Hydrogen Storage - Revision history

Eric: Added some more information

2025-10-05T05:15:28Z

Added some more information

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:15, 5 October 2025
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	***It can be tuned for Gasoline/Diesel such as the Aforementioned [[Syngas]] -> [[Methanol]] -> [[DME]] -> Gasoline/Diesel Processes, however it can also be tuned for [[Paraffin Wax]] (Re [[Fischer-Tropsch Wax]]		***It can be tuned for Gasoline/Diesel such as the Aforementioned [[Syngas]] -> [[Methanol]] -> [[DME]] -> Gasoline/Diesel Processes, however it can also be tuned for [[Paraffin Wax]] (Re [[Fischer-Tropsch Wax]]
	***Novel Use for [[Kerosine]] / [[SAF]] , [[Lubricating Oils]] , and [[LPG]] would be of interest		***Novel Use for [[Kerosine]] / [[SAF]] , [[Lubricating Oils]] , and [[LPG]] would be of interest
			*Conversion to [[Ammonia]]
			**[[Anhydrous Ammonia]] is nasty stuff, BUT is used already in industry etc
			**It can be used in SOME Combustion Engines (Re [[Ammonia Engine]] ), but where it would really shine would be use in [[Alkaline Fuel Cells]] designed to run on it DIRECTLY

	==Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers (LOHCs)==		==Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers (LOHCs)==

Eric: Added some more information

2025-10-05T05:08:58Z

Added some more information

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:08, 5 October 2025
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	=Basics=		=Basics=
	*Although ~~hydrogen if~~ a good fuel, ~~its~~ storage can be complicated. Thus this page was made.		*Although [[Hydrogen]] can be a good fuel, and is a useful Industrial Feedstock, it’s storage (and Transportation) can be complicated. Thus this page was made.
			*Main Issues Are:
			**Low Density at [[SOC]] / [[STP]]
			**[[Hydrogen Embrittlement]]
			**Wide Range of [[Explosive Limit]] (Re [[Lower Explosive Limit]] / [[Upper Explosive Limit]] )
			***ALTHOUGH this does not rule out it’s use; (Re [[Risk vs Danger]] + [[Hydrogen Safety]] , [[Gasoline]] is (depending on the blend) Pure [[BTEX]] so not only ultra-flammable but also Toxic+Carcinogenic etc
			***Also since it is Lighter Than Air, it also will not have the Pooling Risk of [[Propane]] and similar [[Fuel Gases]] / [[LPG]]

	=Cost=		=Cost=
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	*'''These are critical numbers to understand to transcend resource conflicts'''		*'''These are critical numbers to understand to transcend resource conflicts'''

	=High Pressure Hydrogen Storage=		=Methods=
			==High Pressure Hydrogen Storage==
	*350-700 bar - [http://www.steelheadcomposites.com/products/gas-cylinders/hydrogen/?_vsrefdom=adwords] - [[File:Steelhead.jpg\|200px]] - $3150 - 1400 gallons STP - 4.8 or 2.4 kg hydrogen at 700 or 350 bar. This is about 2.5 or 5 gallons of fuel equivalent. For a 100 mpg car, this is 250 or 500 mile range.		*350-700 bar - [http://www.steelheadcomposites.com/products/gas-cylinders/hydrogen/?_vsrefdom=adwords] - [[File:Steelhead.jpg\|200px]] - $3150 - 1400 gallons STP - 4.8 or 2.4 kg hydrogen at 700 or 350 bar. This is about 2.5 or 5 gallons of fuel equivalent. For a 100 mpg car, this is 250 or 500 mile range.
	*Electrolyzers can produce hydrogen at pressure, so a compressor is not needed.		*Electrolyzers can produce hydrogen at pressure, so a compressor is not needed.
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	:*Standard tanks are 55" high and 9" wide. with 45x9 inch usable size. [http://www.tek-diver-shop.de/scuba-tanks/tanks-1-50-liters:::19_84.html?language=en 50L?] - about 12 gallon, yes, 50L. If 200 atmospheres, that is 2400 gallon equivalent. 4 of these store 10000 gallons - 1.7 gallon gasoline equivalent - but the efficiency of a hydrogen engine is 2x that of gasoline, so it's effectively 3.4 gallons by comparison. That is acceptable for a microcar, though cylinder weight is 143 each or 572 lb for the tanks themselves - a significant tradeoff for a 750 lb microcar. In the first iteration, a microcar could use 1 of these as a proof of concept for a 100 mile designed range at 750 lb of weight.		:*Standard tanks are 55" high and 9" wide. with 45x9 inch usable size. [http://www.tek-diver-shop.de/scuba-tanks/tanks-1-50-liters:::19_84.html?language=en 50L?] - about 12 gallon, yes, 50L. If 200 atmospheres, that is 2400 gallon equivalent. 4 of these store 10000 gallons - 1.7 gallon gasoline equivalent - but the efficiency of a hydrogen engine is 2x that of gasoline, so it's effectively 3.4 gallons by comparison. That is acceptable for a microcar, though cylinder weight is 143 each or 572 lb for the tanks themselves - a significant tradeoff for a 750 lb microcar. In the first iteration, a microcar could use 1 of these as a proof of concept for a 100 mile designed range at 750 lb of weight.

