Duckweed - Revision history

Marcin: /* Links: Integrated Agriculture */

2020-10-29T19:56:16Z

Links: Integrated Agriculture

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:56, 29 October 2020
Line 91:		Line 91:

	==Links: Integrated Agriculture==		==Links: Integrated Agriculture==
			* Duckweed as chicken feed - [https://pdf.sciencedirectassets.com/776861/1-s2.0-S0032579119X60812/1-s2.0-S0032579119329542/main.pdf?X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEPT%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJIMEYCIQCQIV%2B80XyiE7gnVGPalbnn79IRlbs7aZ1wmg6PM6RWhQIhAI2R65lFdrPFPgz7w%2F%2BIIamg7muOqWZvrZbNmC5%2FsQXgKrQDCEwQAxoMMDU5MDAzNTQ2ODY1IgxaaYQY3ACr2iDiiS8qkQP%2BLaeJ1B%2BBCOOmxjxd0tjXeJZvoryXNP%2FvDrBs%2FzS6Hu6h1%2Fv%2FcFDIgfEQnz7i3QSRKX%2BMOOGrHg6JVgj28IJT6bgcZgisOpj2%2B%2FPYJVlemToG%2FYjcVMio5sfnsLxRe%2FU92B%2F%2FYojt%2BPGHc%2FftqTEw2tTo2Fng4Vgdfw%2B9iYERT06Jr3nNY6WYtnpGIt%2Fsvoz9po2o%2FUDxVqrpuK6fhNlwVjCA8IY0sYaVvBRa37lxxtxhr9pArWFs1L4AjU9kZoehMYoVHjQjTeuQhQ1Hd77AP2VMgORah2PtXk10a3Td%2FYsDT7LppQMonQ8606F3c3MsdhkQQGnUpz4hdHmgkncb2RDVVF5tpiHtK5qhmszvjo%2FDnTmFlM01t2%2BTN2hDp5Jha9bkoeWroaBF6Os2Z%2F6kSMKfoj%2FboErTwiJQnaxUy8IVHz91hWxSXnCUjRh9sVFvc1pw4EBZWChpNVSeObeIq%2BLvExxew1x2RnwQcxtoSKyz1xgf1p4NJi7ZbqLygdDAOdGgsjiP2OazAjAqYuuPzjCbq%2Bz8BTrqAfmVvjPxPfwKyHyF1oCTO9D7icb4trQfQ0onIp9KM0YPQNqe9%2FxLfz%2Bu4ikWiCjz2VIMOhgycphl2RWiwDBYOPaSBenJtDj7Ks7X0D%2BnXWmiyH0VBXv9AX8HUrivrOA%2FRisONpXnYTIB7ErYzZlYAaviwNB1KNrTF2E1CmKjKZJHSpR14ZPQ%2Bb%2FtHq24ONVyNFRdUq8zEfg5efaPKmBuIimZoYutDBQz1RqjcbEzOglZypIPG52KD%2B7mUNOskbytFKADasproyvBHbH1FqI3%2FLI1GkoQL3bfLvhJ00ntaLp%2BIU4DB6H6xBbknA%3D%3D&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Date=20201029T194740Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=300&X-Amz-Credential=ASIAQ3PHCVTY25UOEQ42%2F20201029%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Signature=1e4c8ded96af6971468b929524a8fc534bb8b7d8ef3821d6f1e662139a2f7c71&hash=5297882a5fdec4cc1838b6147a1c3a415bcc340f40775b0de8a5f1c08c8df017&host=68042c943591013ac2b2430a89b270f6af2c76d8dfd086a07176afe7c76c2c61&pii=S0032579119329542&tid=spdf-90c429b3-a3b0-48f7-8572-eba85623cf1d&sid=3249b67f483e934b4c19e191ca6b71233ce0gxrqa&type=client]
	* Duckweed as a feed supplement for livestock [http://www.mobot.org/jwcross/duckweed/feed-supplement.htm]		* Duckweed as a feed supplement for livestock [http://www.mobot.org/jwcross/duckweed/feed-supplement.htm]
	* Duckweed as a Primary Feedstock for Aquaculture - duckweed has a higher conversion ratio in tilapia than commercial feed, though intake rate is lower so slower growth occurs overall. 10-20 dry tons/hectare growth are common. [http://www.mobot.org/jwcross/duckweed/Fish.htm]. '''That is 1 kg dry yield per square meter per year - or 20 kg wet mass per year - or about 50 grams wet weight per square meter per day. For a greenhouse 50 feet long with 10 troughs vertically of 6" width , that is up to 1.25 kg of duckweed production per day - or about 60 grams of dry duckweed mass per day.		* Duckweed as a Primary Feedstock for Aquaculture - duckweed has a higher conversion ratio in tilapia than commercial feed, though intake rate is lower so slower growth occurs overall. 10-20 dry tons/hectare growth are common. [http://www.mobot.org/jwcross/duckweed/Fish.htm]. '''That is 1 kg dry yield per square meter per year - or 20 kg wet mass per year - or about 50 grams wet weight per square meter per day. For a greenhouse 50 feet long with 10 troughs vertically of 6" width , that is up to 1.25 kg of duckweed production per day - or about 60 grams of dry duckweed mass per day.

