|}

[[File:Earthship1.jpg|400px|right]]
[[File:Earthship2.jpg|400px|right|El diseño utilizado en la mayoría de Earthship, corresponde a la utilización de una larga serie de ventanas y neumáticos, caracterizan a este tipo de construcción]]Un '''Earthship''' (Nave-tierra en inglés) es un tipo de casa que cuida de sus propias necesidades en materia de energía, agua, eliminación de residuos e incluso a veces hasta de producción de alimentos. Se logra un alto nivel de eficiencia energética, mediante el aprovechamiento máximo del calor del sol y gran aislamiento térmico. La idea es de tener una casa libre de tuberías y cables que entren o salgan de la vivienda: No hay líneas eléctricas, tuberías de agua, ni alcantarillado.

Los Earthships están enfocados para ser construido por personas no especializadas.

== Introducción ==
Los Earthship originales están construidos a base de latas o neumáticos rellenos de tierra. Esto significa que el material principal se encuentra en el mismo sitio de construcción y el resto es reciclado. Estos materiales son baratos o gratuitos y pueden ser manipulados con muy poco gasto de energía (huella energética) o impacto medio-ambiental.

Los Earthships son una creación de Mike Reynold y son diseñados y comercializados por
[http://earthship.com/ Earthship Biotecture] de Taos, Nuevo México.

Existen muchos otros Earthships autosuficientes que son factibles. Otro ejemplo tradicional son las Casas de arena-Mandan, construidas por los Indios americanos del norte. Un ejemplo moderno puede ser una casa-contenedor.
Este es un gran ejemplo porque utilizando viejos contenedores de mercancías, describe muy bien la idea del reciclaje de forma muy clara. Utilizar un contenedor de este tipo es reciclar muchas toneladas de hierro con muy poca energía de entrada.
[http://www.facebook.com/group.php?gid=104266276286421&v=wall]

==Estructura==
===Neumáticos rellenos de
tierra aprisionada===
Los Earthships son normalmente fabricados por neumáticos rellenos de tierra aprisionada. De todos modos, cualquier material con alto grado potencial de masa térmica como hormigón, adobe o piedra pueden ser utilizados.
Los neumáticos rellenos de tierra, tienen las siguientes ventajas -
# A diferencia de materiales como el hormigón, puede ser usado por cualquier persona. No necesita equipamiento especializado para fabricarlo o manipularlo. Los neumáticos de desecho se encuentran por todo el mundo y son fáciles de conseguir. Se estima que hay 2 Mil millones a lo largo de todo estados unidos. Desde 1996, se están desechando 253 millones de neumáticos usados en los estados unidos, con una tasa del 70% reclamada por el mercado de neumáticos de desecho (dejan alrrededor de 75 millones de neumáticos para reutilizar como neumáticos enteros).<ref>Tom Verde, [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0CE0DA133CF931A35751C1A960958260&n=Top%2FReference%2FTimes%20Topics%2FSubjects%2FT%2FTires At Heart of Dispute, Tires by the Acre] (December 2, 1996), The New York Times.</ref> El método por el cual los neumáticos de desecho son convertidos en bloques utilizables es muy sencillo: La tierra es aprisionada con un martillo.

#Tienen gran capacidad para el soporte de carga. De todos modos, las paredes de neumáticos tienden a carecer de rigidez estructural y puede que requieran de estructura vertical de soporte/refuerzo.
#Debido a que los neumáticos están llenos de tierra no arden cuando se exponen al fuego
En 1996 después que un incendio en Nuevo México se extendiese por muchos hogares convencionales, un se encontró un Eartheship relativamente ileso. Sólo la cara sur y el techo se habían quemado, comparado con la destrucción total de las casas convencionales.

Un neumático completo aplastado es alrrededor 2 pies 8 pulgadas (81,82 cm) de ancho. Es suficientemente grande para ser cruzado por las estructuras convencionales requeridas para la distribución de la carga al suelo. Las paredes de un Earthship son mucho mas anchas que una convencional, lo que hace mucho más fuerte al edificio y con mejor aislamiento al sonido y el calor.

====Trabajo====
The rammed earth tires of an Earthship are usually assembled by teams of two people working together as part of a larger construction team. One person shovels dirt from the building site into the tire. The second member stands on the tire and uses a sledge hammer to pack the dirt in. The second person moves in a circle around the tire to keep the dirt even and avoid warping the tire. This is a very labour-intensive process.'' 'The Earthship Manual: Vol. 1' ''says that two people working for an hour can make four rammed-earth tires. It takes about a thousand tires to build a house ([http://www.spiritofmaat.com/archive/apr2/eship.htm]), so 500 man-hours per house. About 40% of the cost of a finished Earthship is associated with labour [http://www.reedconstructiondata.com/construction-forecast/news/2011/01/earthships-down-to-earth-homes/]

The rammed earth tires are made in place because, when properly made, they weigh as much as 300 pounds and can be very difficult to move.

===Internal walls===
Internal, non-load-bearing walls are often made of a honeycomb of recycled cans joined by concrete and are referred to as tin can walls. These walls are usually thickly plastered with stucco.

===Structural shape===
Earthships are based around one or several U-shaped modules. Each of these has a wall of rammed-earth tires several feet thick and a floor that is below ground level. Being partially submerged like this allows the house to take advantage of the thermal storage properties of the earth. However, it may cause problems with water or radon gas leaking up from the earth.

===Roof===
The roof of an Earthship is heavily insulated – often with earth or adobe – for added energy efficiency.

==Water==
=== Rainwater harvesting ===
Water used in an Earthship is [[Harvested Rainwater|harvested from rain]], snow and condensation. As water collects on the roof it is channeled through a silt-catching device and into a cistern. The cisterns are positioned so they gravity-feed a WOM (water organization module), that filters out bacteria and contaminants, and makes it suitable for drinking. The WOM consists of filters and a DC-pump that are screwed into a panel. Water is then pushed into a conventional pressure tank to create common household water pressure. Water collected in this fashion is used for any household activity except flushing toilets the conventional way. Rather, the water used for flushing toilets has been used at least once already: frequently it is filtered waste-water from sinks and showers, and described as "Greywater".

=== Greywater ===
[[Gray Water|Greywater]] is water that has been used and is unsuitable for drinking, but can still be used for things like cleaning. Before the greywater is reused in an Earthship, it is channeled through a grease and particle filter/digester and into a 30”-60" deep rubber-lined [[Living Machines|living machine]], which is a biological water filter. This filter can include plants that produce food while filtering the water with their roots. Water oxygenation, filtration, transpiration, and bacteria-encounter all take place within the cell and help to cleanse the water (Reynolds 2000). Within the botanical cell, filtration is achieved by passing the water through a mixture of gravel and plant roots. The plants add oxygen to the water and remove nitrogen. Water taken up through the plants and transpired at their tops helps to humidify the air. In the cell, bacteria will naturally grow and help to cleanse the water.

