=Intelligence Squared=

http://www.intelligencesquared.com/events/nature-our-best-climate-technology/

=Discussion=
By Marcin:

Personally I am convinced that we can solve the whole transportation emissions question overnight by switching from fossil fuel to biofuel - by adding charcoal gasification to ICE cars so they can run on regeneratively-grown charcoal pellets derived from pelletized biomass. Charcoal pellets are a flowable fuel, and requires minimum car modification such that new cars could ship with this option. Agriculture wise, this can be integrated with perennial polyculture plantings, such as those including hazelnuts and chestnuts (see [[Badgersett Research]]) that can be coppiced to produce fuel in addition to food.

We are developing this option with Open Source Ecology (please see my TED Talk for context, https://www.ted.com/talks/marcin_jakubowski) , based on first principle calculations. Take the case of 380 million gallon [[Fuel Use in the USA]]. Take the area covered by roadways in the USA.

=Calculations=
==Case 1: Taking out all roads and planting them with perennial polyculture biomass==
*[[Acreage of Highways]] - 24 acres per mile, or about 1M acres
*[[Length of USA Roads]] - over 4 million miles, with 48,000 miles of [[USA Interstate Highways]]. If average road is 30 feet wide [https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/humanfac/94023.cfm] - that area is
:*3 acres per mile - so about 14M acres of non-highway roads.
*Harvest from area of all roads: 15Mx1000 lb = 15B lb.Sustainable harvest biomass yields are 1000 lb per acre per year. This assumes integrated agroecology of perennial agriculture.
:*Top biomass crops with such as switchgrass are 5 tons/acre [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomass], and oil palm is much more.
:*For sustainable harvest biomass, get 200 lb charcoal/acre, or 3B lb/year - assuming 20% efficiency of charcoal production from dry biomass weight (ie, 5 lb of dry wood turn to 1 lb of charcoal)
:*Thus, if total USA fuel use is 380 million gallons, or about 2.5B lb - and suply of charcoal is 3B lb for sustainably harvested biomass - then '''just covering the area of US roads with biomass production yields half the total fuel supply of the USA'''.
:**assumes energy per mass of charcoal is equivalent for charcoal and gasoline [ref?], and 1 gallon of gasoline weighs about 7 lb [ref]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomass] wikipedia article states that current biomass energy is 1.4x larger than all human energy consumption.
*[[Charcoal Yields]]

==Case 2: Using Farmland==
*There are 922 million acres of farmland in the USA, see [[Stats]], and 922B lb of regeneratively-harvested perennial polyculture biomass crop - and 1/5 of that for charcoal yield - 180B lb - or 90B lb fuel equivalent.
*Need in the USA is 2.5B lb per year.
*Therefore - '''regeneratively-grown biomass can supply 30x all the transportation fuel in the USA. Or - 3% of farmland would have to be augmented to perennial polyculture to yield all the fuel use in the USA. Because it can be integrated with other use, food production can in principle increase if for example coppiced food/fuel crops are used.''' Compared to batteries, this is regenerative. Batteries aren't.

Road percentage compared to land area: 1%. And 2% if farmland is considered.

=Other Calculations=
David Mackay calculated that If all the cars on a road were powered using biofuels grown on the verge the planted verge would need to be 8km wide. Is this calculation more pessimistic because it is more efficient to use charcoal in gasification compared with converting biomass to make liquid biofuels?

[http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:8NaTGWOuyqEJ:www.inference.eng.cam.ac.uk/sustainable/blog/PoweringTransport.html+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=uk]

Richard Patton estimates that it is possible to replace 75% of current diesel use in the USA with sustainably grown charcoal in a charcoal-water slurry fuel for diesel engines.

[http://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/40407983/Coal_vs._Charcoal-fueled_Diesel_Engines_20151126-3871-1ti984z.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A&Expires=1488236059&Signature=FyjTT3WrXfpdfvnkerZKwT%2Fqwbs%3D&response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DCoal_vs._Charcoal-fueled_Diesel_Engines.pdf]

In a Biomass-to-Wheel efficiency analysis, Huang and Zhang estimate that in the longer term, 7% of annual US biomass production could fuel 100% of light-duty passenger vehicle fuel needs with Sugar-Fuel-Cell technology.
[http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0022113]

Nature: Our Best Climate Technology?

2017-04-07T20:16:51Z

Newt: Reference tidy

Flash Steam Generator

2017-04-07T20:01:28Z

Newt: Link fix

{{Category=Steam Engine}}

=Off-Shelf Steam Generators=
*Sussman, 60 lb/hr, 90 PSI, $5k [https://www.coleparmer.com/i/sussman-mba20f3-electric-steam-generator-with-120-vac-control-circuit-60-0-lb-hr-480-vac/0760340?PubID=UX&persist=true&gclid=CJ3i167artECFQm5wAod5SkHIA]
*Electrosteam - 240 lb/hr, 100 PSI - [http://www.electrosteam.com/products/lb-80/]
*Steam-Flo- 15 psi - 340 lb/hr, - [http://www.sioux.com/steam-generators.html]
*Steam-Box - 120 PS, 347F - [http://dupray.com/steam-cleaners/steam-box-steam-cleaner/specifications/]
*Northstart - $2500 - 250F, 2.5 GPM, but this is more pumping than steam heating - [http://www.northerntool.com/shop/tools/product_200322210_200322210?cm_mmc=Google-pla&utm_source=Google_PLA&utm_medium=Pressure%20Washers%20%3E%20Electric-Hot%20Water%20Pressure%20Washers&utm_campaign=NorthStar&utm_content=157308&gclid=CK66ppHartECFZC1wAod-uYODg]

=Discussion=
*I am in contact with Tom Kimmel [http://kimmelsteam.com/engines.html] , on selecting a suitable Flash Steam Generator to go with the Solar Turbine.
*[[Daniel Hanssen]] has built boilers
*Polish company working on flash steam cars competitive with diesel engines - [http://www.huzar-power.com/steam_engines/contact.htm]

[[Category:Steam Generator]]

Post Scarcity

2017-03-31T13:58:30Z

Newt: Typo and minor edit

=Overview=
[[Image:AdCiv3.png‎|thumb|400px|[[Post Scarcity Presentation]]]]

Post scarcity (also styled post-scarcity or postscarcity) is a hypothetical form of economy or society, in which things such as goods, services and information are free, or practically free. This would be due to an abundance of fundamental resources (matter, energy and intelligence), in conjunction with sophisticated automated systems capable of converting raw materials into finished goods, allowing manufacturing to be as easy as duplicating software.