Marcin: /* Links: Integrated Agriculture */

2018-07-14T13:52:57Z

Links: Integrated Agriculture

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:52, 14 July 2018
Line 92:		Line 92:
	==Links: Integrated Agriculture==		==Links: Integrated Agriculture==
	* Duckweed as a feed supplement for livestock [http://www.mobot.org/jwcross/duckweed/feed-supplement.htm]		* Duckweed as a feed supplement for livestock [http://www.mobot.org/jwcross/duckweed/feed-supplement.htm]
	* Duckweed as a Primary Feedstock for Aquaculture - duckweed has a higher conversion ratio in tilapia than commercial feed, though intake rate is lower so slower growth occurs overall. 10-20 dry tons/hectare growth are common. [http://www.mobot.org/jwcross/duckweed/Fish.htm]. '''That is 1 kg dry yield per square meter per year - or 20 kg wet mass per year - or about 50 grams wet weight per square meter per day. For a greenhouse 50 feet long with 10 troughs vertically of 6" width , that is up to 1.25 kg of duckweed production per day.		* Duckweed as a Primary Feedstock for Aquaculture - duckweed has a higher conversion ratio in tilapia than commercial feed, though intake rate is lower so slower growth occurs overall. 10-20 dry tons/hectare growth are common. [http://www.mobot.org/jwcross/duckweed/Fish.htm]. '''That is 1 kg dry yield per square meter per year - or 20 kg wet mass per year - or about 50 grams wet weight per square meter per day. For a greenhouse 50 feet long with 10 troughs vertically of 6" width , that is up to 1.25 kg of duckweed production per day - or about 60 grams of dry duckweed mass per day.
	* Integrated Tilapia & Duckweed [[Aquaponics]] System [http://www.fishfarming.com/duckweed.html]. Download: [[File:Aquasol,Inc.pdf]]		* Integrated Tilapia & Duckweed [[Aquaponics]] System [http://www.fishfarming.com/duckweed.html]. Download: [[File:Aquasol,Inc.pdf]]
	* Manual for the use of biodigester effluent and ponds for duckweed production (from Vietnam) [http://www.fao.org/WAICENT/FAOINFO/AGRICULT/AGA/AGAP/FRG/Recycle/dweed/mandw.htm]		* Manual for the use of biodigester effluent and ponds for duckweed production (from Vietnam) [http://www.fao.org/WAICENT/FAOINFO/AGRICULT/AGA/AGAP/FRG/Recycle/dweed/mandw.htm]

Marcin: /* Links: Integrated Agriculture */

2018-07-14T13:49:29Z

Links: Integrated Agriculture

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:49, 14 July 2018
Line 92:		Line 92:
	==Links: Integrated Agriculture==		==Links: Integrated Agriculture==
	* Duckweed as a feed supplement for livestock [http://www.mobot.org/jwcross/duckweed/feed-supplement.htm]		* Duckweed as a feed supplement for livestock [http://www.mobot.org/jwcross/duckweed/feed-supplement.htm]
	* Duckweed as a Primary Feedstock for Aquaculture - duckweed has a higher conversion ratio in tilapia than commercial feed, though intake rate is lower so slower growth occurs overall. 10-20 dry tons/hectare growth are common. [http://www.mobot.org/jwcross/duckweed/Fish.htm]		* Duckweed as a Primary Feedstock for Aquaculture - duckweed has a higher conversion ratio in tilapia than commercial feed, though intake rate is lower so slower growth occurs overall. 10-20 dry tons/hectare growth are common. [http://www.mobot.org/jwcross/duckweed/Fish.htm]. '''That is 1 kg dry yield per square meter per year - or 20 kg wet mass per year - or about 50 grams wet weight per square meter per day. For a greenhouse 50 feet long with 10 troughs vertically of 6" width , that is up to 1.25 kg of duckweed production per day.
	* Integrated Tilapia & Duckweed [[Aquaponics]] System [http://www.fishfarming.com/duckweed.html]. Download: [[File:Aquasol,Inc.pdf]]		* Integrated Tilapia & Duckweed [[Aquaponics]] System [http://www.fishfarming.com/duckweed.html]. Download: [[File:Aquasol,Inc.pdf]]
	* Manual for the use of biodigester effluent and ponds for duckweed production (from Vietnam) [http://www.fao.org/WAICENT/FAOINFO/AGRICULT/AGA/AGAP/FRG/Recycle/dweed/mandw.htm]		* Manual for the use of biodigester effluent and ponds for duckweed production (from Vietnam) [http://www.fao.org/WAICENT/FAOINFO/AGRICULT/AGA/AGAP/FRG/Recycle/dweed/mandw.htm]