Water from the low end of the botanical cell is then directed through a peat-moss filter and collected in a reservoir or well. This reclaimed water is then passed once more through a greywater board and used to flush toilets.

Often, any greywater that is made at earthships is not polluted enough to justify treatment (its "pollution" being usually just soap, which is often not environmentally damaging). At earthships, the use of plants placed at outlets of fixtures is then practiced to regain the water and the nutrients lost (from the soaps, etc.).. Usually, a single plant is placed directly in front of the pipe, but mini drain-fields are also sometimes used. The pipe is made large enough (5,08 cm) so that the formation of underground gas (from the greywater) is avoided. This is done with kitchen and bathroom sinks, and even showers, washing machines, and dishwashing machines. The plants are usually placed indoors with the sinks and outdoors with the washing/dishwashing machines and shower (to avoid indoor "floods"). Also, with the latter, larger drain-fields are used instead of a mere plant being placed before an outlet.<ref>[http://melinathinks.wordpress.com/category/earthship-greywater-plantergreenhouse/ Plants placed at fixtures]</ref><ref>[http://www.greenhomebuilding.com/earthship.htm Plants placed at fixtures in earthships]</ref>

===Black water===
Black water, water that has been used in a toilet, was usually not created within many of the earliest earthships as the use of flush toilets was discouraged.<ref>Earthship Volume 2:Systems and components</ref> Instead, [[Composting Toilet|composting toilets]] were advocated, which use no water at all. However, with the new greywater treatment system design (used in Nautilus, Helios, ...) created by Michael Reynolds, flush toilets have now found a place in the earthship and the general water system has been redesigned according to the new "6-step process".<ref>[http://heliohouse.com/tech.htm New water purification system process at Helios house: overview with pictures]</ref><ref>[http://www.earthship.net/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=25 Wastewater path]</ref>

When flush-toilets are used blackwater is not reused inside the Earthship. Instead, it is sent to a solar-enhanced septic tank with leach-field and planter cells (the whole being often referred to as the “incubator”). The solar-enhanced septic tank is a regular septic tank which is heated by the sun and glazed with an equator-facing window. The incubator stores the sun's heat in its concrete mass, and is insulated, to help the anaerobic process. Water from the incubator is channeled out to an exterior leach field and then to landscaping "planter cells" (spaces surrounded by concrete in which plants have been put). The cells are similar to the botanical cell used in greywater treatment and are usually placed just before and under the windows of the earthship.

In cases where it is not possible to use flush-toilets operating on water, dry solar toilets are now advocated, instead of ''regular'' composting toilets. If this is the case, obviously no black water is formed and the use of an incubator is thus (usually) not necessary. Instead, regular "planters" (plants used for sucking up water/nutrients) are then used. When using regular planters as well, no chemical soaps or detergents can be used.

The space where the WOM (water organization module), graywater pump panel, pressure tank, (first set of) batteries, and POM (power organising module) are stored is in a small room referred to as the "systems package".

==Electricity==
Earthships are designed to collect and store their own energy from a variety of sources. The majority of electrical energy is harvested from the sun and wind. [[Solar Cells|Photovoltaic panels]] and [[Small Wind Turbine|wind turbines]] located on or near the Earthship generate DC energy that is then stored in several types of [[deep-cycle batteries]]. The space in which the batteries are kept is usually a special, purpose-built room placed on the roof. Additional energy, if required, can be obtained from gasoline-powered generators or by integrating with the city grid.

In an Earthship, a Power Organizing Module is used to take stored energy from batteries and inverter it for AC use. The Power Organizing Module is a prefabricated system provided by Earthship Biotecture that is simply attached to a wall on the interior of the Earthship and wired in a conventional manner. It includes the necessary equipment such as circuit breakers and Voltage converter. The energy run through the Power Organizing Module can be used to run any household appliance including washing machines, computers, kitchen appliances, print machines, vacuums, etc. Generally, none of the electrical energy in an Earthship is used for heating or cooling.<ref>[http://earthship.com/systems/energy.php] http://earthship.com/systems/energy.php}}</ref>

==Climate==
The Earthship aims to maintain a comfortable temperature passively i.e. without reliance on systems that require energy. It does this by maximizing the effect of thermal mass and solar heating and by using building materials that are heavily insulated.

Windows on sun-facing walls admit light and heat. The buildings are often horseshoe-shaped to maximize natural light and solar-gain during winter months. The thick, dense inner walls provide thermal mass that naturally regulates the interior temperature during both cold and hot outside temperatures.

Mainly, the Earthship tries to take advantage of the properties of thermal mass and passive solar heating and cooling. Examples are large front windows with integrated shades, trombe walls and other technologies such as skylights or solar trackers (which also generate electricity).

The load-bearing walls of an Earthship provide a dense thermal mass that will soak up heat during the day and radiate heat during the night, keeping the interior climate relatively comfortable all day.

In addition to high thermal mass, some Earthships may be earth-sheltered. The benefits of earth-sheltering are twofold because it adds to the thermal mass and, if the Earthship is buried deep enough, allows the structure to take advantage of the Earth's stable temperature.

The Earthship is designed in such a way that the sun provides heating, ventilation, and lighting. To take advantage of the sun, an Earthship is positioned so that its principal wall, which is nonstructural and made mostly of glass sheets, faces directly towards the equator. This positioning allows for optimum solar exposure.

To allow the sun to heat the mass of the Earthship, the solar-orientated wall is angled so that it is perpendicular to light from the winter sun. This allows for maximum exposure in the winter, when heat is wanted, and lesser exposure in the summer, when heat is to be avoided. Some Earthships, especially those built in colder climates, use insulated shading on the solar-orientated wall to reduce heat loss during the night (Reynolds 2000).

===Natural ventilation===
The earthships usually use their own natural ventilation system. It consists of cold(er) air coming in from a front ("hopper") window, especially made for this purpose and flowing out through (one of) the skylights that are placed on the earthship. As hot air rises, the system maintains itself and keeps sucking in (and out), air.

===Heating problems===
Bottle walls are used in earthships. Earthships rely on a balance between the solar heat gain and the ability of the tire walls and subsoil to transport and store heat. The design intends to require little if any auxiliary heat. Some earthships have suffered from overheating and some from over-cooling.

