Biochemicals from Pyrolysis - Revision history

Eric: Updated the page to the more recent formatting style

2020-11-10T20:34:09Z

Updated the page to the more recent formatting style

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:34, 10 November 2020
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	* [http://www.google.com/patents/about?id=ccYPAAAAEBAJ Method and apparatus for converting solid organic material to fuel oil and gas]		* [http://www.google.com/patents/about?id=ccYPAAAAEBAJ Method and apparatus for converting solid organic material to fuel oil and gas]

	==Links==		=Internal Links=
	* good introduction: [http://www.worldbiofuelsmarkets.com/downloads/presentations/16thMarch/Biorefineries/Paul_Wild.pdf "Innovative thermochemical conversion of biomas for value-added chemicals"] (Paul de Wild, [http://www.ecn.nl/home/ Energy Research Center of the Netherlands], Amsterdam)
	* excellent, detailed presentation: [https://noppa.tkk.fi/noppa/kurssi/ke-40.9920/luennot/KE-40_9920_extraction_of_chemicals_from_po.pdf "Separation of chemicals from pyrolysis oil"] by Wytze Meindersma, Eindhoven University of Technology, part of [http://www.biocoup.com/ "Biocoup" - Co-processing of upgraded bio-liquids in standard refinery units]

	~~==See Also=~~=
	* [[Biofuels]]		* [[Biofuels]]
	* [[Pyrolysis]]		* [[Pyrolysis]]
	* [[Bioasphalt]]		* [[Bioasphalt]]

			==External Links==
			* good introduction: [http://www.worldbiofuelsmarkets.com/downloads/presentations/16thMarch/Biorefineries/Paul_Wild.pdf "Innovative thermochemical conversion of biomas for value-added chemicals"] (Paul de Wild, [http://www.ecn.nl/home/ Energy Research Center of the Netherlands], Amsterdam)
			* excellent, detailed presentation: [https://noppa.tkk.fi/noppa/kurssi/ke-40.9920/luennot/KE-40_9920_extraction_of_chemicals_from_po.pdf "Separation of chemicals from pyrolysis oil"] by Wytze Meindersma, Eindhoven University of Technology, part of [http://www.biocoup.com/ "Biocoup" - Co-processing of upgraded bio-liquids in standard refinery units]

	[[Category: Bio-Petrochemistry]] [[Category: Materials]]		[[Category: Bio-Petrochemistry]] [[Category: Materials]]

Eric: Added a Category to the Page

2020-11-10T20:33:29Z

Added a Category to the Page

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:33, 10 November 2020
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	~~{{Category=Materials}}~~
	~~{{Category=Energy}}~~

	[[File:Biochemicals from Pyrolysis.jpg\|600px\|thumb\|right\|courtesy: Wytze Meindersma, Eindhoven University of Technology, found [https://noppa.tkk.fi/noppa/kurssi/ke-40.9920/luennot/KE-40_9920_extraction_of_chemicals_from_po.pdf here]]]		[[File:Biochemicals from Pyrolysis.jpg\|600px\|thumb\|right\|courtesy: Wytze Meindersma, Eindhoven University of Technology, found [https://noppa.tkk.fi/noppa/kurssi/ke-40.9920/luennot/KE-40_9920_extraction_of_chemicals_from_po.pdf here]]]
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	* [[Pyrolysis]]		* [[Pyrolysis]]
	* [[Bioasphalt]]		* [[Bioasphalt]]


			[[Category: Bio-Petrochemistry]] [[Category: Materials]]

Rasmus: /* Syngas Fermentation */ text edits, link change

2017-10-13T18:40:28Z

Syngas Fermentation: text edits, link change

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:40, 13 October 2017
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	==Syngas Fermentation==		==Syngas Fermentation==
	An interesting new development are biological methods for the catalysis of CO and H to ethanol. This is one application of the emerging field of [~~http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syngas_fermentation syngas fermentation~~]. Companies such as [http://www.coskata.com/ Coskata] and [http://www.enerkem.com Enerkem] are turning the various syngas components into ethanol using microbes in a bioreactor~~. This demonstrates a useful principle: distillation products are further processed using (micro-)biological means~~. Unfortunately, this field ~~is littered with patents and will not become open source any time soon~~.		An interesting new development are biological methods for the catalysis of CO and H to ethanol. This is one application of the emerging field of [[Syngas Fermentation]]. Companies such as [http://www.coskata.com/ Coskata] and [http://www.enerkem.com Enerkem] are turning the various syngas components into ethanol using microbes in a bioreactor. Unfortunately, there are many patents in this field.

