Cement - Revision history

Marcin: /* Overview */

2019-03-10T19:32:21Z

Overview

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:32, 10 March 2019
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	=Overview=		=Overview=
	Research concerning Cement (see [[Cement Mixer]]).		Research concerning Cement (see [[Cement Mixer]]).

			=Calculations=
			How much cement can you make per kWhr of heat?

			See [[Cement Energy Calculations]]

	=Research=		=Research=

Rasmus: /* Alternatives to Portland cement */

2016-08-13T12:31:45Z

Alternatives to Portland cement

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:31, 13 August 2016
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	* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lime_(material) lime], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozzolana pozzolanas], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gypsum gypsum]		* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lime_(material) lime], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozzolana pozzolanas], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gypsum gypsum]
			* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorel_cement Sorel cement] (a.k.a. magnesia cement): mixture of magnesium oxide (burnt magnesia) with magnesium chloride. Can withstand much higher compressive force than Portland cement but has poor water resistance.
	* [[geopolymers]]: lower temperature, requires [[lye]]		* [[geopolymers]]: lower temperature, requires [[lye]]
	* rammed earth (beautiful but labor intensive)		* rammed earth (beautiful but labor intensive)

Rasmus: added images

2016-08-13T12:15:50Z

added images

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:15, 13 August 2016
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	{{Breadcrumb\|Materials}}		{{Breadcrumb\|Materials}}
	{{Breadcrumb\|Housing and construction}}		{{Breadcrumb\|Housing and construction}}

			[[Image:CementWorks.jpg\|thumb\|right\|500px\|The production of Portland Cement is mostly on a large scale. Can we do it smaller? Picture shows Dunbar Cement Works in Scotland. It uses limestone from an adjacent quarry. ]]

			[[File:640px-CemKilnKiln.jpg\|thumb\|right\|500px\|General layout of a rotary kiln]]


	=Overview=		=Overview=
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	==Book: "Small-scale production of Portland cement"==		==Book: "Small-scale production of Portland cement"==

	[[Image:britstand.jpg\|thumb\|right\|~~400px~~\|[[Cement Mixer]]]]		[[Image:britstand.jpg\|thumb\|right\|500px\|[[Cement Mixer]]]]

	From the foreword: One of the main reasons for the limited expansion of the production capacity of the cement industry has been the choice of technology in favour of large-scale production facilities. Most developing countries, in the past, have opted for large-scale rotary-kiln technologies, requiring large investment and long gestation periods. For a variety of reasons, such as supply-side constraints imposed by energy costs, the size of the market and its volatility, and rising distribution costs, these large plants have neither been able to achieve economies of scale nor have they been able to bridge the demand-supply gap.		From the foreword: One of the main reasons for the limited expansion of the production capacity of the cement industry has been the choice of technology in favour of large-scale production facilities. Most developing countries, in the past, have opted for large-scale rotary-kiln technologies, requiring large investment and long gestation periods. For a variety of reasons, such as supply-side constraints imposed by energy costs, the size of the market and its volatility, and rising distribution costs, these large plants have neither been able to achieve economies of scale nor have they been able to bridge the demand-supply gap.

Dorkmo: /* Other relevant links */

2013-01-01T02:04:30Z

Chris F at 17:05, 3 September 2011

2011-09-03T17:05:42Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:05, 3 September 2011
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	{{Breadcrumb\|Materials}}		{{Breadcrumb\|Materials}}
	{{Breadcrumb\|Housing and construction}}		{{Breadcrumb\|Housing and construction}}

			=Overview=
			Research concerning Cement (see [[Cement Mixer]]).

			=Research=

	==Book: "Small-scale production of Portland cement"==		==Book: "Small-scale production of Portland cement"==

DanielRavenNest at 01:20, 25 April 2011

2011-04-25T01:20:12Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:20, 25 April 2011
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	**extraction of [[Aluminum_Extraction_From_Clays\|minerals from clays]] will also extract magnesia as a byproduct		**extraction of [[Aluminum_Extraction_From_Clays\|minerals from clays]] will also extract magnesia as a byproduct
	**waste heat from some processes can be used to make these cements		**waste heat from some processes can be used to make these cements

			==Rediscovery of Natural Cements==

			The magnesium cements discussed in the previous section are a re-discovery of natural blends such as the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosendale_cement Rosendale Cement] that helped build New York City. It is a mix of dolomite (calcium magnesium carbonate), which is a variant of limestone (calcium carbonate), and clay, which forms a pozzolan when heated. The natural blend needs merely to be heated and ground to a powder. As a side note, Portland Cement is a mix of limestone and shale (solidified clay) which is heated and ground to a powder also, so it is part of the same family of cements.