==Post Scarcity Community==
A post-scarcity community is a community that achieves low work-hour requirement for attaining a modern standard of living, while not participating in any geopolitical compromises whatsoever - as a route to freedom, meaning, and pursuit of happiness - both on the personal and political level. This type of community is marked by transcendence of artificial scarcity that is found in 'mainstream' economic paradigms.

==Post Scarcity Production Levels==

Artificial scarcity includes, among others:

#A Prussian-based education system to generate specialized factory workers as opposed to diversified independents
#Maintaining monopolies on resources and production
#Guiding human opinions towards particular consumer choices
#Necessity of warfare for securing material feedstocks
#Firm police state assistance in maintaining specified patterns of wealth distribution
#Overspecialization - specialized machines and humans
#Competitive waste, such as proprietary research
#Nonstandard components and hundreds of different products with limited coordination of production
#Dedicated components with little use outside of their specified function
#Non-customizable products
#Significant capitalization requirements for startup as a significant barrier fostering monopolization of production
#Banking procedures that favor support of non-innovative solutions
#Design for obsolescence, throw-away products, and throw-away society

The above combine to result in production and products that are inferior, short-lived, and inadequate for true human needs.

The remedies for the above, on a point-by-point basis, are:
#Self-education, online learning, internships, mentorships, or experiential learning
#Replacing scarce resources with ubiquitous resources, by refining one's tastes or by using enabling technologies that allows the transformation of ubiquitous resources into services formerly provided by scarce resources
#Elimination of advertising hype
#Peace-building by turning to local resources as a means of generating prosperity
#Wealth distribution is informed by stewardship over resources
#Generalization - multi-purpose machinery and multi-purpose people
#Collaboration for open product development
#Standardized components without reducing functionality, and scalable, modular components
#Generalized components which can be used in many applications
#Customizable, scalable, modular, multipurpose products
#Lowering barriers to entry via low-cost access to equipment and zero access barriers to enabling information
#Crowd funding, loans from family and friends, access to productive equipment instead of bank papers
#Lifetime design

The above elements of non-scarcity combine to what is known as abundance - which is a mindset enjoyed by only a small fraction (~1%) of the population. However, as people evolve their index of possibilities to include practical routes towards post-scarcity, as embodied in the GVCS, then the principles of abundance turn into practice.

Post-scarcity production is a level of production attained that is so easy and accessible that it loses its power of control of people over one another.

=Details=
*[[Post Scarcity Presentation]]
*[[Digital Fabrication]]

=See Also=
*[http://www.cracked.com/article_18817_5-reasons-future-will-be-ruled-by-b.s..html Cracked - Why the future will be ruled by BS]

*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_scarcity Wikipedia: Post Scarcity]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarcity Wikipedia: Scarcity]

*[http://www.adciv.org adciv.org]
*[http://hplusmagazine.com/2009/03/19/first-steps-towards-post-scarcity-or-why-current-financial-crisis-end-world-we-know/ h+: First steps toward post-scarcity]

[[Category: Guiding philosophies]]

Requirements

2017-03-05T20:13:21Z

Newt:

=General=
Requirements are the necessary features of a given product, process, or development pathway. The requirements can apply to machine design, design of a website, design of a Template, design of a software tool, etc.

In order for OSE's development process to be coherent and comprehensive, the requirements for each of its designs, processes, etc must be transparent so that collaborators follow the same, inter-operable standards of development.

The goal of using inter-operable standards is scalability of the development process: inviting a wide range of contributors worldwide to add to the project in a meaningful way. Without such structure, a project lacks the organization required for a meaningful contribution to the human economic process and human progress.

OSE's experiment revolves around creating impactful, open source product development processes which do not suffer from the inefficiency of scale nor the monopolization of power typical of large-scale human endeavors.

=Machines=

When applied to machine development, Requirements are the features that the given machine must have. These are based on the general concept of the GVCS - machines that meet or exceed industry standards, and are sufficient to build a post-scarcity village infrastructure for 150 people.

Requirements for OSE machines are based on Module Based Design - we focus on a design language where we identify a finite set of modules, and these modules are used to build any of the [[GVCS]] machines. While there are 50 machines, there may be ~200 modules which are used through all the machines. The specific number of modules decreases with time as multi-purpose modules are substituted into the Set.

The motivation is that instead of building a fixed number of machines, we can build an infinite number of machines by combining the modules in different ways.

The Specification narrows the development path from a general idea to a specific implementation. The specification is a distillation of the Conceptual Design (how it's done) and Design Rationale (why it's done in a particular way) into a specific set of design parameters.

The specific items that a Requirement should have includes Specifications. In the Open Source Product Development method, the specification should be approved by the technical lead, such that the general development workflow includes:

=Protocol for Machines=

*Start with a [[Requirements Spreadsheet]] or equivalent.
*Fill it out for your machine. Include simple diagrams and flowcharts.
*Publish in the Development Spreadsheet for a given machine. If you don't have edit privileges, use the [[Pull Request]] form. If you join a given development team, you may be given further edit privileges.

=Links=
*[[List of OSE Requirements]]

Requirements

2017-03-05T20:11:03Z

Newt: spelling correction

=General=
Requirements are the necessary features of a given product, process, or development pathway. The requirements can apply to machine be design, design of a website, design of a Template, design of a software tool, etc.

In order for OSE's development process to be coherent and comprehensive, the requirements for each of its designs, processes, etc must be transparent so that collaborators follow the same, interoperable standards of development.

The goal of using interoperable standards is scalability of the development process: inviting a wide range of contributors worldwide to add to the project in a meaningful way. Without such structure, a project lacks the organization required for a meaningful contribution to the human economic process and human progress.