	==Possible Applications==		==Possible Applications==

Rasmus: /* Possible OSE Protocol (under development and up for debate) */ removed 2 broken links, added internal link instead

2017-10-13T18:12:41Z

Possible OSE Protocol (under development and up for debate): removed 2 broken links, added internal link instead

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:12, 13 October 2017
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	==Possible OSE Protocol (under development and up for debate) ==		==Possible OSE Protocol (under development and up for debate) ==
	The goal here is to develop a simple, robust, low-cost, low-energy, (low-tech ?) way to extract certain biochemicals from biocrude. The process really already starts at the time of pyrolysis, since its conditions have major effects on the composition of the resulting bio-oil. Differences in the thermo-chemical stability of the main biomass constituents (cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin) can be used to selectively devolatilise their pyrolytic breakdown products ("staged pyrolysis~~", [http://www.worldbiofuelsmarkets.com/downloads/presentations/16thMarch/Biorefineries/Paul_Wild.pdf~~]~~, [http://www.linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0165237008001046~~]). Abundant solar process heat may be available and can be used for distillation and other steps, but that is a whole other topic.		The goal here is to develop a simple, robust, low-cost, low-energy, (low-tech ?) way to extract certain biochemicals from biocrude. The process really already starts at the time of pyrolysis, since its conditions have major effects on the composition of the resulting bio-oil. Differences in the thermo-chemical stability of the main biomass constituents (cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin) can be used to selectively devolatilise their pyrolytic breakdown products ("[[staged pyrolysis]]"). Abundant solar process heat may be available and can be used for distillation and other steps, but that is a whole other topic.

	1.) Cool the pyrolysis vapors by running them through a coil which is immersed in coolant water. Which material to use for the coil ? perhaps copper ? glass ? clay pottery ? ... not steel, as the vapors are highly corrosive. This will separate out the gaseous components, namely CO, H2, CO2 and some CH4 from the liquid. Use these gases for energy (heat) to keep the reaction going, perhaps also to boil water and generate steam. Consider a heat recovery system that will later use this coolant water in a steam engine (after further heating and boiling) <br>		1.) Cool the pyrolysis vapors by running them through a coil which is immersed in coolant water. Which material to use for the coil ? perhaps copper ? glass ? clay pottery ? ... not steel, as the vapors are highly corrosive. This will separate out the gaseous components, namely CO, H2, CO2 and some CH4 from the liquid. Use these gases for energy (heat) to keep the reaction going, perhaps also to boil water and generate steam. Consider a heat recovery system that will later use this coolant water in a steam engine (after further heating and boiling) <br>

Rasmus: /* Components */

2016-08-13T19:23:23Z

Components

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:23, 13 August 2016
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	*base (substances like ammonia, methylamine, dimethylamine, etc.)		*base (substances like ammonia, methylamine, dimethylamine, etc.)

	One major component from the dry distillation of wood is [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetic_acid acetic acid], which has many applications and can even be used as an [[Vinegar_as_herbicide\|organic herbicide]]. Methanol is another useful and frequent component. Upgrading of methanol to biodiesel is possible but may not be practical or even necessary (methanol IC engines are already widely used).		One major component from the dry distillation of wood is [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetic_acid acetic acid], which has many applications and can even be used as an [[Vinegar_as_herbicide\|organic herbicide]]. [[Methanol]] is another useful and frequent component. Upgrading of methanol to biodiesel (see: [[DME]]) is possible but may not be practical or even necessary ([[methanol]] IC engines are already widely used).

	After pyrolysis, the vapors are first cooled down for distillation. Water or external air may be used as coolants. Gaseous components (primarily carbon monoxide, hydrogen and methane) remain gases and can be flared. The liquid phase is then diluted with water, which leads to separation into a polar/aqueous and apolar/oily layer. Simple, low-tech, open-source methods of separation are needed (see below, "protocol").		After pyrolysis, the vapors are first cooled down for distillation. Water or external air may be used as coolants. Gaseous components (primarily carbon monoxide, hydrogen and [[methane]]) remain gases and can be flared. The liquid phase is then diluted with water, which leads to separation into a polar/aqueous and apolar/oily layer. Simple, low-tech, open-source methods of separation are needed (see below, "protocol").

