Open Source Ecology - User contributions [en]

Lithium-ion Battery Pack v25.11

2025-11-11T20:45:51Z

Per:

{{dev+|1=Lithium-ion_Battery_Pack_v25.11}}

== Design status ==
The next thing I will research is different types of connectors/contacts for making electrical connections between the cells. Goal is to make the joining of cells simple and secure.

The recommended method to join 18650 cells is spot-welding, but that has some significant drawbacks in the OSE context. Expensive equipment is barrier to entry. Welding/soldering reduces repairability.

One of the other pages on the wiki had a requirement to use spring loaded contacts, but that was not recommended in [DIY book ref] since the contacts have high resistance. Depends on the specific mechanism I suppose.

An option might be to not go for the 18650 but go for prismatic cells with threaded connectors instead. How is the availability/cost/specs compared to the 18650s?

Lithium-ion Battery Pack v25.11 Requirements + Value Proposition

2025-11-11T20:30:25Z

Per: Created page with "== Requirements == These requirements use "shall" for mandatory/must-have requirements and "should" for recommended/nice-to-have requirements. The battery pack shall have a nominal voltage of ~18V. The battery pack shall have a capacity of 2500 mAh or more. The battery pack shall be rechargeable. The battery pack shall use a Lithium-ion chemistry. * Should use Li-ion,LiFePO4, NMC or equivalent * Shall NOT use LiPo(RC lipo) , since this chemistry needs more careful h..."

== Requirements ==
These requirements use "shall" for mandatory/must-have requirements and "should" for recommended/nice-to-have requirements.

The battery pack shall have a nominal voltage of ~18V.

The battery pack shall have a capacity of 2500 mAh or more.

The battery pack shall be rechargeable.

The battery pack shall use a Lithium-ion chemistry.
* Should use Li-ion,LiFePO4, NMC or equivalent
* Shall NOT use LiPo(RC lipo) , since this chemistry needs more careful handling of charging/discharging, fire hazard.

The battery pack shall use widely available batteries that are easy to source.

The battery pack shall have a BMS. TODO: Need more specific safety requirements after deciding on a chemistry.

The battery pack shall have a snap-in interface suitable for cordless power tools.

The battery pack should be stackable in parallel to increase capacity.

The battery pack should be stackable in series to increase voltage.

The battery pack should have a replaceable interface. Replaceable as in support different interfaces to different things. And as in repairable I suppose.

== Value Proposition ==
[[Cordless_Tool_Construction_Set_Challenge]]

Per Log

2025-11-10T21:51:21Z

Per:

TODO try again laterhtml><iframe width="600" height="500" src="https://osedev.org/wiki/Per?start=9/1/2019"</iframe></html>

== Mon Nov 10, 2025 ==
No work done last week. Today read about versioning and devtemplates. Created [[Lithium-ion_Battery_Pack_v25.11]].

== Sun Nov 2, 2025 ==
Finished with the book: DIY Lithium Batteries - How to Build Your Own Battery Packs. Lots of useful information.
Next: Create dev template and add some requirements.
Have roughly 1 hour per day on average this week.

== Wed Oct 29, 2025 ==
Started to read a book: DIY Lithium Batteries - How to Build Your Own Battery Packs.

Need to look through the prior art on the wiki: [[Open_Source_Battery_Pack]]

Haven't received any confirmation mail for my time log request, it gives a 404 at the moment, will try again later.

Did steps 1-5 of [[Get_Involved_in_Global_Documentation]]. Learned how to hide/unhide and how to rotate the view in CAD navigation style. I am using FreeCad 1.0.2 on Windows at the moment. Was able to open the SEH6 file without issues, but had to accept a preprocessing step.

== Tue Oct 28, 2025 ==
Finished the Get Involved In Documentation video. Nice details in the FreeCad. Will look for the documentation sprint on the wiki.

== Mon Oct 27, 2025 ==
[[Time_Log_Request|Requested a time log]]. Started to watch [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BEm88XdFrGk Get Involved In Documentation]

== Sun Oct 26, 2025 ==
Hello world. Looked at [[Cordless Drill Construction Set]] and youtube videos about the Open Source Blueberries.

=== Drill Notes ===
Seems like a good project for me to learn about power electronics, CAD and get started with prototyping.
I have a Ryobi RCD1802 that I will use as inspiration and benchmark. Costs roughly $150 here in Norway including battery and a bag.