			In areas where the natural mix does not occur, you can make it artificially by mixing dolomite and clay, both common minerals. They need to be heated to alter their chemical composition in the range of 700-900C, then ground to a fine powder. This might be done with a solar furnace. Then they are ground to a fine powder. When mixed with an aggregate and water, the cement recrystallizes and takes up the CO2 driven off in the heating process, binding the aggregate. A concrete uses sand and gravel as the aggregate, but soil-cement mixes can also work.

			Fly Ash is another potential ingredient. It is the small particles filtered from coal power plant smoke. Having been heated in the furnace, it exhibits the same type of reaction as other minerals do in cements. It is also produced in very large amounts as a waste material. It is already used in some concrete mixes as an ingredient because it works, and is cheap. It might be useful in magnesium cement mixes. The right blend and process for making local magnesium cements will depend on the local geology, so testing and experimentation will be needed.

	==Other relevant links==		==Other relevant links==
	* [http://www.undp.org/climatechange/carbon-finance/Docs/Biomass%20energy%20for%20cement%20production%20-%20opportunities%20&%20barriers.pdf "Biomass Energy For Cement Production: Opportunities in Ethiopia"]; (internal copy [[Media:Biomass_energy_for_cement_production_-_opportunities_&_barriers.pdf\|here]])		* [http://www.undp.org/climatechange/carbon-finance/Docs/Biomass%20energy%20for%20cement%20production%20-%20opportunities%20&%20barriers.pdf "Biomass Energy For Cement Production: Opportunities in Ethiopia"]; (internal copy [[Media:Biomass_energy_for_cement_production_-_opportunities_&_barriers.pdf\|here]])
	* [http://practicalaction.org/practicalanswers/product_info.php?products_id=208 Technical brief from Practical Action: Alternatives to Portland Cement]		* [http://practicalaction.org/practicalanswers/product_info.php?products_id=208 Technical brief from Practical Action: Alternatives to Portland Cement]

Elifarley: Now uses template Template:Breadcrumb|

2011-04-07T13:05:48Z

Now uses template Template:Breadcrumb

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:05, 7 April 2011
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	{{~~Category=~~Materials}}		{{Breadcrumb\|Materials}}
	{{~~Category=~~Housing and construction}}		{{Breadcrumb\|Housing and construction}}

	==Book: "Small-scale production of Portland cement"==		==Book: "Small-scale production of Portland cement"==

Rasmus: /* Alternative: magnesium-based cements */

2011-03-23T08:55:02Z

Alternative: magnesium-based cements

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:55, 23 March 2011
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	There is a whole class of cement that was very popular in the days before the invention and manufacture of Portland cement quickly replaced its use. Generally classified as magnesium-based cement, this material was used in historic times, dating back to ancient times in Europe, India, and China, among other countries. It is unfortunate that Portland cement has replaced the use of these magnesium products because there are many ways in which they are superior.		There is a whole class of cement that was very popular in the days before the invention and manufacture of Portland cement quickly replaced its use. Generally classified as magnesium-based cement, this material was used in historic times, dating back to ancient times in Europe, India, and China, among other countries. It is unfortunate that Portland cement has replaced the use of these magnesium products because there are many ways in which they are superior.