OSE's experiment revolves around creating impactful, open source product development processes which do not suffer from the inefficiency of scale nor the monopolization of power typical of large-scale human endeavors.

=Machines=

When applied to machine development, Requirements are the features that the given machine must have. These are based on the general concept of the GVCS - machines that meet or exceed industry standards, and are sufficient to build a post-scarcity village infrastructure for 150 people.

Requirements for OSE machines are based on Module Based Design - we focus on a design language where we identify a finite set of modules, and these modules are used to build any of the [[GVCS]] machines. While there are 50 machines, there may be ~200 modules which are used through all the machines. The specific number of modules decreases with time as multi-purpose modules are substituted into the Set.

The motivation is that instead of building a fixed number of machines, we can build an infinite number of machines by combining the modules in different ways.

The Specification narrows the development path from a general idea to a specific implementation. The specification is a distillation of the Conceptual Design (how it's done) and Design Rationale (why it's done in a particular way) into a specific set of design parameters.

The specific items that a Requirement should have includes Specifications. In the Open Source Product Development method, the specification should be approved by the technical lead, such that the general development workflow includes:

=Protocol for Machines=

*Start with a [[Requirements Spreadsheet]] or equivalent.
*Fill it out for your machine. Include simple diagrams and flowcharts.
*Publish in the Development Spreadsheet for a given machine. If you don't have edit privileges, use the [[Pull Request]] form. If you join a given development team, you may be given further edit privileges.

=Links=
*[[List of OSE Requirements]]

Nature: Our Best Climate Technology?

2017-02-27T22:07:49Z

Newt:

=Intelligence Squared=

http://www.intelligencesquared.com/events/nature-our-best-climate-technology/

=Discussion=
By Marcin:

Personally I am convinced that we can solve the whole transportation emissions question overnight by switching from fossil fuel to biofuel - by adding charcoal gasification to ICE cars so they can run on regeneratively-grown charcoal pellets derived from pelletized biomass. Charcoal pellets are a flowable fuel, and requires minimum car modification such that new cars could ship with this option. Agriculture wise, this can be integrated with perennial polyculture plantings, such as those including hazelnuts and chestnuts (see [[Badgersett Research]]) that can be coppiced to produce fuel in addition to food.

We are developing this option with Open Source Ecology (please see my TED Talk for context, https://www.ted.com/talks/marcin_jakubowski) , based on first principle calculations. Take the case of 380 million gallon [[Fuel Use in the USA]]. Take the area covered by roadways in the USA.

=Calculations=
==Case 1: Taking out all roads and planting them with perennial polyculture biomass==
*[[Acreage of Highways]] - 24 acres per mile, or about 1M acres
*[[Length of USA Roads]] - over 4 million miles, with 48,000 miles of [[USA Interstate Highways]]. If average road is 30 feet wide [https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/humanfac/94023.cfm] - that area is
:*3 acres per mile - so about 14M acres of non-highway roads.
*Harvest from area of all roads: 15Mx1000 lb = 15B lb.Sustainable harvest biomass yields are 1000 lb per acre per year. This assumes integrated agroecology of perennial agriculture.
:*Top biomass crops with such as switchgrass are 5 tons/acre [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomass], and oil palm is much more.
:*For sustainable harvest biomass, get 200 lb charcoal/acre, or 3B lb/year - assuming 20% efficiency of charcoal production from dry biomass weight (ie, 5 lb of dry wood turn to 1 lb of charcoal)
:*Thus, if total USA fuel use is 380 million gallons, or about 2.5B lb - and suply of charcoal is 3B lb for sustainably harvested biomass - then '''just covering the area of US roads with biomass production yields half the total fuel supply of the USA'''.
:**assumes energy per mass of charcoal is equivalent for charcoal and gasoline [ref?], and 1 gallon of gasoline weighs about 7 lb [ref]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomass] wikipedia article states that current biomass energy is 1.4x larger than all human energy consumption.
*[[Charcoal Yields]]

==Case 2: Using Farmland==
*There are 922 million acres of farmland in the USA, see [[Stats]], and 922B lb of regeneratively-harvested perennial polyculture biomass crop - and 1/5 of that for charcoal yield - 180B lb - or 90B lb fuel equivalent.
*Need in the USA is 2.5B lb per year.
*Therefore - '''regeneratively-grown biomass can supply 30x all the transportation fuel in the USA. Or - 3% of farmland would have to be augmented to perennial polyculture to yield all the fuel use in the USA. Because it can be integrated with other use, food production can in principle increase if for example coppiced food/fuel crops are used.''' Compared to batteries, this is regenerative. Batteries aren't.

Road percentage compared to land area: 1%. And 2% if farmland is considered.

=Other Calculations=
David Mackay calculated that If all the cars on a road were powered using biofuels grown on the verge the planted verge would need to be 8km wide. Is this calculation more pessimistic because it is more efficient to use charcoal in gasification compared with converting biomass to make liquid biofuels?

http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:8NaTGWOuyqEJ:www.inference.eng.cam.ac.uk/sustainable/blog/PoweringTransport.html+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=uk

Richard Patton estimates that it is possible to replace 75% of current diesel use in the USA with sustainably grown charcoal in a charcoal-water slurry fuel for diesel engines.

http://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/40407983/Coal_vs._Charcoal-fueled_Diesel_Engines_20151126-3871-1ti984z.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A&Expires=1488236059&Signature=FyjTT3WrXfpdfvnkerZKwT%2Fqwbs%3D&response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DCoal_vs._Charcoal-fueled_Diesel_Engines.pdf

Talk:OSE Specifications

2017-02-25T22:36:07Z

Newt: /* Methods and Strategic Approaches */

I would think "Open Source Ecology" would be about having the Sources of Ecology Open.

Not just the 'virtual' Sources such as genetics (DNA) or plans and knowledge about how to raise organisms, what about the [[Physical Sources]]?

Will any part of OSE ever be about Opening the [[Material Inputs]]?

Do we care about insuring access to instances of the designs that have been on the planet for millions of years, or about access to instances of the new designs that are created and opened here?

What if I travel to the OpenFarmTech land in Missouri? Can I rent land or tools? Can I become a part owner? How will such a facility grow?