Some earthships appear to have serious problems with heat loss. In these cases heat appears to be leaking into the ground constantly during the heating season and being lost. This situation may have arisen from the mistaken belief that ground-coupled structures (building in thermal contact with the ground) do not require insulation. The situation may also be due to large climatic differences between the sunny, arid, and warm Southwest (of the USA) where earthships were first built and the cloudier, cooler, and wetter climates where some are now being built. [[Malcolm Wells]], an architect and authority on earth-sheltered design, recommends R-value 10 insulation between deep soils and heated spaces. Wells's insulation recommendations increase as the depth of the soil decreases.

In very limited and specific situations, uncommon during the heating season, thermal mass can marginally increase the apparent R-value of a building assembly such as a wall. Generally speaking, thermal mass and R-value are distinct thermodynamic properties and should not be equated. Thermal performance problems apparently seen in some earthship designs may have occurred because of thermal mass being erroneously equated to R-value. The R-value of soil is about 1 per foot.<ref>[http://www.engext.ksu.edu/ees/henergy/envelope/basement.html Kansas State University Extension Service]</ref>

The sloped glazing may be hard to keep watertight and in warm climates allows excessive solar gain in summer. In colder climates, the glazing itself, which has far poorer insulating properties than any other component, will obviously be the major conduit of heat loss in winter. New designs call for vertical windows with an overhang.

Uninsulated ground-coupled thermal mass presents a large potential for heat loss, especially in climates with a heating season. This varies to a degree with soil type and moisture content.

==History==
The history of the earthship was featured in the 2007 documentary [http://www.garbagewarrior.com/ "Garbage Warrior"]:
<html>
<iframe title="YouTube video player" width="640" height="390" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed//b1cUa4yWQp4" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>
</>
</html>

The Earthship began to take shape in the 1970s. Designs were at first very experimental, but have been improved over time.

Currently, Earthships are in use in almost every state in the United States, as well as many countries in Europe. In 2000 Mike Reynolds and Daren Howarth launched Earthship Biotecture Europe to explore and evolve the concept of the Earthship in Europe. Two more directors were appointed to Earthship Biotecture Europe in July 2006 – Kevan Trott and Kirsten Jacobsen.

Earthship Biotecture has now finalized plans to build 16 Earthship homes in Brighton.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20071213144133/http://www.earthship.co.uk/earthship-homes.htm Earthship Homes development] (archived from [http://www.earthship.co.uk/earthship-homes.htm the original] on 2007-12-13).</ref>

Earthship Biotecture aims to build Earthships to house 32 people made homeless by the earthquake in Haiti [http://earthship.com/haiti-disaster-relief.html].

==Further reading==
* Schirber, Michael. [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/21755230/ "Making Earthships Mainstream"] on ''Going Green at [[msnbc.com]]'', November 12, 2007.
* [http://www.earthshipfloridaproject.com Earthship Florida Project]

----

A building guide is available on The Pirate Bay:
*[http://thepiratebay.org/torrent/5561875/Michael_Reynolds__Earthship_Vol._1__How_to_build_your_own Volume 1]. This tells you how to make the rammed-earth tires and how to build walls out of them.
*[http://thepiratebay.org/torrent/5599633/Michael_Reynolds__Earthship_Vol._2__Systems_and_components Volume 2]. Solar power, water systems, greywater, water heating systems, lighting, fireplaces, stairs, doors, cabinets, baths, showers, domes & vaults.
*[http://thepiratebay.org/torrent/5569181/Michael_Reynolds__Earthship_Vol._3__Evolution_beyond_economics Volume 3]. This was written 3 years after Volume 1 and gives improvements over the methods of building described then. Also talks about toilets, refrigerators and improved water and ventilation systems.
* Hewitt, M. and Telfer, K. (2007). ''Earthships: building a zero carbon future for homes''. ISBN 9781860819728
* Klippel, James H. http://www.garrellassociates.com/EcoDesign.html, green page
* Reynolds, Mike. (2000). ''Comfort In Any Climate'', Taos: Solar Survival P. ISBN 0962676748

== References==
<small><references/></small>

Talk:Earthship/es

2011-05-05T22:32:51Z

Mario: Created page with "Well, I see that the document use complex words or definitions if the proyect are destinate to people who doesn't have construcction knowledge. For example when sais "...any den..."

Well, I see that the document use complex words or definitions if the proyect are destinate to people who doesn't have construcction knowledge.

For example when sais "...any dense material with a potential for thermal mass, such as concrete, adobe, or stone could be used."

What means "...any dense material with a potential for thermal mass.." in this context???

Thanks

Earthship/es

2011-05-05T21:20:34Z

Mario:

{{Breadcrumb|Vivienda y Construcción}}
[[File:Earthship1.jpg|400px|right]]
[[File:Earthship2.jpg|400px|right|El diseño utilizado en la mayoría de Earthship, corresponde a la utilización de una larga serie de ventanas y neumáticos, caracterizan a este tipo de construcción]]Un '''Earthship''' (Nave-tierra en inglés) es un tipo de casa que cuida de sus propias necesidades en materia de energía, agua, eliminación de residuos e incluso a veces hasta de producción de alimentos. Se logra un alto nivel de eficiencia energética, mediante el aprovechamiento máximo del calor del sol y gran aislamiento térmico. La idea es de tener una casa libre de tuberías y cables que entren o salgan de la vivienda: No hay líneas eléctricas, tuberías de agua, ni alcantarillado.

Los Earthships están enfocados para ser construido por personas no especializadas.

Los Earthship originales están construidos a base de latas o neumáticos rellenos de tierra. Esto significa que el material principal se encuentra en el mismo sitio de construcción y el resto es reciclado. Estos materiales son baratos o gratuitos y pueden ser manipulados con muy poco gasto de energía (huella energética) o impacto medio-ambiental.

Los Earthships son una creación de Mike Reynold y son diseñados y comercializados por
[http://earthship.com/ Earthship Biotecture] de Taos, Nuevo México.