	==Links: Biofuel==		==Links: Biofuel==

Rasmus at 16:08, 14 October 2017

2017-10-14T16:08:56Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:08, 14 October 2017
Line 1:		Line 1:
	[[Image:2974165721_aea201d454.jpg\|right]]		[[Image:2974165721_aea201d454.jpg\|right]]
	~~{{Category=Food and Agriculture}}~~
	{{Category=Biofuel}}		{{Category=Biofuel}}

Line 101:		Line 100:
	* Biofuels Wiki: [http://www.biofuelswiki.org/Home/Duckweed Duckweed]		* Biofuels Wiki: [http://www.biofuelswiki.org/Home/Duckweed Duckweed]
	* book by Christopher Kinkaid (2014): [http://www.amazon.com/Duckweed-Ethanol-Biomass-International-Production/dp/1500485764 Duckweed Ethanol: Duckweed Biomass Grown from Organic Wastes to Replace Corn for US and International Ethanol Biofuel Production]		* book by Christopher Kinkaid (2014): [http://www.amazon.com/Duckweed-Ethanol-Biomass-International-Production/dp/1500485764 Duckweed Ethanol: Duckweed Biomass Grown from Organic Wastes to Replace Corn for US and International Ethanol Biofuel Production]


			[[Category:Food and Agriculture]]

Rasmus at 23:00, 17 March 2017

2017-03-17T23:00:58Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:00, 17 March 2017
Line 11:		Line 11:
	Duckweed grows well on wastewater that is rich in nutrients. For reasons that seem to be still poorly understood, biological contamination appears to be beneficial to duckweed growth. It therefore grows well on water contaminated with cattle dung, pig waste, human urine, biogas plant slurry, compost or other organic matter in slurry form. Other potentially good sources may be effluent from [[aquaponics]], used [[Hydroponics\|hydroponic]] solution, leachate from [[silage]], perhaps [[Compost_Tea\|compost tea]] or other kinds of organic nutrients. The plant likes still water and wind breaks, such as trees.		Duckweed grows well on wastewater that is rich in nutrients. For reasons that seem to be still poorly understood, biological contamination appears to be beneficial to duckweed growth. It therefore grows well on water contaminated with cattle dung, pig waste, human urine, biogas plant slurry, compost or other organic matter in slurry form. Other potentially good sources may be effluent from [[aquaponics]], used [[Hydroponics\|hydroponic]] solution, leachate from [[silage]], perhaps [[Compost_Tea\|compost tea]] or other kinds of organic nutrients. The plant likes still water and wind breaks, such as trees.

	Duckweed integrates very well into [[aquaponics]] - that has been called [[Duckweed-Ponics\|"duckweed-ponics"]] ~~(see: [https://hawaiianparadisecoop.wordpress.com/2013/02/25/duckweed-ponics/ link])~~.		Duckweed integrates very well into [[aquaponics]] - that has been called [[Duckweed-Ponics\|"duckweed-ponics"]].

