Andre Gunder Frank - Revision history

Marcin at 18:34, 6 October 2019

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	Andre Gunder Frank - https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre_Gunder_Frank		Andre Gunder Frank - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre_Gunder_Frank

	Brief insight into structural evil:		Brief insight into structural evil:

Marcin at 18:31, 6 October 2019

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	1994, he held a Chair at the University of Amsterdam.		1994, he held a Chair at the University of Amsterdam.

	Frank is best known as an exponent of dependency theory.		'''Frank is best known as an exponent of dependency theory'''.
	According to this theory, developing countries are not poor		According to this theory, developing countries are not poor
	because they are behind the advanced capitalist countries in		because they are behind the advanced capitalist countries in

Marcin at 18:31, 6 October 2019

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	University of Amsterdam. From 1981 until his retirement in		University of Amsterdam. From 1981 until his retirement in
	1994, he held a Chair at the University of Amsterdam.		1994, he held a Chair at the University of Amsterdam.

	Frank is best known as an exponent of dependency theory.		Frank is best known as an exponent of dependency theory.
	According to this theory, developing countries are not poor		According to this theory, developing countries are not poor

Marcin at 01:34, 17 July 2019

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	Andre Gunder Frank		Andre Gunder Frank - https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre_Gunder_Frank

	Brief insight into structural evil:		Brief insight into structural evil:

Marcin at 00:44, 1 August 2013

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	Andre Gunder ~~Franke.~~		Andre Gunder Frank

	Brief insight into structural evil:		Brief insight into structural evil:

Marcin at 00:44, 1 August 2013

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	Andre Gunder Franke. ~~See the link below for one brief~~ insight into structural evil:		Andre Gunder Franke.

			Brief insight into structural evil:

	http://www.res.org.uk/SpringboardWebApp/userfiles/res/file/obituaries/frank.pdf		http://www.res.org.uk/SpringboardWebApp/userfiles/res/file/obituaries/frank.pdf

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Andre Gunder Franke. See the link below for one brief insight into structural evil:
http://www.res.org.uk/SpringboardWebApp/userfiles/res/file/obituaries/frank.pdf

The distinguished economist and sociologist, Andre
Gunder Frank has died of cancer aged 76. He was a product of a culture and a way of thinking about economics that
refused to divorce its technical aspects from their political
and social circumstances and implications. His boldness in
exploring and extending radical political economy made
Frank a well-known figure far beyond development economics in which he based most of his work.
Andre Gunder Frank was born Andreas Frank in Berlin on
the 24 February 1929. Four years later, with the assumption
of power in Germany by the Nazi party, his father, a novelist and pacifist, sent his son to a Swiss boarding school. He
joined his parents in the USA in 1941. He finished Ann
Arbor High School in Michigan, and entered Swarthmore
College in Pennsylvania to study economics. At the end of
his studies he had become a Keynesian. He went on to the
University of Chicago to study for a PhD, at which point he
rebelled against the straight-jacket that an economics discipline, isolated from the other social sciences, imposes on
the systematic analysis of economic problems. Despite this,
his doctoral thesis, on Soviet Agriculture in the Ukraine,
was accepted by the University of Chicago in 1957. He
secured a job at Michigan State University. Already at
Chicago, he had been introduced by the anthropologist Bert
Hoselitz to the social aspects of development in poor countries. This inspired him to put behind himself the provincialism of American universities emerging from
MacCarthyism and, in 1962, he started teaching at the
University of Brasilia. This led to teaching in Mexico and
eventually, through the good offices of Salvador Allende, to
a chair in sociology at the University of Chile in Santiago.
Following the Pinochet coup, he found refuge in Berlin,
and taught at various universities in Europe. Between 1978
and 1983 he was Professor of Development Studies at the
University of Amsterdam. From 1981 until his retirement in
1994, he held a Chair at the University of Amsterdam.
Frank is best known as an exponent of dependency theory.
According to this theory, developing countries are not poor
because they are behind the advanced capitalist countries in
the process of economic modernisation, through successive
modes of production in the Marxian version, to an
advanced state of material well-being. Rather they are poor
because they are incorporated into an international economic system in which weaker, poorer countries, are exploited
by stronger, wealthier countries. In Frank’s version, this
theory was rooted in a critique of modernisation and its creation of artificial needs in poor countries in order to perpetuate a condition of dependency. This aroused fierce criticism from Marxists as well as advocates of capitalist development, who decried Frank’s ambiguity about traditional
economy and society, and the analytical roots of his analys
sis in international exchange. From the 1970s Frank developed his work into a critique of international capitalism that
he saw as sliding into crises that bore most heavily upon the
poor in the developing countries. A more academic interest
in the last two decades of his life was a study of world economic systems, that he believed first emerged some five
millennia ago. He came to regard capitalism as a feature of
a Euro-centric phase of development that neglected previous and possibly future dynamism in regions of the world
outside Europe and the countries of European settlement.
Frank was a prolific writer, and author of over forty books,
as well as numerous articles and edited volumes. His international reputation was founded upon his willingness to
challenge accepted opinion and to embrace radical
approaches to global social inequalities. The price he paid
for this distinction was his professional insecurity in a
world that expects its economists to be business-friendly
and deferential. His extensive output, historical vision, and
iconoclastic opinions will ensure that his ideas will continue to be discussed long after the contributions of more
respectable economists have sunk into decent obscurity. He
leaves behind his third wife, Alison Candela, and two sons,
Paul and Miguel from his first marriage to Marta Fuentes,
who died in 1993.
Jan Toporowski
(with thanks to David Simon and Mike Watts)
School of Oriental and African Studies, London