	==Is extraction worth the trouble ?==		==Is extraction worth the trouble ?==

Rasmus: image moved and bigger; internal links

2016-08-13T19:21:22Z

image moved and bigger; internal links

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:21, 13 August 2016
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	{{Category=Materials}}		{{Category=Materials}}
	{{Category=Energy}}		{{Category=Energy}}

			[[File:Biochemicals from Pyrolysis.jpg\|600px\|thumb\|right\|courtesy: Wytze Meindersma, Eindhoven University of Technology, found [https://noppa.tkk.fi/noppa/kurssi/ke-40.9920/luennot/KE-40_9920_extraction_of_chemicals_from_po.pdf here]]]

	=Overview=		=Overview=
	[[File:Biochemicals from Pyrolysis.jpg\|450px\|thumb\|right\|courtesy: Wytze Meindersma, Eindhoven University of Technology, found [https://noppa.tkk.fi/noppa/kurssi/ke-40.9920/luennot/KE-40_9920_extraction_of_chemicals_from_po.pdf here]]]

	Liquids derived from the pyrolysis of biomass, also known as [[Pyrolysis_Oil\|bio-oil]], may contain hundreds of different organic chemical substances. Some of these can be quite valuable (example: 100g levoglucosan = $200) and therefore using the vapors and liquids only for energy (example: burning in a [[Babington_Burner\|Babington Burner]]) appears wasteful at first. Depending on the amount of gases/bio-oil produced, it may be worthwhile to separate out the complex organic chemicals from simpler ones. However, this may require a lot of effort and/or expense.		Liquids derived from the pyrolysis of biomass, also known as [[Pyrolysis_Oil\|bio-oil]], may contain hundreds of different organic chemical substances. Some of these can be quite valuable (example: 100g levoglucosan = $200) and therefore using the vapors and liquids only for energy (example: burning in a [[Babington_Burner\|Babington Burner]]) appears wasteful at first. Depending on the amount of gases/bio-oil produced, it may be worthwhile to separate out the complex organic chemicals from simpler ones. However, this may require a lot of effort and/or expense.
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	Other components include:		Other components include:
	*organic acids (formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, etc);		*organic acids (formic acid, [[acetic acid]], propionic acid, butyric acid, etc);
	*phenol group;		*phenol group;
	*carbonyl group (formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, etc.);		*carbonyl group (formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, etc.);
	*alcohol (ethanol, methanol, etc);		*alcohol ([[ethanol]], methanol, etc);
	*neutral materials (levoglucosan, acetol, maltol, etc);		*neutral materials (levoglucosan, acetol, maltol, etc);
	*base (substances like ammonia, methylamine, dimethylamine, etc.)		*base (substances like ammonia, methylamine, dimethylamine, etc.)
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	==Possible Applications==		==Possible Applications==
	* the classic: wood preservative [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2006.07.011]		* the classic: wood preservative [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2006.07.011]
	* organic acids (e.g. formic acid, acetic acid)		* organic acids (e.g. formic acid, [[acetic acid]])
	* sugars, flavors		* sugars, flavors
	* pharmaceuticals		* pharmaceuticals
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	==Possible Feedstocks==		==Possible Feedstocks==
	* various kinds of biomass (corn stalks, straw, wood, leaf litter, algae)		* various kinds of biomass (corn stalks, straw, wood, leaf litter, algae)
	* manure incl. [http://www.humanurehandbook.com/ humanure]		* manure, incl. [http://www.humanurehandbook.com/ humanure]
	* animal waste, bones		* animal waste, bones

	==Important considerations==		==Important considerations==
	* The ~~big~~ question is: can this be scaled ~~DOWN~~ to village-scale in a practical way ? If so, the products (incl. [[Biochar\|biochar]] from pyrolysis) may become important sources of revenue for the community. Being able to create a large number of different potential products with a ''single'' separation mechanism would be significant in terms of autonomy and resilience.		* The question is: can this be scaled down to village scale in a practical way ? If so, the products (incl. [[Biochar\|biochar]] from pyrolysis) may become important sources of revenue for the community. Being able to create a large number of different potential products with a ''single'' separation mechanism would be significant in terms of autonomy and resilience.
	* which feedstocks produce which biochemicals in reasonable quantity ? under what pyrolysis conditions ?		* which feedstocks produce which biochemicals in reasonable quantity ? under what pyrolysis conditions ?
	* [[Gasifier\|gasifier]] design / pyrolysis conditons etc.		* [[Gasifier\|gasifier]] design / pyrolysis conditons etc.