	One of the advantages is that production takes place at much lower temperature. This makes it more suitable for community-scale production and makes the use of solar and biomass heat much more realistic. GreenHomeBuilding has ~~extensive~~ articles about it (~~long~~ article [http://greenhomebuilding.com/articles/ceramicrete.htm here] and shorter article [http://blog.greenhomebuilding.com/2010/03/magnesium-based-cement.htm here]). They mention a natural affinity of Mg based cements for cellulose materials.		One of the advantages is that production takes place at much lower temperature. This makes it more suitable for community-scale production and makes the use of solar and biomass heat much more realistic. GreenHomeBuilding has some articles about it (longer article [http://greenhomebuilding.com/articles/ceramicrete.htm here] and shorter article [http://blog.greenhomebuilding.com/2010/03/magnesium-based-cement.htm here]). They mention a natural affinity of Mg based cements for cellulose materials.

	There is a TecEco Newsletter dated 2010 ''"What it takes for Commercialisation of a Carbonating Magnesium Cement"'' [http://www.tececo.com/files/newsletters/Newsletter90.php] (internal .pdf'd copy [[Media:TecEco_Newsletter.pdf\|here]]) that lists many different magnesium cements, production methods and patents.		There is a TecEco Newsletter dated 2010 ''"What it takes for Commercialisation of a Carbonating Magnesium Cement"'' [http://www.tececo.com/files/newsletters/Newsletter90.php] (internal .pdf'd copy [[Media:TecEco_Newsletter.pdf\|here]]) that lists many different magnesium cements, production methods and patents.

Rasmus: /* Alternative: magnesium-based cements */

2011-03-23T08:53:22Z

Alternative: magnesium-based cements

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:53, 23 March 2011
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	There is a whole class of cement that was very popular in the days before the invention and manufacture of Portland cement quickly replaced its use. Generally classified as magnesium-based cement, this material was used in historic times, dating back to ancient times in Europe, India, and China, among other countries. It is unfortunate that Portland cement has replaced the use of these magnesium products because there are many ways in which they are superior.		There is a whole class of cement that was very popular in the days before the invention and manufacture of Portland cement quickly replaced its use. Generally classified as magnesium-based cement, this material was used in historic times, dating back to ancient times in Europe, India, and China, among other countries. It is unfortunate that Portland cement has replaced the use of these magnesium products because there are many ways in which they are superior.

	One of the advantages is that production takes place at lower temperature. This makes it more suitable for community-scale production and makes the use of solar and biomass heat much more realistic. GreenHomeBuilding has extensive articles about it (long article [http://greenhomebuilding.com/articles/ceramicrete.htm here] and shorter article [http://blog.greenhomebuilding.com/2010/03/magnesium-based-cement.htm here]). They mention a natural affinity of Mg based cements for cellulose materials.		One of the advantages is that production takes place at much lower temperature. This makes it more suitable for community-scale production and makes the use of solar and biomass heat much more realistic. GreenHomeBuilding has extensive articles about it (long article [http://greenhomebuilding.com/articles/ceramicrete.htm here] and shorter article [http://blog.greenhomebuilding.com/2010/03/magnesium-based-cement.htm here]). They mention a natural affinity of Mg based cements for cellulose materials.

	There is a TecEco Newsletter dated 2010 ''"What it takes for Commercialisation of a Carbonating Magnesium Cement"'' [http://www.tececo.com/files/newsletters/Newsletter90.php] (internal .pdf'd copy [[Media:TecEco_Newsletter.pdf\|here]]) that lists many different magnesium cements, production methods and patents.		There is a TecEco Newsletter dated 2010 ''"What it takes for Commercialisation of a Carbonating Magnesium Cement"'' [http://www.tececo.com/files/newsletters/Newsletter90.php] (internal .pdf'd copy [[Media:TecEco_Newsletter.pdf\|here]]) that lists many different magnesium cements, production methods and patents.
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	* product ecology:		* product ecology:
	**extraction of [[Aluminum_Extraction_From_Clays\|minerals from clays]] will also extract magnesia as a byproduct		**extraction of [[Aluminum_Extraction_From_Clays\|minerals from clays]] will also extract magnesia as a byproduct
	**waste heat from ~~many~~ processes can be used ~~for manufacture of magnesium-based~~ cements		**waste heat from some processes can be used to make these cements