	*Doubling times can vary significantly - from 1-5 days depending on species - [http://www.mobot.org/jwcross/duckweed/duckweed-rapid_growth.htm]. This should be considered carefully when sourcing the initial duckweed and wolffia.		*Doubling times can vary significantly - from 1-5 days depending on species - [http://www.mobot.org/jwcross/duckweed/duckweed-rapid_growth.htm]. This should be considered carefully when sourcing the initial duckweed and wolffia.
Line 65:		Line 65:
	1. duckweed (dried or at least partially dehydrated with reduced moisture content)		1. duckweed (dried or at least partially dehydrated with reduced moisture content)

	2. ~~some sort of sugar~~ to ~~fed the~~ bacteria		2. sauerkraut juice (to add those [[Fermentation\|lactofermenting]] bacteria)

	3. ~~sauerkraut juice (~~to ~~add some [[Fermentation\|lactofermenting]]~~ bacteria)		3. some sort of sugar to fed the bacteria (e.g. molasses)

	4. a small % amount of [[biochar]] as microbial stabilizer		4. a small % amount of [[biochar]] as a microbial stabilizer

	----		----

Rasmus: some reorganization; inserted int. link to new wiki page

2017-03-16T21:20:48Z

some reorganization; inserted int. link to new wiki page

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:20, 16 March 2017
Line 10:		Line 10:
	==Culture==		==Culture==
	Duckweed grows well on wastewater that is rich in nutrients. For reasons that seem to be still poorly understood, biological contamination appears to be beneficial to duckweed growth. It therefore grows well on water contaminated with cattle dung, pig waste, human urine, biogas plant slurry, compost or other organic matter in slurry form. Other potentially good sources may be effluent from [[aquaponics]], used [[Hydroponics\|hydroponic]] solution, leachate from [[silage]], perhaps [[Compost_Tea\|compost tea]] or other kinds of organic nutrients. The plant likes still water and wind breaks, such as trees.		Duckweed grows well on wastewater that is rich in nutrients. For reasons that seem to be still poorly understood, biological contamination appears to be beneficial to duckweed growth. It therefore grows well on water contaminated with cattle dung, pig waste, human urine, biogas plant slurry, compost or other organic matter in slurry form. Other potentially good sources may be effluent from [[aquaponics]], used [[Hydroponics\|hydroponic]] solution, leachate from [[silage]], perhaps [[Compost_Tea\|compost tea]] or other kinds of organic nutrients. The plant likes still water and wind breaks, such as trees.

			Duckweed integrates very well into [[aquaponics]] - that has been called [[Duckweed-Ponics\|"duckweed-ponics"]] (see: [https://hawaiianparadisecoop.wordpress.com/2013/02/25/duckweed-ponics/ link]).

	*Doubling times can vary significantly - from 1-5 days depending on species - [http://www.mobot.org/jwcross/duckweed/duckweed-rapid_growth.htm]. This should be considered carefully when sourcing the initial duckweed and wolffia.		*Doubling times can vary significantly - from 1-5 days depending on species - [http://www.mobot.org/jwcross/duckweed/duckweed-rapid_growth.htm]. This should be considered carefully when sourcing the initial duckweed and wolffia.
Line 24:		Line 26:
	Depending on strain and growing conditions, duckweeds can have very high protein content of up to 50% of dry mass. High levels of vitamins are also present. The taste is remotely similar to spinach. Duckweeds have historically played a role in some east Asian cuisines (''Wolffia'' genus). Because of rapid growth and ease of cultivation, duckweeds for consumption by animals and humans are now getting more attention.		Depending on strain and growing conditions, duckweeds can have very high protein content of up to 50% of dry mass. High levels of vitamins are also present. The taste is remotely similar to spinach. Duckweeds have historically played a role in some east Asian cuisines (''Wolffia'' genus). Because of rapid growth and ease of cultivation, duckweeds for consumption by animals and humans are now getting more attention.

	'''Animal food:''' food for ducks of course. Also chickens, fish ([[tilapia]]), goats, horses, cattle, pigs. It can provide all the protein needs for some breeds~~. Duckweed integrates very well into [[aquaponics]] - that has been called "duckweed-ponics"~~.		'''Animal food:''' food for ducks of course. Also chickens, fish ([[tilapia]]), goats, horses, cattle, pigs. It can provide all the protein needs for some breeds.

	'''Human food:''' Duckweed can be eaten in salads or soups, on a sandwich or as a component of vegetable spread (or as a substitute for: lettuce, spinach, water cress, alfalfa, ... ?). If grown for human consumption, make sure that there is no bacterial contamination. The dense covering of duckweed at the water surface can block out sunlight, which may allow anaerobic bacteria to grow. After harvest, duckweed can be lacto-fermented (see: [[Fermentation]] or [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactic_acid_fermentation Wikipedia: "Lactic acid fermentation"]), which would eliminate most potential pathogens (also see: [[silage]]).		'''Human food:''' Duckweed can be eaten in salads or soups, on a sandwich or as a component of vegetable spread (or as a substitute for: lettuce, spinach, water cress, alfalfa, ... ?). If grown for human consumption, make sure that there is no bacterial contamination. The dense covering of duckweed at the water surface can block out sunlight, which may allow anaerobic bacteria to grow. After harvest, duckweed can be lacto-fermented (see: [[Fermentation]] or [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactic_acid_fermentation Wikipedia: "Lactic acid fermentation"]), which would eliminate most potential pathogens (also see: [[silage]]).