Rasmus: /* See Also */ +link

2016-07-26T20:50:32Z

Rasmus: inserted image

2016-03-12T17:09:05Z

inserted image

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:09, 12 March 2016
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	==Is extraction worth the trouble ?==		==Is extraction worth the trouble ?==
	The alternative to extraction is always to use these substances for their energy content, in other words, burn the bio-oil. So rather than extract the apolar biochemicals from the oily phase, it may make more sense to mix all or some of them with [[Biodiesel\|(bio-)diesel]] (see [[Bio-Oil_/_Diesel_Mixture_Fuels\|this page]] for more details; and reference: [http://canmetenergy-canmetenergie.nrcan-rncan.gc.ca/eng/industrial_processes/industrial_energy_systems/publications/200855.html]). Similarly, if it is not worth extracting the sugars from the aqueous phase, they can possibly be fed into an alcoholic fermentation stream, producing ethanol, or into an anaerobic fermenter to make [[biogas]]. Unfortunately, many microbes are very sensitive to the contaminants in bio-oil. The acidity is also a problem but that can be fixed with buffering.		The alternative to extraction is always to use these substances for their energy content, in other words, burn the bio-oil. So rather than extract the apolar biochemicals from the oily phase, it may make more sense to mix all or some of them with [[Biodiesel\|(bio-)diesel]] (see [[Bio-Oil_/_Diesel_Mixture_Fuels\|this page]] for more details; and reference: [http://canmetenergy-canmetenergie.nrcan-rncan.gc.ca/eng/industrial_processes/industrial_energy_systems/publications/200855.html]). Similarly, if it is not worth extracting the sugars from the aqueous phase, they can possibly be fed into an alcoholic fermentation stream, producing ethanol, or into an anaerobic fermenter to make [[biogas]]. Unfortunately, many microbes are very sensitive to the contaminants in bio-oil. The acidity is also a problem but that can be fixed with buffering.

			[[File:Bio-oil farm.jpg\|500px\|thumb\|right\|Bio-oil ("biocrude") straight from the farm.]]

	==Syngas Fermentation==		==Syngas Fermentation==

Rasmus: /* Overview */

2016-03-10T22:24:25Z

Overview

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:24, 10 March 2016
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	[[File:Biochemicals from Pyrolysis.jpg\|450px\|thumb\|right\|courtesy: Wytze Meindersma, Eindhoven University of Technology, found [https://noppa.tkk.fi/noppa/kurssi/ke-40.9920/luennot/KE-40_9920_extraction_of_chemicals_from_po.pdf here]]]		[[File:Biochemicals from Pyrolysis.jpg\|450px\|thumb\|right\|courtesy: Wytze Meindersma, Eindhoven University of Technology, found [https://noppa.tkk.fi/noppa/kurssi/ke-40.9920/luennot/KE-40_9920_extraction_of_chemicals_from_po.pdf here]]]

	Liquids derived from the pyrolysis of biomass, also known as [[Pyrolysis_Oil\|bio-oil]], may contain hundreds of different organic chemical substances. Some of these can be quite valuable (example: 100g levoglucosan = $200) and therefore using the vapors and liquids only for energy (example: burning in a [[Babington_Burner\|Babington Burner]]) ~~would be~~ wasteful. Depending on the amount of gases/bio-oil produced, it may be worthwhile to separate out the complex organic chemicals from simpler ones.		Liquids derived from the pyrolysis of biomass, also known as [[Pyrolysis_Oil\|bio-oil]], may contain hundreds of different organic chemical substances. Some of these can be quite valuable (example: 100g levoglucosan = $200) and therefore using the vapors and liquids only for energy (example: burning in a [[Babington_Burner\|Babington Burner]]) appears wasteful at first. Depending on the amount of gases/bio-oil produced, it may be worthwhile to separate out the complex organic chemicals from simpler ones. However, this may require a lot of effort and/or expense.

	==Components==		==Components==
Line 20:		Line 20:
	*base (substances like ammonia, methylamine, dimethylamine, etc.)		*base (substances like ammonia, methylamine, dimethylamine, etc.)

	One major component from the dry distillation of wood is [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetic_acid acetic acid], which has many applications and can even be used as an [[Vinegar_as_herbicide\|organic herbicide]]. Methanol is another useful and frequent component. Upgrading of methanol to biodiesel is possible but may not be practical or even necessary (methanol IC engines are already widely ~~being~~ used).		One major component from the dry distillation of wood is [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetic_acid acetic acid], which has many applications and can even be used as an [[Vinegar_as_herbicide\|organic herbicide]]. Methanol is another useful and frequent component. Upgrading of methanol to biodiesel is possible but may not be practical or even necessary (methanol IC engines are already widely used).