We need investors. If those investors are future consumers, they will expect product instead of profit.

Sincerely, -- [[User:AGNUcius|AGNUcius]] 09:55, 25 February 2008 (PST)

=Old version=

Before you read further, please see the [[OSE Mission]].

OSE Specifications are a way of identifying tools that will allow people to create abundant local economic production as a basis for community prosperity in an interconnected world. The OSE Specifications are a list of qualities; technologies that have these qualities are technologies that allow people to use their local resource-base to create abundance. Material abundance leaves people with free time and energy to fuel cultural and scientific progress.

These values are to be embodied in the development process, in the recruitment of volunteers, in OSE's organizational structure and in all operations, public and private:

{{Wanted|Shorten this list and simplify it. A lot of these just repeat other values (In work, see [[Requirements Analysis]]) [[User:DanielRavenNest|DanielRavenNest]] 06:42, 5 May 2011 (PDT)}}

#'''Open''' - Open Source Ecology endorses the open-source culture of sharing and collaborative development. This applies to all components of the project: technical design, organizational structure, finances, business and marketing methods etc. Everything we know, you know. We encourage members to collaborate openly, in a culture of respect. We are aiming to create collaboration structures (such as wikis and web forums) to facilitate this open flow of information. We encourage everybody on the development team to be transparent about their work, and to ask openly for collaborative assistance. We encourage everybody to give information away for free – as the cost of sharing information is zero. It is imperative that the technical details of the [[Global Village Construction Set]] tools be published openly on the Internet, with no restrictions, patents or trade secrets. Bills of materials, 3D designs, schematics, build instructions, and product manuals are to be published on our wiki. This gives the user the power to design, produce, and modify the [[GVCS]] tools according to his or her wishes. The same person is therefore consumer, producer and designer. This leads to robust, tailor-made goods. This allows a global team of developers to improve the tools. Business models should be published openly so that others can replicate any enterprise. We believe it is best to publish plans early and often. This exposes our errors and dead ends to the scrutiny of our online community and leads to faster, better design. We value sharing and collaborative development over greed and exclusiveness. This type of culture promotes co-operation, as opposed to fear-based aggressiveness.
#'''Distributive Economics''' – We believe in decentralizing economic activity. We aim to decentralize the production of food through [[:Category:Food and Agriculture|local food systems]], and decentralize the production of technology by combining local [[Digital Fabrication|digital fabrication]] with global collaborative design to create what we call '[[Industry 2.0]]'. In distributive economics, information should be free because the cost of distributing information is negligible. However, atoms or physical objects are not 'free' in the same sense, as significant energy is required to produce and distribute physical goods.
#'''Low-Cost''' - The cost of buying or making our machines are, on average, 5-10x cheaper than buying from an industrial manufacturer- including an average labor cost of $25 hour for a GVCS fabricator. Commentary:
#'''Modular''' – Components of the GVCS function as interchangeable modules. Motors, parts, assemblies, and power units can interchange, where units can grouped together to diversify the functionality that is achievable from a small set of units. To see how the different parts fit together - see [[Product Ecologies]].
#'''Closed-Loop Material Cycles''' – As in nature, nothing goes to waste, but instead becomes an input for another process. Our project relies on recycling metal into virgin feedstock for producing further GVCS technologies - thereby allowing for cradle-to-cradle manufacturing cycles.
{{Wanted|Resolve the clash between "High Performance" and "Sufficiency"}}
#'''High Performance''' - Performance standards must match or exceed those of industrial counterparts for the GVCS to provide a comparable or better standard of living.
#'''Sufficiency''' – We understand that we need to reach a certain level of performance, and that is sufficient. This is distinct from continuous addition of frivolous bells and whistles.