Existen muchos otros Earthships autosuficientes que son factibles. Otro ejemplo tradicional son las Casas de arena-Mandan, construidas por los Indios americanos del norte. Un ejemplo moderno puede ser una casa-contenedor.
Este es un gran ejemplo porque utilizando viejos contenedores de mercancías, describe muy bien la idea del reciclaje de forma muy clara. Utilizar un contenedor de este tipo es reciclar muchas toneladas de hierro con muy poca energía de entrada.
[http://www.facebook.com/group.php?gid=104266276286421&v=wall]

==Estructura==
===Neumáticos rellenos de tierra aprisionada===
Los Earthships son normalmente fabricados por neumáticos rellenos de tierra aprisionada. De todos modos, cualquier material con alto grado potencial de masa térmica como hormigón, adobe o piedra pueden ser utilizados.
Los neumáticos rellenos de tierra, tienen las siguientes ventajas -
# A diferencia de materiales como el hormigón, puede ser usado por cualquier persona. No necesita equipamiento especializado para fabricarlo o manipularlo. Los neumáticos de desecho se encuentran por todo el mundo y son fáciles de conseguir. Se estima que hay 2 Mil millones a lo largo de todo estados unidos. Desde 1996, se están desechando 253 millones de neumáticos usados en los estados unidos, con una tasa del 70% reclamada por el mercado de neumáticos de desecho (dejan alrrededor de 75 millones de neumáticos para reutilizar como neumáticos enteros).<ref>Tom Verde, [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0CE0DA133CF931A35751C1A960958260&n=Top%2FReference%2FTimes%20Topics%2FSubjects%2FT%2FTires At Heart of Dispute, Tires by the Acre] (December 2, 1996), The New York Times.</ref> El método por el cual los neumáticos de desecho son convertidos en bloques utilizables es muy sencillo: La tierra es aprisionada con un martillo.

#Tienen gran capacidad para el soporte de carga. De todos modos, las paredes de neumáticos tienden a carecer de rigidez estructural y puede que requieran de estructura vertical de soporte/refuerzo.
#Debido a que los neumáticos están llenos de tierra no arden cuando se exponen al fuego
En 1996 después que un incendio en Nuevo México se extendiese por muchos hogares convencionales, un se encontró un Eartheship relativamente ileso. Sólo la cara sur y el techo se habían quemado, comparado con la destrucción total de las casas convencionales.

Un neumático completo aplastado es alrrededor 2 pies 8 pulgadas (81,82 cm) de ancho. Es suficientemente grande para ser cruzado por las estructuras convencionales requeridas para la distribución de la carga al suelo. Las paredes de un Earthship son mucho mas anchas que una convencional, lo que hace mucho más fuerte al edificio y con mejor aislamiento al sonido y el calor.

====Trabajo====
The rammed earth tires of an Earthship are usually assembled by teams of two people working together as part of a larger construction team. One person shovels dirt from the building site into the tire. The second member stands on the tire and uses a sledge hammer to pack the dirt in. The second person moves in a circle around the tire to keep the dirt even and avoid warping the tire. This is a very labour-intensive process.'' 'The Earthship Manual: Vol. 1' ''says that two people working for an hour can make four rammed-earth tires. It takes about a thousand tires to build a house ([http://www.spiritofmaat.com/archive/apr2/eship.htm]), so 500 man-hours per house. About 40% of the cost of a finished Earthship is associated with labour [http://www.reedconstructiondata.com/construction-forecast/news/2011/01/earthships-down-to-earth-homes/]

The rammed earth tires are made in place because, when properly made, they weigh as much as 300 pounds and can be very difficult to move.

===Internal walls===
Internal, non-load-bearing walls are often made of a honeycomb of recycled cans joined by concrete and are referred to as tin can walls. These walls are usually thickly plastered with stucco.

===Structural shape===
Earthships are based around one or several U-shaped modules. Each of these has a wall of rammed-earth tires several feet thick and a floor that is below ground level. Being partially submerged like this allows the house to take advantage of the thermal storage properties of the earth. However, it may cause problems with water or radon gas leaking up from the earth.

===Roof===
The roof of an Earthship is heavily insulated – often with earth or adobe – for added energy efficiency.

==Water==
=== Rainwater harvesting ===
Water used in an Earthship is [[Harvested Rainwater|harvested from rain]], snow and condensation. As water collects on the roof it is channeled through a silt-catching device and into a cistern. The cisterns are positioned so they gravity-feed a WOM (water organization module), that filters out bacteria and contaminants, and makes it suitable for drinking. The WOM consists of filters and a DC-pump that are screwed into a panel. Water is then pushed into a conventional pressure tank to create common household water pressure. Water collected in this fashion is used for any household activity except flushing toilets the conventional way. Rather, the water used for flushing toilets has been used at least once already: frequently it is filtered waste-water from sinks and showers, and described as "Greywater".

=== Greywater ===
[[Gray Water|Greywater]] is water that has been used and is unsuitable for drinking, but can still be used for things like cleaning. Before the greywater is reused in an Earthship, it is channeled through a grease and particle filter/digester and into a 30”-60" deep rubber-lined [[Living Machines|living machine]], which is a biological water filter. This filter can include plants that produce food while filtering the water with their roots. Water oxygenation, filtration, transpiration, and bacteria-encounter all take place within the cell and help to cleanse the water (Reynolds 2000). Within the botanical cell, filtration is achieved by passing the water through a mixture of gravel and plant roots. The plants add oxygen to the water and remove nitrogen. Water taken up through the plants and transpired at their tops helps to humidify the air. In the cell, bacteria will naturally grow and help to cleanse the water.

Water from the low end of the botanical cell is then directed through a peat-moss filter and collected in a reservoir or well. This reclaimed water is then passed once more through a greywater board and used to flush toilets.

Often, any greywater that is made at earthships is not polluted enough to justify treatment (its "pollution" being usually just soap, which is often not environmentally damaging). At earthships, the use of plants placed at outlets of fixtures is then practiced to regain the water and the nutrients lost (from the soaps, etc.).. Usually, a single plant is placed directly in front of the pipe, but mini drain-fields are also sometimes used. The pipe is made large enough (5,08 cm) so that the formation of underground gas (from the greywater) is avoided. This is done with kitchen and bathroom sinks, and even showers, washing machines, and dishwashing machines. The plants are usually placed indoors with the sinks and outdoors with the washing/dishwashing machines and shower (to avoid indoor "floods"). Also, with the latter, larger drain-fields are used instead of a mere plant being placed before an outlet.<ref>[http://melinathinks.wordpress.com/category/earthship-greywater-plantergreenhouse/ Plants placed at fixtures]</ref><ref>[http://www.greenhomebuilding.com/earthship.htm Plants placed at fixtures in earthships]</ref>

===Black water===
Black water, water that has been used in a toilet, was usually not created within many of the earliest earthships as the use of flush toilets was discouraged.<ref>Earthship Volume 2:Systems and components</ref> Instead, [[Composting Toilet|composting toilets]] were advocated, which use no water at all. However, with the new greywater treatment system design (used in Nautilus, Helios, ...) created by Michael Reynolds, flush toilets have now found a place in the earthship and the general water system has been redesigned according to the new "6-step process".<ref>[http://heliohouse.com/tech.htm New water purification system process at Helios house: overview with pictures]</ref><ref>[http://www.earthship.net/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=25 Wastewater path]</ref>

When flush-toilets are used blackwater is not reused inside the Earthship. Instead, it is sent to a solar-enhanced septic tank with leach-field and planter cells (the whole being often referred to as the “incubator”). The solar-enhanced septic tank is a regular septic tank which is heated by the sun and glazed with an equator-facing window. The incubator stores the sun's heat in its concrete mass, and is insulated, to help the anaerobic process. Water from the incubator is channeled out to an exterior leach field and then to landscaping "planter cells" (spaces surrounded by concrete in which plants have been put). The cells are similar to the botanical cell used in greywater treatment and are usually placed just before and under the windows of the earthship.