Rasmus: some reorganization; reorganized link list into 3 different sections

2017-03-14T22:13:59Z

some reorganization; reorganized link list into 3 different sections

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:13, 14 March 2017
Line 2:		Line 2:
	{{Category=Food and Agriculture}}		{{Category=Food and Agriculture}}
	{{Category=Biofuel}}		{{Category=Biofuel}}

			[[File:2951671000 18d073247c z.jpg\|400px\|thumb\|right\|duckweed flowering]]

	==Introduction==		==Introduction==
	Duckweed (''lemnaceae'', water lentils) family are the smallest flowering plants and probably the fastest growing plant, capable of doubling its weight in 24 hours.		Duckweed (''lemnaceae'', water lentils) family are the smallest flowering plants and probably the fastest growing plant, capable of doubling its weight in 24 hours. Because of the very high productivity per surface area, duckweed holds great potential for future global villages. This tiny aquatic plant has tremendous potential for cleaning up pollution, combating global warming and feeding the world.

	Duckweed grows well in still water, ~~with a supply of mineral nutrients such as~~ [[Hydroponics\|hydroponic]] solution ~~or organic nutrient such as compost tea~~, ~~or the fish effluent~~ from [[~~aquaponics~~]].		==Culture==
			Duckweed grows well on wastewater that is rich in nutrients. For reasons that seem to be still poorly understood, biological contamination appears to be beneficial to duckweed growth. It therefore grows well on water contaminated with cattle dung, pig waste, human urine, biogas plant slurry, compost or other organic matter in slurry form. Other potentially good sources may be effluent from [[aquaponics]], used [[Hydroponics\|hydroponic]] solution, leachate from [[silage]], perhaps [[Compost_Tea\|compost tea]] or other kinds of organic nutrients. The plant likes still water and wind breaks, such as trees.
	~~Because~~ of ~~the very high productivity per surface area, duckweed holds great potential for future global villages~~. ~~This tiny aquatic~~ plant ~~has tremendous potential for cleaning up pollution~~, ~~combating global warming and feeding the world~~.

	~~==Culture==~~
	*Doubling times can vary significantly - from 1-5 days depending on species - [http://www.mobot.org/jwcross/duckweed/duckweed-rapid_growth.htm]. This should be considered carefully when sourcing the initial duckweed and wolffia.		*Doubling times can vary significantly - from 1-5 days depending on species - [http://www.mobot.org/jwcross/duckweed/duckweed-rapid_growth.htm]. This should be considered carefully when sourcing the initial duckweed and wolffia.
	*Duckweed has "95% moisture content" - [https://repositories.tdl.org/ttu-ir/bitstream/handle/2346/17141/31295015156515.pdf?sequence=1]		*Duckweed has "95% moisture content" - [https://repositories.tdl.org/ttu-ir/bitstream/handle/2346/17141/31295015156515.pdf?sequence=1]
	*Organic Duckweed: Nutrients may be supplied from sources such as cattle dung, pig waste, human urine, biogas plant slurry, leachate from [[silage]] or compost or other organic matter in slurry form.

	~~[[File:2951671000 18d073247c z.jpg\|400px\|thumb\|right\|duckweed flowering]]~~

	[[File:Azolla filiculoides and L.minor.jpg\|500px\|thumb\|right\|An example of co-culture of [[Azolla]] and duckweed: "Azolla filiculoides and L.minor" by Mygaia at English Wikipedia (T.M.McKenzie)]]		[[File:Azolla filiculoides and L.minor.jpg\|500px\|thumb\|right\|An example of co-culture of [[Azolla]] and duckweed: "Azolla filiculoides and L.minor" by Mygaia at English Wikipedia (T.M.McKenzie)]]
Line 31:		Line 28:
	'''Human food:''' Duckweed can be eaten in salads or soups, on a sandwich or as a component of vegetable spread (or as a substitute for: lettuce, spinach, water cress, alfalfa, ... ?). If grown for human consumption, make sure that there is no bacterial contamination. The dense covering of duckweed at the water surface can block out sunlight, which may allow anaerobic bacteria to grow. After harvest, duckweed can be lacto-fermented (see: [[Fermentation]] or [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactic_acid_fermentation Wikipedia: "Lactic acid fermentation"]), which would eliminate most potential pathogens (also see: [[silage]]).		'''Human food:''' Duckweed can be eaten in salads or soups, on a sandwich or as a component of vegetable spread (or as a substitute for: lettuce, spinach, water cress, alfalfa, ... ?). If grown for human consumption, make sure that there is no bacterial contamination. The dense covering of duckweed at the water surface can block out sunlight, which may allow anaerobic bacteria to grow. After harvest, duckweed can be lacto-fermented (see: [[Fermentation]] or [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactic_acid_fermentation Wikipedia: "Lactic acid fermentation"]), which would eliminate most potential pathogens (also see: [[silage]]).