#'''Ecological Design''' - Our products promote a harmonious co-existence between nature and humans. The entire process and technology must fit the criteria for being environmentally friendly and regenerative.
#'''Adaptability'''– The systems that we are designing are designed to be adaptable. This arises from the ability to modify, scale and replicate the components and systems to meet requirement of constantly changing conditions. The tools are useful anywhere - from the 1st to the 4th worlds, from the city to the country, from high technology to low technology applications, at different scales of operation.
#'''Systems Design''' – Our designs consider the whole system of life support, in terms of how the different machines and services interface with one another. Different machines can functions as modules in a wide array of integrated systems. We do not choose technologies with peak point performance, but with peak systems performance as they fit into a resilient community integrated with its natural life support systems. Part of the systems design is synergy – in that the GVCS is intended to attain its maximum potential when all of its components are working with one another.
#'''Lifetime Design''' – Our products are designed for a lifetime of use. Open-source design, where the designer is the user, has no interest in planning obsolescence. Design-for-disassembly, simplicity, transparency, and open-source documentation allows the user to understand, take apart, modify, service, maintain, and fix tools without relying on expensive repairmen.
#'''Substitutability''' – Our products substitute common resources for less common resources.
#'''Flexibility''' – Our tools can be used flexibly in a wide range of applications. Our digital fabrication equipment can flexibly produce a huge variety of products, in contrast with a factory robot that can only produce the same thing over and over again. Our means to [[flexible fabrication]] is the [[open source fab lab]].
#'''Simplicity''' - We design for simplicity without sacrificing performance standards
#'''Complete Economy''' – The work of OSE is intended to be a workable blueprint for a complete economy. Our designs are geared for a maker lifestyle on the part of community members. This is also known as a neo-subsistence lifestyle – where communities can provide all the requirements of a complete economy, such that trade is only an option, not a necessity.
#'''Scalability and holography''' – The GVCS tools are designed to be scalable to different sizes of operations, from individual households to agglomerations of villages (cities). The design should be holographic, in that each unit of operation should be self-contained (complete) and resilient. With modern technology, human organization can be scaled down to the village scale – empowered by open access to information. We look at the village scale of about 200 people as the optimal scale of human organization for several reasons. First, it's a historically proven number. Second, it follows [[Dunbar's Number]] to allow for persistent and meaningful social interaction. Third, it is easily manageable from an organizational point of view without requiring bureaucratic overhead. Fourth, it is sufficiently large to allow specialization via division of labor. Fifth, it allows for a walking- or biking-distance community. Sixth, it is a basic building block - where larger communities may be designed as units of this small scale for the highest possible resilience - as opposed to organization on a larger scale. Seventh, it has been pointed out by the industrial economist, E. F. Schumacher, in his seminal book, [[Small is Beautiful]], that human organization simply breaks down after it reaches a certain scale.
#'''Technological Recursion''' – The flexible fabrication technology also allows producers to produce more complex machines and parts. This allows a local community to, eventually, attain the capacity to produce any technology known to humankind.
#'''Local Resources''' – The GVCS is fueled by local resources, such as water, sunlight, rock and soil. Via technological recursion, these are transformed into useful technology.
#'''Community''' – The GVCS toolset is designed to promote a just, equitable, and life-giving social contract for a community. The tools are designed to be used by a village-scale community, not by individuals. Within this village, there is a social contract based on division of labor, so that the work of each member contributes to the well-being of the whole community. The role of the individual is lifelong learning, stewardship of land and resources and nonviolence. This co-operative arrangement, along with increased freedom from material constraints, promotes connection between people. This reconnection also includes reconnection to one's true needs, to one's family, and to the global family of all living creatures.
#'''Proven Techniques''' – We focus on time-proven concepts, techniques, and technologies. All are principles are generally regarded as common, historical knowledge or wisdom learned through eons of civilization.
#'''Cross-Disciplinary Integration''' – We provide cutting edge practice in so far as they are integrations of knowledge from many fields and disciplines. We value unabashed boundary-crossing and cross-fertilization, drawing from as many cultures, regions, and time periods as possible.
#'''New Economics''' – One aspect of OSE is that it allows for the creation of a resource based economy, where true wealth is based on the value of natural, primarily local resources, where wealth is created from adding value to natural resources by transforming them to human-usable form.
#'''Replicability''' – OSE work is intended to be replicable, self-replicating, and viral. The open-source nature, low-cost, and simplicity of our designs are key to this.
#'''Meaning''' – Technology, when used appropriately, is intended to reconnect one to meaning, and to natural ecosystems. Reconnection to nature can occur from constant interplay between humans and nature, as natural resources are stewarded responsibly to meet human needs by benign processes.
#'''Appropriate Automation''' – We favor automation of repetitive, difficult, dangerous or unrewarding tasks.
#'''Long Term Approach''' – OSE is seeking long-term solutions on the 100 year scale into the future, not band-aids on superficial issues. We are looking at issues for the long haul, with lasting peace and stability for humanity as the goal.
#'''Networked model communities''' – We are interested in creating a network of like-minded communities that follow OSE values, so that cultural exchange can happen between different communities. This is the [[1000 Global Villages]] concept - 1000 villages that serve as model communities and influence the rest of the world in a positive way.
#'''Land and Resource Stewardship''' – Each OSE facility functions as a land steward. Land is not for sale, but is preserved for ever as a permanent site of human heritage and cultural growth. Resources are stewarded so that they improve in quality with time, as opposed to becoming depleted.
#'''Iconoclastic Innovation and Transformation''' – OSE favors iconoclastic approaches which address issues at the root, not symptoms – towards addressing pressing world issues (war, poverty, corruption, distribution of wealth, disease, etc.). We are not looking for mass-culture compromises swayed by political or special interests, but for authentic solutions based on virtues common to all humankind.
#'''Absolute Creative Approaches''' - We do not promote destroying anything, just creating a better solution that makes the old paradigm obsolete. We have no use for the concept of "enemy". We do not hate any group or politic, because we are all in this together. We believe in positive psychology, inspiration, and bringing out the virtues in people – by appealing to their absolute creative, transcendent potential for solutions. We do not endorse fear- or punishment-based motivation tactics.
#'''Realism''' - We favor a realistic approach that can be implemented today, not futuristic dreaming.
#'''Abundance'''- We believe that there are abundant resources – minerals, energy, food, water etc. – for everyone, if we use them efficiently and intelligently. We promote social and technological arrangements that lead to abundance, allowing people free time to pursue their happiness

=Methods and Strategic Approaches=

#'''Distributive Economics''' - We recognize the challenges of sharing information openly – in that someone else can 'steal' an idea and capitalize on it. We address this issue by encouraging people to publish openly, so that prior art makes information accessible to all, and therefore, making information un-patentable and therefore incapable of being appropriated. In order to capture value, we encourage humans to organize around information resource commons, while building in a physical, productive infrastructure to convert information into the substance of modern-day living via benign, industrial processes
#'''Notes on Patents'''. These make sense only in a world based on scarcity. We encourage each community that adopts OSE principles to build complete, open source, economic productivity – where true wealth can be generated easily. In this case, what is the need for patents? If a community can provide all of its needs - then we enter into the concept of sufficiency. State-of-art point technologies that optimize one feature of performance are not necessarily useful for an ecological tool set. We are interested more in overall, or ecological, performance - as opposed to point performance.
#'''Creative Approach''' - There are a number of movements that cater to fears regarding the end of the world or other comprehensive collapse scenarios. Our approach is intended to empower people from a perspective of what is a-priori favorable and benign - whether or not any cataclysm is on the horizon. It is important to underscore that we focus on positive psychology and transcendence, which we favor over an approach based on fear, because fear-based response is not as likely to create long-lasting solutions.
#'''Modular, lifetime design''' – The core of lifetime design is design-for-disassembly and modularity. Design-for-disassembly is synonymous with user ability to 'look under the hood' of a certain device. Modules are interchangeable units of functionality.
#'''Closed Loop Manufacturing''' – OSE endorses closed loop eco-industry, where waste does not exist as the waste is turned into feedstock for other processes.