	==Other relevant links==		==Other relevant links==
	* [http://www.undp.org/climatechange/carbon-finance/Docs/Biomass%20energy%20for%20cement%20production%20-%20opportunities%20&%20barriers.pdf "Biomass Energy For Cement Production: Opportunities in Ethiopia"]; (internal copy [[Media:Biomass_energy_for_cement_production_-_opportunities_&_barriers.pdf\|here]])		* [http://www.undp.org/climatechange/carbon-finance/Docs/Biomass%20energy%20for%20cement%20production%20-%20opportunities%20&%20barriers.pdf "Biomass Energy For Cement Production: Opportunities in Ethiopia"]; (internal copy [[Media:Biomass_energy_for_cement_production_-_opportunities_&_barriers.pdf\|here]])
	* [http://practicalaction.org/practicalanswers/product_info.php?products_id=208 Technical brief from Practical Action: Alternatives to Portland Cement]		* [http://practicalaction.org/practicalanswers/product_info.php?products_id=208 Technical brief from Practical Action: Alternatives to Portland Cement]

Rasmus: /* Alternative: magnesium-based cements */

2011-03-22T19:32:24Z

Alternative: magnesium-based cements

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:32, 22 March 2011
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	* [http://www.anl.gov/techtransfer/Available_Technologies/Material_Science/Ceramicrete/index.html Argonne National Laboratory: Ceramicrete]		* [http://www.anl.gov/techtransfer/Available_Technologies/Material_Science/Ceramicrete/index.html Argonne National Laboratory: Ceramicrete]
	*[http://novacem.com/ Novacem] carbon negative cement, also magnesium-based (proprietary, patent pending)		*[http://novacem.com/ Novacem] carbon negative cement, also magnesium-based (proprietary, patent pending)
	* product ecology: extraction of [[Aluminum_Extraction_From_Clays\|minerals from clays]] will also extract magnesia as a byproduct~~; use~~ waste heat for manufacture of magnesium-based cements		* product ecology:
			**extraction of [[Aluminum_Extraction_From_Clays\|minerals from clays]] will also extract magnesia as a byproduct
			**waste heat from many processes can be used for manufacture of magnesium-based cements

	==Other relevant links==		==Other relevant links==
	* [http://www.undp.org/climatechange/carbon-finance/Docs/Biomass%20energy%20for%20cement%20production%20-%20opportunities%20&%20barriers.pdf "Biomass Energy For Cement Production: Opportunities in Ethiopia"]; (internal copy [[Media:Biomass_energy_for_cement_production_-_opportunities_&_barriers.pdf\|here]])		* [http://www.undp.org/climatechange/carbon-finance/Docs/Biomass%20energy%20for%20cement%20production%20-%20opportunities%20&%20barriers.pdf "Biomass Energy For Cement Production: Opportunities in Ethiopia"]; (internal copy [[Media:Biomass_energy_for_cement_production_-_opportunities_&_barriers.pdf\|here]])
	* [http://practicalaction.org/practicalanswers/product_info.php?products_id=208 Technical brief from Practical Action: Alternatives to Portland Cement]		* [http://practicalaction.org/practicalanswers/product_info.php?products_id=208 Technical brief from Practical Action: Alternatives to Portland Cement]

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:04, 1 January 2013
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	* [http://www.undp.org/climatechange/carbon-finance/Docs/Biomass%20energy%20for%20cement%20production%20-%20opportunities%20&%20barriers.pdf "Biomass Energy For Cement Production: Opportunities in Ethiopia"]; (internal copy [[Media:Biomass_energy_for_cement_production_-_opportunities_&_barriers.pdf\|here]])		* [http://www.undp.org/climatechange/carbon-finance/Docs/Biomass%20energy%20for%20cement%20production%20-%20opportunities%20&%20barriers.pdf "Biomass Energy For Cement Production: Opportunities in Ethiopia"]; (internal copy [[Media:Biomass_energy_for_cement_production_-_opportunities_&_barriers.pdf\|here]])
	* [http://practicalaction.org/practicalanswers/product_info.php?products_id=208 Technical brief from Practical Action: Alternatives to Portland Cement]		* [http://practicalaction.org/practicalanswers/product_info.php?products_id=208 Technical brief from Practical Action: Alternatives to Portland Cement]
			*http://dwiel.net/blog/retrospective-on-concrete-foundation/