	==Lentein==		'''''Lentein:''''' A commercial product of duckweed powder called [http://www.lentein.com/ "Lentein"] has been introduced by [http://www.parabel.com/services/food/lentein/ Parabel]. From the website: ''"LENTEIN protein powder has been successfully blended in dry-mix goods like chips, crackers, snack mixes, bars, and cereal clusters. It also blends well into protein powders used for sports drinks or meal replacement shakes."''
	A commercial product of duckweed powder called [http://www.lentein.com/ "Lentein"] has been introduced by [http://www.parabel.com/services/food/lentein/ Parabel]. From the website: ''"LENTEIN protein powder has been successfully blended in dry-mix goods like chips, crackers, snack mixes, bars, and cereal clusters. It also blends well into protein powders used for sports drinks or meal replacement shakes."''

	==For bio-energy==		==For bio-energy==
Line 76:		Line 72:

	==Business Model==		==Business Model==
	Tamra Fakhoorian who runs the excellent blog [https://duckweedgardening.com/ "Duckweed Gardening"] has pioneered the commercialization of duckweed (see: [http://www.greensunproducts.com/ GreenSun Products, LLC]). ~~Check~~ out the video below.		Tamra Fakhoorian who runs the excellent blog [https://duckweedgardening.com/ "Duckweed Gardening"] has pioneered the commercialization of duckweed (see her company: [http://www.greensunproducts.com/ GreenSun Products, LLC]). Also check out the video below.

	<html>		<html>
Line 85:		Line 81:
	*Garden Pool organization - [http://gardenpool.org/online-classes/growing-duckweed]		*Garden Pool organization - [http://gardenpool.org/online-classes/growing-duckweed]