In cases where it is not possible to use flush-toilets operating on water, dry solar toilets are now advocated, instead of ''regular'' composting toilets. If this is the case, obviously no black water is formed and the use of an incubator is thus (usually) not necessary. Instead, regular "planters" (plants used for sucking up water/nutrients) are then used. When using regular planters as well, no chemical soaps or detergents can be used.

The space where the WOM (water organization module), graywater pump panel, pressure tank, (first set of) batteries, and POM (power organising module) are stored is in a small room referred to as the "systems package".

==Electricity==
Earthships are designed to collect and store their own energy from a variety of sources. The majority of electrical energy is harvested from the sun and wind. [[Solar Cells|Photovoltaic panels]] and [[Small Wind Turbine|wind turbines]] located on or near the Earthship generate DC energy that is then stored in several types of [[deep-cycle batteries]]. The space in which the batteries are kept is usually a special, purpose-built room placed on the roof. Additional energy, if required, can be obtained from gasoline-powered generators or by integrating with the city grid.

In an Earthship, a Power Organizing Module is used to take stored energy from batteries and inverter it for AC use. The Power Organizing Module is a prefabricated system provided by Earthship Biotecture that is simply attached to a wall on the interior of the Earthship and wired in a conventional manner. It includes the necessary equipment such as circuit breakers and Voltage converter. The energy run through the Power Organizing Module can be used to run any household appliance including washing machines, computers, kitchen appliances, print machines, vacuums, etc. Generally, none of the electrical energy in an Earthship is used for heating or cooling.<ref>[http://earthship.com/systems/energy.php] http://earthship.com/systems/energy.php}}</ref>

==Climate==
The Earthship aims to maintain a comfortable temperature passively i.e. without reliance on systems that require energy. It does this by maximizing the effect of thermal mass and solar heating and by using building materials that are heavily insulated.

Windows on sun-facing walls admit light and heat. The buildings are often horseshoe-shaped to maximize natural light and solar-gain during winter months. The thick, dense inner walls provide thermal mass that naturally regulates the interior temperature during both cold and hot outside temperatures.

Mainly, the Earthship tries to take advantage of the properties of thermal mass and passive solar heating and cooling. Examples are large front windows with integrated shades, trombe walls and other technologies such as skylights or solar trackers (which also generate electricity).

The load-bearing walls of an Earthship provide a dense thermal mass that will soak up heat during the day and radiate heat during the night, keeping the interior climate relatively comfortable all day.

In addition to high thermal mass, some Earthships may be earth-sheltered. The benefits of earth-sheltering are twofold because it adds to the thermal mass and, if the Earthship is buried deep enough, allows the structure to take advantage of the Earth's stable temperature.

The Earthship is designed in such a way that the sun provides heating, ventilation, and lighting. To take advantage of the sun, an Earthship is positioned so that its principal wall, which is nonstructural and made mostly of glass sheets, faces directly towards the equator. This positioning allows for optimum solar exposure.

To allow the sun to heat the mass of the Earthship, the solar-orientated wall is angled so that it is perpendicular to light from the winter sun. This allows for maximum exposure in the winter, when heat is wanted, and lesser exposure in the summer, when heat is to be avoided. Some Earthships, especially those built in colder climates, use insulated shading on the solar-orientated wall to reduce heat loss during the night (Reynolds 2000).

===Natural ventilation===
The earthships usually use their own natural ventilation system. It consists of cold(er) air coming in from a front ("hopper") window, especially made for this purpose and flowing out through (one of) the skylights that are placed on the earthship. As hot air rises, the system maintains itself and keeps sucking in (and out), air.

===Heating problems===
Bottle walls are used in earthships. Earthships rely on a balance between the solar heat gain and the ability of the tire walls and subsoil to transport and store heat. The design intends to require little if any auxiliary heat. Some earthships have suffered from overheating and some from over-cooling.

Some earthships appear to have serious problems with heat loss. In these cases heat appears to be leaking into the ground constantly during the heating season and being lost. This situation may have arisen from the mistaken belief that ground-coupled structures (building in thermal contact with the ground) do not require insulation. The situation may also be due to large climatic differences between the sunny, arid, and warm Southwest (of the USA) where earthships were first built and the cloudier, cooler, and wetter climates where some are now being built. [[Malcolm Wells]], an architect and authority on earth-sheltered design, recommends R-value 10 insulation between deep soils and heated spaces. Wells's insulation recommendations increase as the depth of the soil decreases.

In very limited and specific situations, uncommon during the heating season, thermal mass can marginally increase the apparent R-value of a building assembly such as a wall. Generally speaking, thermal mass and R-value are distinct thermodynamic properties and should not be equated. Thermal performance problems apparently seen in some earthship designs may have occurred because of thermal mass being erroneously equated to R-value. The R-value of soil is about 1 per foot.<ref>[http://www.engext.ksu.edu/ees/henergy/envelope/basement.html Kansas State University Extension Service]</ref>

The sloped glazing may be hard to keep watertight and in warm climates allows excessive solar gain in summer. In colder climates, the glazing itself, which has far poorer insulating properties than any other component, will obviously be the major conduit of heat loss in winter. New designs call for vertical windows with an overhang.

Uninsulated ground-coupled thermal mass presents a large potential for heat loss, especially in climates with a heating season. This varies to a degree with soil type and moisture content.

==History==
The history of the earthship was featured in the 2007 documentary [http://www.garbagewarrior.com/ "Garbage Warrior"]:
<html>
<iframe title="YouTube video player" width="640" height="390" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed//b1cUa4yWQp4" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>
</>
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The Earthship began to take shape in the 1970s. Designs were at first very experimental, but have been improved over time.