==== Battery pack ====
* Ryobi battery is 18V 2.5Ah = Five 18650 cells in series. Can just go for that.
* Challenge with 18650 is that a Battery Management System is basically mandatory for Li-ion, to not burn down all the Seed Eco homes.

==== Off-the-shelf vs make ====
Chuck - 13mm, 1/2" - No metalworking in v1 -> Buy.
Cells - No brainer -> Buy.
Body -> Print
Battery pack -> Make, because I want to learn about it.
Motor -> Buy in v1. Needs more research. Some suggestions here: https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/wiki/3D_Printed_Drill

==== Order of operations ====
I'll start with the battery pack, because it sounds like fun and is a complete module that I can test and verify without dependending on any of the other parts. Should I go straight for the dev-template?

Lithium-ion Battery Pack v25.11

2025-11-10T21:48:55Z

Per: Created page with "{{dev+|1=Lithium-ion_Battery_Pack_v25.11}}"

Per Log

2025-11-02T17:27:10Z

Per: Sun Nov 2, 2025

TODO try again laterhtml><iframe width="600" height="500" src="https://osedev.org/wiki/Per?start=9/1/2019"</iframe></html>

== Sun Nov 2, 2025 ==
Finished with the book: DIY Lithium Batteries - How to Build Your Own Battery Packs. Lots of useful information.
Next: Create dev template and add some requirements.
Have roughly 1 hour per day on average this week.

== Wed Oct 29, 2025 ==
Started to read a book: DIY Lithium Batteries - How to Build Your Own Battery Packs.

Need to look through the prior art on the wiki: [[Open_Source_Battery_Pack]]

Haven't received any confirmation mail for my time log request, it gives a 404 at the moment, will try again later.

Did steps 1-5 of [[Get_Involved_in_Global_Documentation]]. Learned how to hide/unhide and how to rotate the view in CAD navigation style. I am using FreeCad 1.0.2 on Windows at the moment. Was able to open the SEH6 file without issues, but had to accept a preprocessing step.

== Tue Oct 28, 2025 ==
Finished the Get Involved In Documentation video. Nice details in the FreeCad. Will look for the documentation sprint on the wiki.

== Mon Oct 27, 2025 ==
[[Time_Log_Request|Requested a time log]]. Started to watch [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BEm88XdFrGk Get Involved In Documentation]

== Sun Oct 26, 2025 ==
Hello world. Looked at [[Cordless Drill Construction Set]] and youtube videos about the Open Source Blueberries.

=== Drill Notes ===
Seems like a good project for me to learn about power electronics, CAD and get started with prototyping.
I have a Ryobi RCD1802 that I will use as inspiration and benchmark. Costs roughly $150 here in Norway including battery and a bag.

==== Battery pack ====
* Ryobi battery is 18V 2.5Ah = Five 18650 cells in series. Can just go for that.
* Challenge with 18650 is that a Battery Management System is basically mandatory for Li-ion, to not burn down all the Seed Eco homes.

==== Off-the-shelf vs make ====
Chuck - 13mm, 1/2" - No metalworking in v1 -> Buy.
Cells - No brainer -> Buy.
Body -> Print
Battery pack -> Make, because I want to learn about it.
Motor -> Buy in v1. Needs more research. Some suggestions here: https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/wiki/3D_Printed_Drill

==== Order of operations ====
I'll start with the battery pack, because it sounds like fun and is a complete module that I can test and verify without dependending on any of the other parts. Should I go straight for the dev-template?

Per Log

2025-10-29T19:18:35Z

Per: /* Wed Oct 29, 2025 */

TODO try again laterhtml><iframe width="600" height="500" src="https://osedev.org/wiki/Per?start=9/1/2019"</iframe></html>

== Wed Oct 29, 2025 ==
Started to read a book: DIY Lithium Batteries - How to Build Your Own Battery Packs.

Need to look through the prior art on the wiki: [[Open_Source_Battery_Pack]]

Haven't received any confirmation mail for my time log request, it gives a 404 at the moment, will try again later.