	==Links==		==Links: General==
			* Wikipedia entry on [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duckweed duckweed in general] and on [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolffia Wolffia]
			* International Duckweed Association - [http://www.mobot.org/jwcross/duckweed/duckweed.htm] and Linked In page - [https://www.linkedin.com/grp/post/4463122-118967608]
			* Very comprehensive manual on duckweed aquaculture [http://www.p2pays.org/ref/09/08875.htm] - internal .pdf backup copy here: [http://opensourceecology.org/w/images/e/ea/Duckweed_Aquaculture.pdf]
	* Thesis on pig waste conversion to duckweed. Includes growth rates, such as .1-.5 grams of growth per gram of duckweed - [https://repositories.tdl.org/ttu-ir/bitstream/handle/2346/17141/31295015156515.pdf?sequence=1]. 100 g/m2 harvest per day is suggested for optimal growth (10% of mass).		* Thesis on pig waste conversion to duckweed. Includes growth rates, such as .1-.5 grams of growth per gram of duckweed - [https://repositories.tdl.org/ttu-ir/bitstream/handle/2346/17141/31295015156515.pdf?sequence=1]. 100 g/m2 harvest per day is suggested for optimal growth (10% of mass).
	* Practical applications of duckweed, such as biofuel - [http://www.mobot.org/jwcross/duckweed/duckweed.htm]
	* Very comprehensive manual on duckweed aquaculture [http://www.p2pays.org/ref/09/08875.htm] - internal .pdf backup copy here: [http://opensourceecology.org/w/images/e/ea/Duckweed_Aquaculture.pdf]
	* Cross, J.W. (2006). The Charms of Duckweed. [http://www.mobot.org/jwcross/duckweed/duckweed.htm]		* Cross, J.W. (2006). The Charms of Duckweed. [http://www.mobot.org/jwcross/duckweed/duckweed.htm]
	* ~~Wikipedia entry~~ on [http://en.~~wikipedia~~.~~org~~/~~wiki/Duckweed duckweed in general~~] ~~and on [http~~:~~//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolffia Wolffia]~~		* Older patent with many details on duckweed for human consumption [http://www.google.com/patents?id=Zo8mAAAAEBAJ&dq=5269819]
	* ~~July 2008 article on Treehugger~~ [http://www.~~treehugger~~.~~com~~/~~files~~/~~2008~~/~~07/duckweed~~-~~genome~~.~~php~~]
			==Links: Integrated Agriculture==
			* Duckweed as a feed supplement for livestock [http://www.mobot.org/jwcross/duckweed/feed-supplement.htm]
	* Duckweed as a Primary Feedstock for Aquaculture - duckweed has a higher conversion ratio in tilapia than commercial feed, though intake rate is lower so slower growth occurs overall. 10-20 dry tons/hectare growth are common. [http://www.mobot.org/jwcross/duckweed/Fish.htm]		* Duckweed as a Primary Feedstock for Aquaculture - duckweed has a higher conversion ratio in tilapia than commercial feed, though intake rate is lower so slower growth occurs overall. 10-20 dry tons/hectare growth are common. [http://www.mobot.org/jwcross/duckweed/Fish.htm]
	* Duckweed as a feed supplement for livestock [http://www.mobot.org/jwcross/duckweed/feed-supplement.htm]
	* Older patent with many details on duckweed for human consumption [http://www.google.com/patents?id=Zo8mAAAAEBAJ&dq=5269819]
	* Integrated Tilapia & Duckweed [[Aquaponics]] System [http://www.fishfarming.com/duckweed.html]. Download: [[File:Aquasol,Inc.pdf]]		* Integrated Tilapia & Duckweed [[Aquaponics]] System [http://www.fishfarming.com/duckweed.html]. Download: [[File:Aquasol,Inc.pdf]]
	* Manual for the use of biodigester effluent and ponds for duckweed production (from Vietnam) [http://www.fao.org/WAICENT/FAOINFO/AGRICULT/AGA/AGAP/FRG/Recycle/dweed/mandw.htm]		* Manual for the use of biodigester effluent and ponds for duckweed production (from Vietnam) [http://www.fao.org/WAICENT/FAOINFO/AGRICULT/AGA/AGAP/FRG/Recycle/dweed/mandw.htm]

			==Links: Biofuel==
			* Practical applications of duckweed, such as biofuel - [http://www.mobot.org/jwcross/duckweed/duckweed.htm]
	* Biofuels Wiki: [http://www.biofuelswiki.org/Home/Duckweed Duckweed]		* Biofuels Wiki: [http://www.biofuelswiki.org/Home/Duckweed Duckweed]
	* International Duckweed Association - [http://www.mobot.org/jwcross/duckweed/duckweed.htm] and Linked In page - [https://www.linkedin.com/grp/post/4463122-118967608]
	* book by Christopher Kinkaid (2014): [http://www.amazon.com/Duckweed-Ethanol-Biomass-International-Production/dp/1500485764 Duckweed Ethanol: Duckweed Biomass Grown from Organic Wastes to Replace Corn for US and International Ethanol Biofuel Production]		* book by Christopher Kinkaid (2014): [http://www.amazon.com/Duckweed-Ethanol-Biomass-International-Production/dp/1500485764 Duckweed Ethanol: Duckweed Biomass Grown from Organic Wastes to Replace Corn for US and International Ethanol Biofuel Production]

Rasmus: /* Duckweed Silage */ formatting

2017-03-14T21:39:53Z

Duckweed Silage: formatting

@@ Line 59: / Line 59: @@
 ==Duckweed [[Silage]]==
-Ensiling duckweed may result in very high quality fodder, but appears to require add-ons such as molasses or sugar beet pulp ([http://www.allaboutfeed.net/Nutrition/Diet-Formulation/2011/12/Ensiling-duckweed-gives-better-quality-AAF012530W/ source]). Pressing duckweed does not reduce the moisture content significantly, therefore some drying may be required in order to reduce the weight and improve transportability. A possible recipe for a high-quality duckweed silage product could include: duckweed (dried or at least with reduced moisture content), sugars, sauerkraut juice (for lactofermenting bacteria), small % amount of [[biochar]] as stabilizer.
+Ensiling duckweed may result in very high quality fodder, but appears to require add-ons such as molasses or sugar beet pulp (see [http://www.allaboutfeed.net/Nutrition/Diet-Formulation/2011/12/Ensiling-duckweed-gives-better-quality-AAF012530W/ source]). Pressing duckweed does not reduce the water content significantly, therefore some drying may be required in order to reduce the weight and improve transportability (consider [[Food Drying with Superheated Steam]]).
 ==Business Model==