Currently, Earthships are in use in almost every state in the United States, as well as many countries in Europe. In 2000 Mike Reynolds and Daren Howarth launched Earthship Biotecture Europe to explore and evolve the concept of the Earthship in Europe. Two more directors were appointed to Earthship Biotecture Europe in July 2006 – Kevan Trott and Kirsten Jacobsen.

Earthship Biotecture has now finalized plans to build 16 Earthship homes in Brighton.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20071213144133/http://www.earthship.co.uk/earthship-homes.htm Earthship Homes development] (archived from [http://www.earthship.co.uk/earthship-homes.htm the original] on 2007-12-13).</ref>

Earthship Biotecture aims to build Earthships to house 32 people made homeless by the earthquake in Haiti [http://earthship.com/haiti-disaster-relief.html].

==Further reading==
* Schirber, Michael. [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/21755230/ "Making Earthships Mainstream"] on ''Going Green at [[msnbc.com]]'', November 12, 2007.
* [http://www.earthshipfloridaproject.com Earthship Florida Project]

----

A building guide is available on The Pirate Bay:
*[http://thepiratebay.org/torrent/5561875/Michael_Reynolds__Earthship_Vol._1__How_to_build_your_own Volume 1]. This tells you how to make the rammed-earth tires and how to build walls out of them.
*[http://thepiratebay.org/torrent/5599633/Michael_Reynolds__Earthship_Vol._2__Systems_and_components Volume 2]. Solar power, water systems, greywater, water heating systems, lighting, fireplaces, stairs, doors, cabinets, baths, showers, domes & vaults.
*[http://thepiratebay.org/torrent/5569181/Michael_Reynolds__Earthship_Vol._3__Evolution_beyond_economics Volume 3]. This was written 3 years after Volume 1 and gives improvements over the methods of building described then. Also talks about toilets, refrigerators and improved water and ventilation systems.
* Hewitt, M. and Telfer, K. (2007). ''Earthships: building a zero carbon future for homes''. ISBN 9781860819728
* Klippel, James H. http://www.garrellassociates.com/EcoDesign.html, green page
* Reynolds, Mike. (2000). ''Comfort In Any Climate'', Taos: Solar Survival P. ISBN 0962676748

== References==
<small><references/></small>

Earthship/es

2011-05-05T21:18:17Z

Mario:

{{Breadcrumb|Vivienda y Construcción Hola Mariaaaaa :D }}
[[File:Earthship1.jpg|400px|right]]
[[File:Earthship2.jpg|400px|right|El diseño utilizado en la mayoría de Earthship, corresponde a la utilización de una larga serie de ventanas y neumáticos, caracterizan a este tipo de construcción]]Un '''Earthship''' (Nave-tierra en inglés) es un tipo de casa que cuida de sus propias necesidades en materia de energía, agua, eliminación de residuos e incluso a veces hasta de producción de alimentos. Se logra un alto nivel de eficiencia energética, mediante el aprovechamiento máximo del calor del sol y gran aislamiento térmico. La idea es de tener una casa libre de tuberías y cables que entren o salgan de la vivienda: No hay líneas eléctricas, tuberías de agua, ni alcantarillado.

Los Earthships están enfocados para ser construido por personas no especializadas.

Los Earthship originales están construidos a base de latas o neumáticos rellenos de tierra. Esto significa que el material principal se encuentra en el mismo sitio de construcción y el resto es reciclado. Estos materiales son baratos o gratuitos y pueden ser manipulados con muy poco gasto de energía (huella energética) o impacto medio-ambiental.

Los Earthships son una creación de Mike Reynold y son diseñados y comercializados por
[http://earthship.com/ Earthship Biotecture] de Taos, Nuevo México.

Existen muchos otros Earthships autosuficientes que son factibles. Otro ejemplo tradicional son las Casas de arena-Mandan, construidas por los Indios americanos del norte. Un ejemplo moderno puede ser una casa-contenedor.
Este es un gran ejemplo porque utilizando viejos contenedores de mercancías, describe muy bien la idea del reciclaje de forma muy clara. Utilizar un contenedor de este tipo es reciclar muchas toneladas de hierro con muy poca energía de entrada.
[http://www.facebook.com/group.php?gid=104266276286421&v=wall]

==Estructura==
===Neumáticos rellenos de tierra aprisionada===
Los Earthships son normalmente fabricados por neumáticos rellenos de tierra aprisionada. De todos modos, cualquier material con alto grado potencial de masa térmica como hormigón, adobe o piedra pueden ser utilizados.
Los neumáticos rellenos de tierra, tienen las siguientes ventajas -
# A diferencia de materiales como el hormigón, puede ser usado por cualquier persona. No necesita equipamiento especializado para fabricarlo o manipularlo. Los neumáticos de desecho se encuentran por todo el mundo y son fáciles de conseguir. Se estima que hay 2 Mil millones a lo largo de todo estados unidos. Desde 1996, se están desechando 253 millones de neumáticos usados en los estados unidos, con una tasa del 70% reclamada por el mercado de neumáticos de desecho (dejan alrrededor de 75 millones de neumáticos para reutilizar como neumáticos enteros).<ref>Tom Verde, [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0CE0DA133CF931A35751C1A960958260&n=Top%2FReference%2FTimes%20Topics%2FSubjects%2FT%2FTires At Heart of Dispute, Tires by the Acre] (December 2, 1996), The New York Times.</ref> El método por el cual los neumáticos de desecho son convertidos en bloques utilizables es muy sencillo: La tierra es aprisionada con un martillo.

#Tienen gran capacidad para el soporte de carga. De todos modos, las paredes de neumáticos tienden a carecer de rigidez estructural y puede que requieran de estructura vertical de soporte/refuerzo.
#Debido a que los neumáticos están llenos de tierra no arden cuando se exponen al fuego
En 1996 después que un incendio en Nuevo México se extendiese por muchos hogares convencionales, un se encontró un Eartheship relativamente ileso. Sólo la cara sur y el techo se habían quemado, comparado con la destrucción total de las casas convencionales.

Un neumático completo aplastado es alrrededor 2 pies 8 pulgadas (81,82 cm) de ancho. Es suficientemente grande para ser cruzado por las estructuras convencionales requeridas para la distribución de la carga al suelo. Las paredes de un Earthship son mucho mas anchas que una convencional, lo que hace mucho más fuerte al edificio y con mejor aislamiento al sonido y el calor.