=Components of OSE Specifications=
{{Wanted|Get rid of this list by merging it into the other lists above}}
OSE Specifications cover a number of aspects of economically-significant production, covering the development and production aspects:

*Economic significance
*Open documentation
*Distributive economic nature
*Transformative nature of enterprise
*Systems design
*Transparency and participatory nature of production model and development process
*Creation of post-scarcity levels of production
*Simplicity and low cost
*Lifetime, modular design; design-for-disassembly; design-for-scalability
*Localization of material sourcing and of production
*Ecological qualities
*Economic Feasibility and Replicability
**Minimization of waste, overhead, and bureaucracy
**Product Evolution
**Fabrication Facilities
**Open Franchising or Open Business Model
**Startup Assistance

* Resources (e.g. land) needed for the tool should be locally available
* The need the tool meets should be essential to a large market. No specialist goods or luxuries.
* Provision of a robust village economy and sufficient surplus for further developments
* Generative nature of the product, thus promoting self-replication of the village
* The GVCS tools together should cover every essential service for a village.
* Viability of a community on a village scale, perhaps 100 people, but as few as 2 or as many as sustained by the land base

==Economic Significance==

Economic significance refers to the overall economic importance of a given product or service. The assumption here that economic significance is defined on the basis of relevance for meeting the material needs of humans. For example, fuels and tractors constitute multibillion dollar global markets, and are thus economically significant. On the other hand, plain discussion may have little economic significance, if is not more than hot air.

==Open Documentation==

===Readily accessible or downloadble documentation and design===

Distributed information in the computer age is made most readily accessible if it is available for immediate download from the internet. If material is available in electronic format, it may be manipulated or utilized readily with software tools. For example, digital designs may be edited or used immediately in CAD or CAM. If CAM formats are available, then data at one point in space can be readily transformed into a physical object at another point in space, in the presence of digital fabrication capacities.

===Design Drawings===

This is a start towards replicability.

===Bill of Materials (BOM)===
{{Wanted|Move this section to [[Product Template]]}}
Next to design drawing, the BOM is the second most important towards replicability. This is a detailed listing of all parts used, sourcing, and prices. Relevant comments should be made alongside the BOM, such as, quality or reliability of certain vendors, their quality of service, and any other useful comments. The only difficulty with a BOM may be that if the audience is global, sourcing may not be readily available or shipping may be prohibitive, so local substitution of parts must be made. If a BOM is available, then the building of a specific product can commence immediately: there is no guessing which parts would work, or which supplier is reliable. At best, the process for one-off individual production can be as follows:
#an individual decides that they need a certain product
#they look that product up on an online repository of open source products, download fabrication procedures and parts lists
#purchase parts locally all on the same day if they are located in an urban area where many suppliers are available
#and start building a certain project.
All these steps can potentially be completed in one day when the BOM is available. Open design drawings and plans are only one aspect, but the critical point to enabling immediate production is the availability of BOMs, as the last step prior to actual fabrication.

A possibility then emerges that a large number of people can stop buying goods from who-knows-where and begin to fabricate them locally. This is feasibile on the individual level for anyone equipped with a robust Fab Lab, or when small groups (a few to a dozen people) get together to purchase low-cost, open source, digital fabrication equipment. These people could operate out of backyard garages, rented workshop spaces, co-working facilities, or other community supported manufacturing operations. The types of products that yield themselves particularly to this type of production are those items that fall beyond the class of disposable goods, and are more or less long-use items. These items include electronics, mechanized tools, semi-heavy machinery, green vehicles, renewable energy systems, among others.

====Tools====
[[CAD by Mariano Alvira]] and [[SKDB]] are two different tools that can improve and automate different aspects of handling a BOM.

===Free information===

If information is free, it is most easily accessible.

==Distributive Economics==

Distributive economics refer to economic models that tend to distribute economic power as opposed to monopolizing this power.

==Transformative Nature of Enterprise==

We are interested in transformative economics, or those economics which tend towards community and global resilience, while having qualities that, proactively, move the world away from: concentration of societal power; perennial warfare; loss of meaning; bureaucracy; globalization of economic activity; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspeak newspeak]; loss of freedom; and so forth.

==Systems Design==

Systems design refers to design of economic paradigms which consider the whole human and natural ecosystem, and the relationships involved, not just an isolated part of that system. For example, non-systems thinking may lead one to conclude that a modern steam engine for transportation is a bad idea compared to biodiesel or fuel alcohol because the thermodynamic efficiency of a steam engine is two times lower than that of diesel engines or gasoline engines. The systems design perspective will claim that the steam engine is a great idea, because biomass pellets can be used as fuel, and the yield of cellulosic biomass per acre is about 10 times higher than the yield of oil or alcohol. The systems thinker will continue, by stating that if the whole system is considered, biomass pellet production is much simpler to accomplish, and that biomass-growing areas can be integrated with other uses such as orcharding or livestock raising, and the systems thinker will continue to make other claims that such an energy source allows for absolute decentralization of production and resilience of communities using the simplest means possible. The point to be made is that the systems thinker can continue to make a large number of claims on how a particular activity is desirable based on a number of systems connections, which the non-systems thinker dismisses as simply not being part of the question.

We believe that destructive non-systems thinking is so pervasive in our society, that in general, individual and societal decision-making is completely partisan, thin on logic, and downright retarded. We are including a metric for systems design in the OSE Specifications to raise awareness of this issue, with a hope, which even if futile, attempts to bring a glimmer of light to the situation.

===[[Systems Engineering]]===

This is the engineering discipline devoted to the entire life cycle of a complex man-made system. This is distinct from specialty disciplines such as mechanical or electrical engineering which are devoted to specific elements of a system.

==Transparency of Production Model and Development Process==

The development process for products, and their production model, should be transparent to any interested observer. This allows for study of, input into, and improvement of the topic of interest. Transparency allows feedback loops to become active, and empowers those who are interested in learning more about a topic. Transparency is one of several qualities of a distributive, economic process.

Transparency of some program implies that the program is open to suggestions, correction, or replication of itself, stemming from an ethical foundation of the given program. Therefore, tools such as non-disclosure agreements, patents, trade secrets, and other means of protectionism are inconsistent with the creation of transparency.

===Development Process===

1. Participation in the development process is entirely voluntary. No compensation for alienation is necessary. As a result, the best designs are produced from the commitment of passionate stakeholders.