Rasmus: int. link: Azolla

2017-03-12T15:38:39Z

int. link: Azolla

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:38, 12 March 2017
Line 17:		Line 17:
	[[File:2951671000 18d073247c z.jpg\|400px\|thumb\|right\|duckweed flowering]]		[[File:2951671000 18d073247c z.jpg\|400px\|thumb\|right\|duckweed flowering]]

	[[File:Azolla filiculoides and L.minor.jpg\|500px\|thumb\|right\|An example of co-culture of ~~Azolla and~~ [[~~duckweed~~]]: "Azolla filiculoides and L.minor" by Mygaia at English Wikipedia (T.M.McKenzie)]]		[[File:Azolla filiculoides and L.minor.jpg\|500px\|thumb\|right\|An example of co-culture of [[Azolla]] and duckweed: "Azolla filiculoides and L.minor" by Mygaia at English Wikipedia (T.M.McKenzie)]]

	==Integrated Farming==		==Integrated Farming==

Rasmus: added section and video: ==Business Model== / Tamra Fakhoorian

2017-03-12T15:36:45Z

added section and video: ==Business Model== / Tamra Fakhoorian

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:36, 12 March 2017
Line 35:		Line 35:

	==For bio-energy==		==For bio-energy==
	~~Duckweed produces biomass faster than any other flowering plant~~. It has ~~clear~~ potential as ~~an alternative~~ for biofuel production.		As with so many bioenergy ideas, some skepticism is in order. While duckweed has potential for biofuel production (ethanol, butanol, biogas), there may be better uses as fodder and human food. The topic was reviewed in [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24985498 "Growing duckweed for biofuel production: a review"].

	'''Duckweed ethanol:''' Duckweed can produce appreciable quantities of starch that can be readily fermented into ethanol. The total starch content of duckweed can vary from 3-75% of the dry weight depending on strain and species. Other factors like nutrients and concentration play a large role in the accumulation of starch in duckweed. Some species like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirodela_polyrhiza Spirodela polyrrhiza] combined with swine wastewater can contain a starch content of up to 46%. Duckweed has great potential for the development of environmentally friendly, economically viable ethanol production.		'''Duckweed ethanol:''' Duckweed can produce appreciable quantities of starch that can be readily fermented into ethanol. The total starch content of duckweed can vary from 3-75% of the dry weight depending on strain and species. Other factors like nutrients and concentration play a large role in the accumulation of starch in duckweed. Some species like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirodela_polyrhiza Spirodela polyrrhiza] combined with swine wastewater can contain a starch content of up to 46%. Duckweed has great potential for the development of environmentally friendly, economically viable ethanol production.
Line 59:		Line 59:

	==Duckweed [[Silage]]==		==Duckweed [[Silage]]==
	Ensiling duckweed may result in very high quality fodder, but appears to require add-ons such as molasses or sugar beet pulp ([http://www.allaboutfeed.net/Nutrition/Diet-Formulation/2011/12/Ensiling-duckweed-gives-better-quality-AAF012530W/ source]). Pressing duckweed does not reduce the moisture content significantly, therefore some drying may be required in order to reduce the weight and improve transportability. A possible recipe for a high-quality duckweed silage product could include: duckweed (dried or at least with reduced moisture content), sugars, sauerkraut juice (for lactofermenting bacteria), small % amount of [[biochar]] as stabilizer.		Ensiling duckweed may result in very high quality fodder, but appears to require add-ons such as molasses or sugar beet pulp ([http://www.allaboutfeed.net/Nutrition/Diet-Formulation/2011/12/Ensiling-duckweed-gives-better-quality-AAF012530W/ source]). Pressing duckweed does not reduce the moisture content significantly, therefore some drying may be required in order to reduce the weight and improve transportability. A possible recipe for a high-quality duckweed silage product could include: duckweed (dried or at least with reduced moisture content), sugars, sauerkraut juice (for lactofermenting bacteria), small % amount of [[biochar]] as stabilizer.

			==Business Model==
			Tamra Fakhoorian who runs the excellent blog [https://duckweedgardening.com/ "Duckweed Gardening"] has pioneered the commercialization of duckweed (see: [http://www.greensunproducts.com/ GreenSun Products, LLC]). Check out the video below.

			<html>
			<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/dwwTekE7RMc" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>
			</html>

	==Sources==		==Sources==