====Trabajo====
The rammed earth tires of an Earthship are usually assembled by teams of two people working together as part of a larger construction team. One person shovels dirt from the building site into the tire. The second member stands on the tire and uses a sledge hammer to pack the dirt in. The second person moves in a circle around the tire to keep the dirt even and avoid warping the tire. This is a very labour-intensive process.'' 'The Earthship Manual: Vol. 1' ''says that two people working for an hour can make four rammed-earth tires. It takes about a thousand tires to build a house ([http://www.spiritofmaat.com/archive/apr2/eship.htm]), so 500 man-hours per house. About 40% of the cost of a finished Earthship is associated with labour [http://www.reedconstructiondata.com/construction-forecast/news/2011/01/earthships-down-to-earth-homes/]

The rammed earth tires are made in place because, when properly made, they weigh as much as 300 pounds and can be very difficult to move.

===Internal walls===
Internal, non-load-bearing walls are often made of a honeycomb of recycled cans joined by concrete and are referred to as tin can walls. These walls are usually thickly plastered with stucco.

===Structural shape===
Earthships are based around one or several U-shaped modules. Each of these has a wall of rammed-earth tires several feet thick and a floor that is below ground level. Being partially submerged like this allows the house to take advantage of the thermal storage properties of the earth. However, it may cause problems with water or radon gas leaking up from the earth.

===Roof===
The roof of an Earthship is heavily insulated – often with earth or adobe – for added energy efficiency.

==Water==
=== Rainwater harvesting ===
Water used in an Earthship is [[Harvested Rainwater|harvested from rain]], snow and condensation. As water collects on the roof it is channeled through a silt-catching device and into a cistern. The cisterns are positioned so they gravity-feed a WOM (water organization module), that filters out bacteria and contaminants, and makes it suitable for drinking. The WOM consists of filters and a DC-pump that are screwed into a panel. Water is then pushed into a conventional pressure tank to create common household water pressure. Water collected in this fashion is used for any household activity except flushing toilets the conventional way. Rather, the water used for flushing toilets has been used at least once already: frequently it is filtered waste-water from sinks and showers, and described as "Greywater".

=== Greywater ===
[[Gray Water|Greywater]] is water that has been used and is unsuitable for drinking, but can still be used for things like cleaning. Before the greywater is reused in an Earthship, it is channeled through a grease and particle filter/digester and into a 30”-60" deep rubber-lined [[Living Machines|living machine]], which is a biological water filter. This filter can include plants that produce food while filtering the water with their roots. Water oxygenation, filtration, transpiration, and bacteria-encounter all take place within the cell and help to cleanse the water (Reynolds 2000). Within the botanical cell, filtration is achieved by passing the water through a mixture of gravel and plant roots. The plants add oxygen to the water and remove nitrogen. Water taken up through the plants and transpired at their tops helps to humidify the air. In the cell, bacteria will naturally grow and help to cleanse the water.

Water from the low end of the botanical cell is then directed through a peat-moss filter and collected in a reservoir or well. This reclaimed water is then passed once more through a greywater board and used to flush toilets.

Often, any greywater that is made at earthships is not polluted enough to justify treatment (its "pollution" being usually just soap, which is often not environmentally damaging). At earthships, the use of plants placed at outlets of fixtures is then practiced to regain the water and the nutrients lost (from the soaps, etc.).. Usually, a single plant is placed directly in front of the pipe, but mini drain-fields are also sometimes used. The pipe is made large enough (5,08 cm) so that the formation of underground gas (from the greywater) is avoided. This is done with kitchen and bathroom sinks, and even showers, washing machines, and dishwashing machines. The plants are usually placed indoors with the sinks and outdoors with the washing/dishwashing machines and shower (to avoid indoor "floods"). Also, with the latter, larger drain-fields are used instead of a mere plant being placed before an outlet.<ref>[http://melinathinks.wordpress.com/category/earthship-greywater-plantergreenhouse/ Plants placed at fixtures]</ref><ref>[http://www.greenhomebuilding.com/earthship.htm Plants placed at fixtures in earthships]</ref>

===Black water===
Black water, water that has been used in a toilet, was usually not created within many of the earliest earthships as the use of flush toilets was discouraged.<ref>Earthship Volume 2:Systems and components</ref> Instead, [[Composting Toilet|composting toilets]] were advocated, which use no water at all. However, with the new greywater treatment system design (used in Nautilus, Helios, ...) created by Michael Reynolds, flush toilets have now found a place in the earthship and the general water system has been redesigned according to the new "6-step process".<ref>[http://heliohouse.com/tech.htm New water purification system process at Helios house: overview with pictures]</ref><ref>[http://www.earthship.net/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=25 Wastewater path]</ref>

When flush-toilets are used blackwater is not reused inside the Earthship. Instead, it is sent to a solar-enhanced septic tank with leach-field and planter cells (the whole being often referred to as the “incubator”). The solar-enhanced septic tank is a regular septic tank which is heated by the sun and glazed with an equator-facing window. The incubator stores the sun's heat in its concrete mass, and is insulated, to help the anaerobic process. Water from the incubator is channeled out to an exterior leach field and then to landscaping "planter cells" (spaces surrounded by concrete in which plants have been put). The cells are similar to the botanical cell used in greywater treatment and are usually placed just before and under the windows of the earthship.

In cases where it is not possible to use flush-toilets operating on water, dry solar toilets are now advocated, instead of ''regular'' composting toilets. If this is the case, obviously no black water is formed and the use of an incubator is thus (usually) not necessary. Instead, regular "planters" (plants used for sucking up water/nutrients) are then used. When using regular planters as well, no chemical soaps or detergents can be used.

The space where the WOM (water organization module), graywater pump panel, pressure tank, (first set of) batteries, and POM (power organising module) are stored is in a small room referred to as the "systems package".

==Electricity==
Earthships are designed to collect and store their own energy from a variety of sources. The majority of electrical energy is harvested from the sun and wind. [[Solar Cells|Photovoltaic panels]] and [[Small Wind Turbine|wind turbines]] located on or near the Earthship generate DC energy that is then stored in several types of [[deep-cycle batteries]]. The space in which the batteries are kept is usually a special, purpose-built room placed on the roof. Additional energy, if required, can be obtained from gasoline-powered generators or by integrating with the city grid.

In an Earthship, a Power Organizing Module is used to take stored energy from batteries and inverter it for AC use. The Power Organizing Module is a prefabricated system provided by Earthship Biotecture that is simply attached to a wall on the interior of the Earthship and wired in a conventional manner. It includes the necessary equipment such as circuit breakers and Voltage converter. The energy run through the Power Organizing Module can be used to run any household appliance including washing machines, computers, kitchen appliances, print machines, vacuums, etc. Generally, none of the electrical energy in an Earthship is used for heating or cooling.<ref>[http://earthship.com/systems/energy.php] http://earthship.com/systems/energy.php}}</ref>

==Climate==
The Earthship aims to maintain a comfortable temperature passively i.e. without reliance on systems that require energy. It does this by maximizing the effect of thermal mass and solar heating and by using building materials that are heavily insulated.