Did steps 1-5 of [[Get_Involved_in_Global_Documentation]]. Learned how to hide/unhide and how to rotate the view in CAD navigation style. I am using FreeCad 1.0.2 on Windows at the moment. Was able to open the SEH6 file without issues, but had to accept a preprocessing step.

== Tue Oct 28, 2025 ==
Finished the Get Involved In Documentation video. Nice details in the FreeCad. Will look for the documentation sprint on the wiki.

== Mon Oct 27, 2025 ==
[[Time_Log_Request|Requested a time log]]. Started to watch [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BEm88XdFrGk Get Involved In Documentation]

== Sun Oct 26, 2025 ==
Hello world. Looked at [[Cordless Drill Construction Set]] and youtube videos about the Open Source Blueberries.

=== Drill Notes ===
Seems like a good project for me to learn about power electronics, CAD and get started with prototyping.
I have a Ryobi RCD1802 that I will use as inspiration and benchmark. Costs roughly $150 here in Norway including battery and a bag.

==== Battery pack ====
* Ryobi battery is 18V 2.5Ah = Five 18650 cells in series. Can just go for that.
* Challenge with 18650 is that a Battery Management System is basically mandatory for Li-ion, to not burn down all the Seed Eco homes.

==== Off-the-shelf vs make ====
Chuck - 13mm, 1/2" - No metalworking in v1 -> Buy.
Cells - No brainer -> Buy.
Body -> Print
Battery pack -> Make, because I want to learn about it.
Motor -> Buy in v1. Needs more research. Some suggestions here: https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/wiki/3D_Printed_Drill

==== Order of operations ====
I'll start with the battery pack, because it sounds like fun and is a complete module that I can test and verify without dependending on any of the other parts. Should I go straight for the dev-template?

Per Log

2025-10-29T18:42:02Z

Per: Wed Oct 29, 2025

TODO try again laterhtml><iframe width="600" height="500" src="https://osedev.org/wiki/Per?start=9/1/2019"</iframe></html>

== Wed Oct 29, 2025 ==
Started to read a book: DIY Lithium Batteries - How to Build Your Own Battery Packs.

Need to look through the prior art on the wiki: [[Open_Source_Battery_Pack]]

Haven't received any confirmation mail for my time log request, it gives a 404 at the moment, will try again later.

== Tue Oct 28, 2025 ==
Finished the Get Involved In Documentation video. Nice details in the FreeCad. Will look for the documentation sprint on the wiki.

== Mon Oct 27, 2025 ==
[[Time_Log_Request|Requested a time log]]. Started to watch [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BEm88XdFrGk Get Involved In Documentation]

== Sun Oct 26, 2025 ==
Hello world. Looked at [[Cordless Drill Construction Set]] and youtube videos about the Open Source Blueberries.

=== Drill Notes ===
Seems like a good project for me to learn about power electronics, CAD and get started with prototyping.
I have a Ryobi RCD1802 that I will use as inspiration and benchmark. Costs roughly $150 here in Norway including battery and a bag.

==== Battery pack ====
* Ryobi battery is 18V 2.5Ah = Five 18650 cells in series. Can just go for that.
* Challenge with 18650 is that a Battery Management System is basically mandatory for Li-ion, to not burn down all the Seed Eco homes.

==== Off-the-shelf vs make ====
Chuck - 13mm, 1/2" - No metalworking in v1 -> Buy.
Cells - No brainer -> Buy.
Body -> Print
Battery pack -> Make, because I want to learn about it.
Motor -> Buy in v1. Needs more research. Some suggestions here: https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/wiki/3D_Printed_Drill

==== Order of operations ====
I'll start with the battery pack, because it sounds like fun and is a complete module that I can test and verify without dependending on any of the other parts. Should I go straight for the dev-template?

Talk:Per Log

2025-10-27T21:13:39Z

Per:

I can hope over to [[OSE's Discord]] to discuss this, but at least for Milwaukee M18 Batteries, there was a project fully reverse engineering the BMS-Tool Communication Protocol, which could be VERY useful if using those!

[https://youtu.be/tHj0-Gzvbeo?si=p96DSloBCH-Ss5Zr A Video by "Tool Scientist" Titled "Full M18 diagnostics revealed" ]

--[[User:Eric|Eric]] ([[User talk:Eric|talk]]) 23:14, 26 October 2025 (UTC)

Ah, of course they don't use an open standard in the power tools :) If I make something from scratch I'll implement a standard like Smart Battery System or equivalent.