2. Anyone may join or leave the development group at any time

3. Collaborative development process utilizes the input of diverse stakeholders

4. Steps and results of the development process are documented

==Creation of Post-Scarcity Levels of Production==

Post-scarcity levels of production imply the availability of effective tools of production, including both hardware and techniques - which allow for the ample meeting of human needs. Post-scarcity levels of production also imply that local, nonstrategic resources can be utilized effectively, reliably, and with the capacity to produce significant surplus. The goal of attaining post-scarcity levels of production of something are thus synonymous with a particular community being able to transcend physical survival as a basis for evolving to pursuits beyond mere survival.

==Simplicity and Low Cost==

The design and implementation of any product or service should be the simplest from both the fabrication and cost perspective, such that it is the most readily replicable. Attaining simplicity is indeed the most difficult design challenge. Most people confuse high performance with extra features, because they externalize the hidden liabilities that accompany the extra features. Simplicity is synonymous with efficient resource use. Simplicity should also apply to the fabrication procedure of an object. As such, simplicity is also synonymous with low cost. The basic design philosophy of OSE is to include simplicity in design and fabrication - ie, design-for-fabrication should be applied.

==Lifetime, Modular Design; Design-for-Disassembly; Design-for-Scalability (DfS)==

(Note: For mainstream reference on lifetime design, see the work of [[Saul Griffith]])

Simplicity of design promotes the features of lifetime, modular, and scalable design-for-disassembly (DfD).

Lifetime design implies that the value of a product does not depreciate over time. This implies freedom from labor required to replace a certain product, which has direct implication for one's access to free time.

Modular design is a design which allows different modules to be used and interchanged, giving the user control over and flexibility with the object of use.

DfD means that parts of modules may be replaced readily, by taking the module apart. This has profound implications to lifetime design.

DfS is more than a design that can be scaled. It is the principle of designing things with ease of scalability as one of the features - ie, design that can be scaled easily. This is a slight improvement over design that can be scaled, in that DfS includes explicit features that make scalability easy.

Scalability means that a basic building block can be used to make larger or smaller versions. This contributes to low cost and efficiency.

===Multipurpose Modular Design===

Objects should be designed so that they are made as building blocks, or modules, of other or larger objects. This way, objects can be modified. Instead of a whole object having to be replaced to add new functionality, a module may be added. This gives products a flexibility that is built into their very nature, such that the user has additional control with minimum expense. Modularity may sometimes be synonymous with inter-operability, and may sometimes be synonymous with scalability. It may contribute to lifetime design if an object is 100% modular and each module may be replaced. Modularity also means that an object may function as a building block of other objects. In all cases, modularity implies that an object may be modified. The combination of flexibility, adaptability, scalability, interoperability are desirable. These features expand the range of applications, increase lifetime, reduce cost, as well as provide and retain high value. In a material world, these are features that contribute to wealth and prosperity. In a nutshell, modularity provides large value and has low associated costs. These are good implications for individual and community well-being.

If modular design is followed, then the type of interoperability of using building blocks leads us to a [[Pattern Language]] of technology. In this pattern language, the modules or building blocks serve as the sentences of a larger language, or technology infrastructure.

===Scalability===

Products should be designed so that they can be scaled up or down - such as by addition of new modules, or using multiples of a part in parallel. For example, a solar concentrator system designed according to the principle of scalability should be a linear design (see [[Solar Power Generator]]), so that it could be enlarged either by lengthening or widening the array.

==Localization of Material Sourcing and of Production==

For community resilience, ability to use local resources is key. While it is important that a community have this ability for essential needs, it is optional, though desirable, for other nonessential items.

Using local resources may necessitate that a given community have additional technology to produce a certain item. For example, if a given community does not have the conditions to grow a certain crop easily, it may want to invest in the additional technology required to grow that crop successfully. Or, if a certain community does not have adequate water, it should invest in well-drilling or roof-catchment technology, instead of importing water from unsecured sources.

A community should thus, in general, strive to increase its technology base to accommodate the provision of all essentials, and not settle on its ability to trade to procure these essentials, as trade may be vulnerable to disruption. Trade is quite acceptable for non-essential items, such as musical instruments, since disruption of such supply does not threaten the survival of a community. The level of technology in which a community is autonomous should be determined on practical grounds.

Moreover, in today's world, we already hear about 'produced locally.' We should add 'sourced locally' to our vocabulary - as resilience implies not only local production, but also local sourcing. Local sourcing typically requires that a community have additional technological infrastructure and knowhow for providing the necessary feedstocks.

===Localization Levels===

*Level 1 - production is local
*Level 2 - sourcing of materials used in production is local
*Level 3 - raw material production is local
*Level 4 - production machinery used in the production process above is open source and locally fabricated

Localization applies to the creation of natural economies, or those economies based on the substance of their own, natural resources, free of supply chain disruptions.

An example of Level 3 is that local aluminum is made by smelting aluminum from local clays.

If localization is taken to all the 4 levels, for all necessities of sustaining its population - that means that a region is autonomous, and as such, has no built-in tendency to wage war for others' resources. This is the
critical point of localization - its benign effect on global geopolitical struggle. In simple words, people don't kill and steal.

==Ecological Qualities==

The product of interest must be good for the environment.

==Economic Feasibility and Replicability==

===Minimization of Waste, Overhead, and Bureaucracy===

The key point to the competitiveness of agile, open source enterprise is its lean structure with minimal overhead. Minimization of waste occurs by collaborative development, such that R&D costs are shared by a number of stakeholders. Competitive waste is eliminated by open enterprise giving services away rather than competing for market share, which is the ethical marketing strategy for open enterprise.

Other strategies for keeping overhead low are [http://blog.opensourceecology.org/?p=391 crowd-funding the production facility], such as in Factor e Farm's case. We also propose paperwork reduction by operating as an un-incorporated entity, with contractually-based fiscal fiduciaries and liability management, operation in the Republic via private contract, and by in-house legal literacy.

===Product Evolution===

A process should be in place for continued maintenance and development of a product. This could be a support community, foundation, or users.

===Fabrication Facilities===

Concrete Flexible Fabrication mechanism exists for others to purchase the product at reasonable cost. This is a means to assuring that a diversity of suppliers exists, such that monopoly is avoided.

===Open Franchising or [[Open Business Model]]===

This point defines how easily one can obtain access to replicable enterprise design. See our motivation with respect to Open Business Models, as described under the [[OSE License]].