Windows on sun-facing walls admit light and heat. The buildings are often horseshoe-shaped to maximize natural light and solar-gain during winter months. The thick, dense inner walls provide thermal mass that naturally regulates the interior temperature during both cold and hot outside temperatures.

Mainly, the Earthship tries to take advantage of the properties of thermal mass and passive solar heating and cooling. Examples are large front windows with integrated shades, trombe walls and other technologies such as skylights or solar trackers (which also generate electricity).

The load-bearing walls of an Earthship provide a dense thermal mass that will soak up heat during the day and radiate heat during the night, keeping the interior climate relatively comfortable all day.

In addition to high thermal mass, some Earthships may be earth-sheltered. The benefits of earth-sheltering are twofold because it adds to the thermal mass and, if the Earthship is buried deep enough, allows the structure to take advantage of the Earth's stable temperature.

The Earthship is designed in such a way that the sun provides heating, ventilation, and lighting. To take advantage of the sun, an Earthship is positioned so that its principal wall, which is nonstructural and made mostly of glass sheets, faces directly towards the equator. This positioning allows for optimum solar exposure.

To allow the sun to heat the mass of the Earthship, the solar-orientated wall is angled so that it is perpendicular to light from the winter sun. This allows for maximum exposure in the winter, when heat is wanted, and lesser exposure in the summer, when heat is to be avoided. Some Earthships, especially those built in colder climates, use insulated shading on the solar-orientated wall to reduce heat loss during the night (Reynolds 2000).

===Natural ventilation===
The earthships usually use their own natural ventilation system. It consists of cold(er) air coming in from a front ("hopper") window, especially made for this purpose and flowing out through (one of) the skylights that are placed on the earthship. As hot air rises, the system maintains itself and keeps sucking in (and out), air.

===Heating problems===
Bottle walls are used in earthships. Earthships rely on a balance between the solar heat gain and the ability of the tire walls and subsoil to transport and store heat. The design intends to require little if any auxiliary heat. Some earthships have suffered from overheating and some from over-cooling.

Some earthships appear to have serious problems with heat loss. In these cases heat appears to be leaking into the ground constantly during the heating season and being lost. This situation may have arisen from the mistaken belief that ground-coupled structures (building in thermal contact with the ground) do not require insulation. The situation may also be due to large climatic differences between the sunny, arid, and warm Southwest (of the USA) where earthships were first built and the cloudier, cooler, and wetter climates where some are now being built. [[Malcolm Wells]], an architect and authority on earth-sheltered design, recommends R-value 10 insulation between deep soils and heated spaces. Wells's insulation recommendations increase as the depth of the soil decreases.

In very limited and specific situations, uncommon during the heating season, thermal mass can marginally increase the apparent R-value of a building assembly such as a wall. Generally speaking, thermal mass and R-value are distinct thermodynamic properties and should not be equated. Thermal performance problems apparently seen in some earthship designs may have occurred because of thermal mass being erroneously equated to R-value. The R-value of soil is about 1 per foot.<ref>[http://www.engext.ksu.edu/ees/henergy/envelope/basement.html Kansas State University Extension Service]</ref>

The sloped glazing may be hard to keep watertight and in warm climates allows excessive solar gain in summer. In colder climates, the glazing itself, which has far poorer insulating properties than any other component, will obviously be the major conduit of heat loss in winter. New designs call for vertical windows with an overhang.

Uninsulated ground-coupled thermal mass presents a large potential for heat loss, especially in climates with a heating season. This varies to a degree with soil type and moisture content.

==History==
The history of the earthship was featured in the 2007 documentary [http://www.garbagewarrior.com/ "Garbage Warrior"]:
<html>
<iframe title="YouTube video player" width="640" height="390" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed//b1cUa4yWQp4" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>
</>
</html>

The Earthship began to take shape in the 1970s. Designs were at first very experimental, but have been improved over time.

Currently, Earthships are in use in almost every state in the United States, as well as many countries in Europe. In 2000 Mike Reynolds and Daren Howarth launched Earthship Biotecture Europe to explore and evolve the concept of the Earthship in Europe. Two more directors were appointed to Earthship Biotecture Europe in July 2006 – Kevan Trott and Kirsten Jacobsen.

Earthship Biotecture has now finalized plans to build 16 Earthship homes in Brighton.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20071213144133/http://www.earthship.co.uk/earthship-homes.htm Earthship Homes development] (archived from [http://www.earthship.co.uk/earthship-homes.htm the original] on 2007-12-13).</ref>

Earthship Biotecture aims to build Earthships to house 32 people made homeless by the earthquake in Haiti [http://earthship.com/haiti-disaster-relief.html].

==Further reading==
* Schirber, Michael. [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/21755230/ "Making Earthships Mainstream"] on ''Going Green at [[msnbc.com]]'', November 12, 2007.
* [http://www.earthshipfloridaproject.com Earthship Florida Project]

----

A building guide is available on The Pirate Bay:
*[http://thepiratebay.org/torrent/5561875/Michael_Reynolds__Earthship_Vol._1__How_to_build_your_own Volume 1]. This tells you how to make the rammed-earth tires and how to build walls out of them.
*[http://thepiratebay.org/torrent/5599633/Michael_Reynolds__Earthship_Vol._2__Systems_and_components Volume 2]. Solar power, water systems, greywater, water heating systems, lighting, fireplaces, stairs, doors, cabinets, baths, showers, domes & vaults.
*[http://thepiratebay.org/torrent/5569181/Michael_Reynolds__Earthship_Vol._3__Evolution_beyond_economics Volume 3]. This was written 3 years after Volume 1 and gives improvements over the methods of building described then. Also talks about toilets, refrigerators and improved water and ventilation systems.
* Hewitt, M. and Telfer, K. (2007). ''Earthships: building a zero carbon future for homes''. ISBN 9781860819728
* Klippel, James H. http://www.garrellassociates.com/EcoDesign.html, green page
* Reynolds, Mike. (2000). ''Comfort In Any Climate'', Taos: Solar Survival P. ISBN 0962676748

== References==
<small><references/></small>

Earthship/es

2011-05-05T21:04:24Z

Mario: Created page with "{{Breadcrumb|Vivienda y Construcción}} right [[File:Earthship2.jpg|400px|right|El diseño utilizado en la mayoría de Earthship, corresponde a la u..."