	After pyrolysis, the vapors are first cooled down for distillation. ~~As coolants, water~~ or external air may be used. Gaseous components (primarily carbon monoxide, hydrogen and methane) remain gases and can be flared. The liquid phase is then diluted with water, which leads to separation into a polar/aqueous and apolar/oily layer. Simple, low-tech, open-source methods of separation are needed (see below, "protocol").		After pyrolysis, the vapors are first cooled down for distillation. Water or external air may be used as coolants. Gaseous components (primarily carbon monoxide, hydrogen and methane) remain gases and can be flared. The liquid phase is then diluted with water, which leads to separation into a polar/aqueous and apolar/oily layer. Simple, low-tech, open-source methods of separation are needed (see below, "protocol").

	==Is extraction worth the trouble ?==		==Is extraction worth the trouble ?==
	The alternative to extraction is always to use these substances for their energy content. So rather than extract the apolar biochemicals from the oily phase, it may make more sense to mix all or some of them with [[Biodiesel\|(bio-)diesel]] (see [[Bio-Oil_/_Diesel_Mixture_Fuels\|this page]] for more details; and reference: [http://canmetenergy-canmetenergie.nrcan-rncan.gc.ca/eng/industrial_processes/industrial_energy_systems/publications/200855.html]). Similarly, if it is not worth extracting the sugars from the aqueous phase, they can possibly be fed into an alcoholic fermentation stream, producing ethanol, or into an anaerobic fermenter to make [[biogas]].		The alternative to extraction is always to use these substances for their energy content, in other words, burn the bio-oil. So rather than extract the apolar biochemicals from the oily phase, it may make more sense to mix all or some of them with [[Biodiesel\|(bio-)diesel]] (see [[Bio-Oil_/_Diesel_Mixture_Fuels\|this page]] for more details; and reference: [http://canmetenergy-canmetenergie.nrcan-rncan.gc.ca/eng/industrial_processes/industrial_energy_systems/publications/200855.html]). Similarly, if it is not worth extracting the sugars from the aqueous phase, they can possibly be fed into an alcoholic fermentation stream, producing ethanol, or into an anaerobic fermenter to make [[biogas]]. Unfortunately, many microbes are very sensitive to the contaminants in bio-oil. The acidity is also a problem but that can be fixed with buffering.

	==Syngas Fermentation==		==Syngas Fermentation==

Elifarley: Text replace - "\[http:\/\/openfarmtech\.org\/wiki\/([^] |?])[ |]([^]])\]" to "$2"

2013-07-02T21:53:55Z

Text replace - "\[http:\/\/openfarmtech\.org\/wiki\/([^] |?]*)[ |]([^]]*)\]" to "$2"

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:53, 2 July 2013
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	* The big question is: can this be scaled DOWN to village-scale in a practical way ? If so, the products (incl. [[Biochar\|biochar]] from pyrolysis) may become important sources of revenue for the community. Being able to create a large number of different potential products with a ''single'' separation mechanism would be significant in terms of autonomy and resilience.		* The big question is: can this be scaled DOWN to village-scale in a practical way ? If so, the products (incl. [[Biochar\|biochar]] from pyrolysis) may become important sources of revenue for the community. Being able to create a large number of different potential products with a ''single'' separation mechanism would be significant in terms of autonomy and resilience.
	* which feedstocks produce which biochemicals in reasonable quantity ? under what pyrolysis conditions ?		* which feedstocks produce which biochemicals in reasonable quantity ? under what pyrolysis conditions ?
	* [~~http://openfarmtech.org/wiki/~~Gasifier gasifier] design / pyrolysis conditons etc.		* [[Gasifier\|gasifier]] design / pyrolysis conditons etc.
	* distillation and separation of products; one extraction method is using methanol as a solvent [http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=13769264]		* distillation and separation of products; one extraction method is using methanol as a solvent [http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=13769264]
	* further processing of products: when used for energy, purity may be less important then when used for pharmaceuticals (for example).		* further processing of products: when used for energy, purity may be less important then when used for pharmaceuticals (for example).

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:50, 26 July 2016
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	==See Also==		==See Also==
	*[[Biofuels]]		* [[Biofuels]]
	*[[Pyrolysis]]		* [[Pyrolysis]]
			* [[Bioasphalt]]