Thanks for posting, I'll join the Discord!

--[[User:Per|Per]] ([[User talk:Per|talk]]) 21:13, 27 October 2025 (UTC)

Per Log

2025-10-27T20:59:34Z

Per: Mon Oct 27, 2025

== Mon Oct 27, 2025 ==
Requested a time log. Started to watch [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BEm88XdFrGk Get Involved In Documentation]

== Sun Oct 26, 2025 ==
Hello world. Looked at [[https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/wiki/Cordless Drill Construction Set]] and youtube videos about the Open Source Blueberries.

=== Drill Notes ===
Seems like a good project for me to learn about power electronics, CAD and get started with prototyping.
I have a Ryobi RCD1802 that I will use as inspiration and benchmark. Costs roughly $150 here in Norway including battery and a bag.

==== Battery pack ====
* Ryobi battery is 18V 2.5Ah = Five 18650 cells in series. Can just go for that.
* Challenge with 18650 is that a Battery Management System is basically mandatory for Li-ion, to not burn down all the Seed Eco homes.

==== Off-the-shelf vs make ====
Chuck - 13mm, 1/2" - No metalworking in v1 -> Buy.
Cells - No brainer -> Buy.
Body -> Print
Battery pack -> Make, because I want to learn about it.
Motor -> Buy in v1. Needs more research. Some suggestions here: https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/wiki/3D_Printed_Drill

==== Order of operations ====
I'll start with the battery pack, because it sounds like fun and is a complete module that I can test and verify without dependending on any of the other parts. Should I go straight for the dev-template?

Per Log

2025-10-26T22:21:26Z

Per: /* Off the shelf vs make */

== Sun Oct 26, 2025 ==
Hello world. Looked at [[https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/wiki/Cordless Drill Construction Set]] and youtube videos about the Open Source Blueberries.

=== Drill Notes ===
Seems like a good project for me to learn about power electronics, CAD and get started with prototyping.
I have a Ryobi RCD1802 that I will use as inspiration and benchmark. Costs roughly $150 here in Norway including battery and a bag.

==== Battery pack ====
* Ryobi battery is 18V 2.5Ah = Five 18650 cells in series. Can just go for that.
* Challenge with 18650 is that a Battery Management System is basically mandatory for Li-ion, to not burn down all the Seed Eco homes.

==== Off-the-shelf vs make ====
Chuck - 13mm, 1/2" - No metalworking in v1 -> Buy.
Cells - No brainer -> Buy.
Body -> Print
Battery pack -> Make, because I want to learn about it.
Motor -> Buy in v1. Needs more research. Some suggestions here: https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/wiki/3D_Printed_Drill

Per Log

2025-10-26T20:19:46Z

Per: Created page with "== Sun Oct 26, 2025 == Hello world. Looked at https://wiki.opensourceecology.org/wiki/Cordless Drill Construction Set and youtube videos about the Open Source Blueberries. === Drill Notes === Seems like a good project for me to learn about power electronics, CAD and get started with prototyping. I have a Ryobi RCD1802 that I will use as inspiration and benchmark. Costs roughly $150 here in Norway including battery and a bag. ==== Battery pack ==== * Ryobi battery i..."

User:Per

2025-10-26T18:34:30Z

Per:

2025-10-26: My goal for the remainder of 2025 is to spend less time doomscrolling and instead spend that time on OSE development.

OSE Model of Change

2021-05-03T19:56:17Z

Per: Fixed typo

=Introduction=
OSE's work includes several levels, all of which must exist for fundamental transformation of the human enterprise. OSE's goal is a transition to collaborative, open development of its economies - namely the products and services that we use.

We work on open hardware - the [[Global Village Construction Set]] - and its underlying [[500 Modules]] - for creating the entire technosphere. Directly, from the [[3 Sector Theory]], this is responsible for 30% of all economic output. However, OSE also engages in education/training, which is a significant part of the tertiary sector. If we include the entire service industry, we can estimate that 50% of the service industry is hardware-related - in that 50% labor and 50% materials generally applies to any human enterprise. Thus, 30% of the economy is primary/secondary sectors - and 1/2 of 70% is the secondary sector. The total is that hardware is 65% of the entire economy.