There is a number of details that goes into enterprise replications. These are all the standard details found in a [[Business Plan]], plus the actual technical details that go into that plan, such as designs and CAD, fabrication procedures, BOM and sourcing information, economic analysis, ergonomic analysis, and so forth.

If you are interested in replicating an enterprise, then please inquire with us regarding practical considerations. For those interested in replication, we are looking for long-term commitment to provide the necessary due diligence of business model documentation.

===Startup Assistance===

Producer training is the key to assisting others to start up enterprise. Dedicated workshops should be available for others to learn the trade. We plan on offering a 2 year immersion program, which includes not only workshop skills, but agriculture, as well as theoretical and organizational aspects.

=Calculation of a Metric Score=

The questionnaire below can be used to determine whether a product meets the OSE specifications. There are 42 questions, so the maximum score is 42.

===Economic Significance===
*Is it relevant for meeting the material needs of humans?

===Distributive Economics===
*Does the economic model distribute economic power?
'''Transformative Nature of Enterprise'''
*Does it promote community and global resilience?

===Systems Design===
*Does it consider the complete human and natural ecosystem?

===Ecology===
*Is it good for the environment?

===Development Process===
*Is participation in the process entirely voluntary?
*Can anyone join or leave the development group at any time?
*Does the collaborative development process utilize the input of diverse stakeholders?
*Are the steps and results of the development process documented?

===Simplicity of design===
*Is it low Cost?
*Does it have Long Life?
*Is it modular?
*Is it designed for disassembly?

===Design for scalability===
*Can it be scaled up?
*Can it be scaled down?
*Is it easily scalable?

===Localization===
====Materials====
*Are materials used in production local?
*Is raw material production local?

====Production====
*Is product production local?
*Is the machinery used in production process open source?
*Is the machinery used in production process locally fabricated?

===Economic Feasibility and Replicability===
*Is there minimal overhead?
*Is there minimal waste?
*Are R&D costs shared by a number of stakeholders?
*Are services given away?
*Are production facilities Crowd-funded?

===Product Evolution===

*Is there continual produce maintenance?
*Is there continual product development?

===Fabrication Facilities===

*Is there a flexible fabrication mechanism?

===Open Business Model===

*Is there a Business Plan?
*Are there technical details in the business plan?

===Open Documentation===

*Is content Open Source?
*Is content readily accessible (downloadable)?
*Are there design drawings?

====Designs====
*Are design drawings CAD?
*Are fabrication procedures detailed?
*Is economic analysis available?
*Is ergonomic analysis available?

====Bill of Materials (BOM)====
*Is there a parts list?
*Is Sourcing of parts listed?
*Are prices of parts listed?

===Startup Assistance===

*Is producer training available?

=Summary=
In summary, we aim to raise the standards embodied in open source product development efforts by articulating the possibilities. OSE Specification describes all the desirable features that can be embodied in open economic development, under the assumption that maximum advancement of distributive production is the best route to human prosperity.

OSE Specifications, as applied to technology - imply ''liberatory technology'' - defined as technology which serves the true needs of people and liberates time for other pursuits beyond survival. This is distinct from technology which controls people - where in today's world - with ever-advancing technology, people enjoy less free time.

=Application of OSE Specifications to Assessing the Liberatory Potential of Technologies=
OSE Specifications, when applied to production of physical products, allow for transparent assessment of the overall openness or accessibility of ''so-called'' open source products. This specification is intended to help people assess distributive production aspects of projects, by distinguishing between the various degrees of ‘opensource-ness’ embodied in projects. This is because some projects call themselves ‘open source’ when only a small portion of the hardware, or even no physical portion, is open source.

For example, in the case of the [http://green.autoblog.com/2007/10/16/autobloggreen-qanda-open-source-green-vehicle-project/ OS Green Vehicle], the only open source component is an apparent design process, but the output of the design process is proprietary. As quoted from the website, ‘Your rights to use, modify and re-distribute any data from this web site are limited.’ Moreover, the components used in the car are proprietary. Therefore, the OS Green Vehicle has a low OSE Specifications metric score.

Access refers to use for both private or market purposes. The specification is not neutral in its goals, just as no technologies are ever neutral. The intent goes so far as to point out the nuances that contribute to a particular direction of: (1), promoting ecological integrity, (2), contributing to the highest possible quality of life, and (3), creating the widest possible distribution of wealth. Because the open source method of product development has immense potential in transforming the economic system, the OSE Specification aims to address the evaluation of positive change endorsed by various open source projects.

The scope of OSE Specifications is far-reaching: it considers all the steps necessary for a product to be user-accessible. This includes open access to relevant information and affordable access to physical products. The goal is distributive economics.

OSE Specification stipulates access to physical production facilities that can build wealth in re-localized communities. But OSE Specifications go even further: replication and viral spread of wealth - or distributive production. OSE Specifications address the means for replicating the production process itself. This includes not only self-replicating machines and systems, but the development of open business models, training materials, and apprenticeships for entrepreneurs. As the final step, we consider the availability of capitalization assistance within the metric. The capitalization assistance may be part of a new entrepreneur's apprenticeship - where, for example - real products can be made and sold within the apprenticeship. We redefine the 'capital' in 'capitalization assistance' from 'money' to 'the ability to produce just about anything required for business startup at low cost.'

Such level of commitment to the success of replication may imply a hidden agenda behind this program. Indeed there is: the greatest possible empowerment of people and communities to be the masters of their destinies, by unleashed human productivity fueled by open access to information and enabling hardware.

OSE Spec addresses access to both producers and users - both on the individual and community scale. Production could occur by do-it-yourself means on the individual scale in flexible fabrication facilities. The community scale promotes division of labor, and therefore a high standard of living. The OSE Spec addresses the availability of blueprints or digital designs, which can be used readily in manual or automated, computer-controlled fabrication facilities.

== International_Organization_for_Standardization ==

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization International_Organization_for_Standardization] I think this is very relevant to our standardization efforts [[User:Chris DeAngelis|Chris DeAngelis]] ([[User talk:Chris DeAngelis|talk]]) 21:32, 9 December 2013 (CET)