The important point to keep in mind is that '''life in today's world still revolves around addressing artificial scarcity, or material goods - in the context of general material/energy abundance.''' By design, scarcity is enforced throughout human institutions, a structural issue - embodied in the various elements of [[Structural Evil]]. Solution of structural evil is the resolution of [[Pressing World Issues]]. There is in general agreement on what is good for society and nature, but structural issues prevent implementation.

OSE works on hardware - but not specifically hardware - but open source business models, using open source hardware, that brings natural capitalism into the fore, as opposed to finance capital. [[Natural Capitalism]] may be summarized as the internalization of ecological issues into the economic equation. The last step, [[Distributive Enterprise]] - is the internalization of social issues in the economic equation.

We develop products and education for developing open source products collaboratively.

But that is only the beginning. As the name Global Village Construction Set implies - we build infrastructures of civilization - to produce any enterprise imaginable. But that is also only the beginning: our goal is an enterprise model that transcends the 2 outstanding limitations of modern capitalism: ongoing ecocide and poor distribution of wealth.

To get to the next level, we must solve the material prosperity issue for everyone. OSE's approach to this is not a theoretical design of human enterprise - but their implementation. To transition from the theory to practice - that means that we build real infrastructures. Our model for this is the [[OSE Campus]].

The closest analogue to the OSE Campus is the university campus. Except operationally much different. The OSE Campus is also a real economy, and circular at that. Why not have the agriculture students provide food for the cafeteria? Why not have the engineers produce cars, tractors, and utilities that run on campus? Why not have the architecture students build the campus? Why not have the computer science department create the autonomous farm rovers and drones that make agriculture easier? Why not have the international relations and business students work on collaborative design processes that make an advanced economy possible? Why not have the 'law students' develop the governance and social contracts that we live by, to correct outdated features of existing systems? Why not have the scientists and medical students develop open source labs and clinics to keep up with modern scientific progress? And best of all - why not have the option for someone to learn all these fields so that they can produce the most integrated and effective solutions possible - free of the silos of modern education? See [[Integrated Education]]. And - this all would be impossible if we do not learn to get past our own personal issues - so we need to study applied psychology, [[Self-Determination Theory]], and peak performance - to become [[Integrated Humans]]. After their due time at the OSE Campus, students emerge as integrated movement entrepreneurs - ready to tackle pressing world issues. Because the explicit stated purpose of the OSE Campus is to prepare students for solving pressing world issues, one by one. Conceptually, that is simple: learning to share, be true, to plant trees, build open technology, and collaborate with others. In practice, this is difficult - and hence we are creating the OSE program to facilitate this.

The point is - OSE is developing the GVCS - but at the same time - a generalized, collaborative, open source development methodology - to transition the economy from proprietary to collaborative. This means rapid prototyping and experimenting throughout - in terms of building real infrastructures.

The OSE Campus is an instance of such an infrastructure. The roll-out could be a an open source microfactory, which evolves to a full campus. In any case, the facility must embody fundamental productivity. We have identified 9 key enterprises that we would run, to provide a stable economic base for expansion. See [[OSE Campus Social Contract#Technology]].

OSE's goal is to start about 10,000 of these campuses worldwide, after proving and benchmarking the first one, so that open source technology, afforestation, sound governance, end of poverty and war, and the beginning of general [[Self-Determination]] become the norm. We can also envision multiple such facilities being developed in parallel, though staffing may be a challenge.

Some of the byproducts of the OSE Campus are:
#To serve as a point of light that disseminates free enterprise through its surrounding communities.
#Afforestation and regeneration of the environment, ending biodiversity loss
#Liberation of humanity from toil - ending the [[Myth of Technology]] and replacing this myth with true liberatory technology that frees people to pursue their most important goals, free from the threat of survival
#People becoming whole and true to themselves - where psychological integration and maturation is a realistic option for everyone
#Introduction of integrated education as the norm, free from silos and disciplinarity
#An effective, distributed, circular economic paradigm
#Healthy food becomes available to the masses once again
#[[Lifetime Design]] technology reduces cost of operating capital at least 10x

=Meta Principles=
*Approach is material-based. Material needs are determined by one's self-esteem. At the first approximation, material needs are the same for people: x calories per day, a home, etc. Material needs diverge based on one's consciousness (Nathaniel Branden)
*Economy follows provision of material security in the first approximation
*Politics follow economy
*Attempt to make a better world by prioritizing the political sphere is like - 'water will also etch rock to make the Grand canyon' - it takes too long. Material security must be addressed free of rat race and other obstructions to flow. Working on the material front is the most direct route, but it must be accompanied by personal growth
*Proving the efficacy of social change via material means would you involve creating a replicable OSE campus. If that becomes the new model of human settlements, instead of the cookie cutter suburbia, then we have proven the case. That indicates trillions of dollars of economic value converts to regenerative settlements. This, what does this Village Campus look like from an operational point of view - with respect to feasibility of build, replicability, and 'market penetration' into the current world
*In the new economy, home and work are the same. Our 'house-keeping', or economics - as that's where the word comes from in Greek, is no longer separated from our house. Because of this historical separation between our house and our house-keeping - we have spawned genocides and ecocides.
*It's regenerative house keeping, or regenerative economics.
*Regenerative is easiest when it's in your backyard, as who wants to spoil their own back yard. We have direct feedback looks in what we do, and how that affects the environment. As a Chinese wise man once told me, if you go to bed with an itchy ass, you're going to wake up with smelly fingers.

=Overview=
*The core of OSE's change model is [[Distributed Market Substitution]] towards creation of the [[Open Source Economy]].
*Distributed Market Substitution (DMS) revolves around [[Technological Recursion]] - the ability to localize deeper levels of technology. DMS is a specific type of localization.
*Mass production cannot compete with open source (production), which OSE has demonstrated partially in its [[Extreme Manufacturing Milestones]].
*The OSE economic model is [[Distributive Enterprise]] - beyond [[Social Business]], and beyond open source enterprise
*Note the distinction drawn to [[Distributive Rather Than Re-distributive]]
==Other Aspects==
*Motivation is based on [[Self-Determination Theory]] rather than self-interest

=Introduction=

Approximately 80% of the world's geopolitics, politics, and economics are driven by the material economy, and 20% is software. However, the 80% of the physical reality is determined by another kind of software - the brains in our heads. The provision of material security to people remains one of the key challenges of humanity, and it is far from optimal. Most of resource conflicts and disparity of wealth are grounded in the material economy. Thems that gots, gets.

Current understanding of human motivation is captured in [[Self Determination Theory]]. Yet most people are stuck in making a living instead of thriving via their capacity for self-determination.

OSE believes that the deepest kind of freedom relies on one's individual capacity to convert abundant natural resources to free themselves from material constraints. That is the basis for sound human relations - personally and geopolitically. It is the basis from which thriving arises - or eudaimonia.

There is effectively little choice in today's economy when it comes to right livelihood. People are relegated to military and industrial slots, leaving little room for authenticity.

To allow for a real option of right livelihood, a parallel, ethical, open source economy must be created. It is an economy beyond the fear of survival, made possible by unleashing access to learning and productivity.

OSE believes that the mass creation of right livelihood by distributive enterprise is a possible route to achieve the promise of self-determination, in harmony with natural life support systems, and to slay the [[Myth of Technology]].

OSE also believes that mass production can not compete with open source (production). OSE has been demonstrating this with its [[Extreme Manufacturing Workshops]]. This concept has been theorized in the seminal book, [[The Second Industrial Divide]], and initial evidence of feasibility was proven for the open source context by OSE. Specifically, see [[Ergonomics of Tractor Production]].

To this end, OSE is developing the tools and techniques - technical, organizational, social - of unleashed productivity on a small scale that would allow for the conversion of the current economy into an advanced civilization at an appropriate and distributed scale. Operationally, we develop machines, collaboration processes, collaborative build techniques - and produce distributive enterprises that allow for the creation of wealth based on abundant resources. Otherwise, even Krypton depleted its resources and caused a Universal-scale war.

=Operational=
The concept of distributed economies is not new, but its execution is. Outside of OSE, we know of no other explicitly open source, distributive organizations operating at the level of distributing production. Some candidates such as [[OpenDesk]], [[MIT FabLab]], and [[WikiHouse]] have emerged.

=Earlier Work=
*See [[Theory_of_Change]]
*[[OSE Job Creation]]

=Links=
*[[OSE Mental Model]]

[[Category:Book]]