	==Calculations==		===Calculations===
	*Cost targets - https://energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/hydrogen-storage		*Cost targets - https://energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/hydrogen-storage
	*1kWhr=3.6MJ. 1 kG of hydrogen is 142MJ/kg		*1kWhr=3.6MJ. 1 kG of hydrogen is 142MJ/kg
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	:*Compare to propane tank, 1000 gal, 100 PSI -		:*Compare to propane tank, 1000 gal, 100 PSI -

	==Storage Tank Suppliers==		===Storage Tank Suppliers===
	*700 bar, 20 gallon - [http://www.steelheadcomposites.com/request-a-quote/]. '''RFQ submitted 1/27/18'''		*700 bar, 20 gallon - [http://www.steelheadcomposites.com/request-a-quote/]. '''RFQ submitted 1/27/18'''
	*In-ground storage, 2200 PSI - 14"x40' - [http://www.alliancegas.com/storagetubes.html]		*In-ground storage, 2200 PSI - 14"x40' - [http://www.alliancegas.com/storagetubes.html]
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	*[https://www.mahytec.com/en/products/compressed-hydrogen-storage/ Mahytec Storage]		*[https://www.mahytec.com/en/products/compressed-hydrogen-storage/ Mahytec Storage]

	=Sorbent/Lattice Based Storage Methods=		==Sorbent/Lattice Based Storage Methods==
	==Carbon==		===Carbon===
	*SUPPOSEDLY [[Activated Carbon]] (and hyped carbon metamaterials) do this well?		*SUPPOSEDLY [[Activated Carbon]] (and hyped carbon metamaterials) do this well?
	*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_storage#Porous_or_layered_carbon The Portion of the Wikipedia Page on this]\		*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_storage#Porous_or_layered_carbon The Portion of the Wikipedia Page on this]\
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	**"Overcoming the barrier of hydrogen storage is a promising avenue to a zero emission fuel economy. In the present study, we demonstrate that a balance between pore size, pore volume and large surface area of activated Carbon material helps in achieving increased hydrogen uptake at room temperature and moderate pressures. The activated carbon material, synthesized using a biomass precursor and the KOH activation process, furnishes a high surface area of ∼2090 m2/g and a pore volume of 1.44 cm3/g.The hydrogen adsorption studies exhibits a good hydrogen uptake capacity of ∼1.06 wt% at 15 bar equilibrium hydrogen pressure and 25 °C signifying that this activated carbon prepared using biomass Palimera sprout can be used for catalyst support material for enhancing the hydrogen uptake capacity by spill over mechanism."		**"Overcoming the barrier of hydrogen storage is a promising avenue to a zero emission fuel economy. In the present study, we demonstrate that a balance between pore size, pore volume and large surface area of activated Carbon material helps in achieving increased hydrogen uptake at room temperature and moderate pressures. The activated carbon material, synthesized using a biomass precursor and the KOH activation process, furnishes a high surface area of ∼2090 m2/g and a pore volume of 1.44 cm3/g.The hydrogen adsorption studies exhibits a good hydrogen uptake capacity of ∼1.06 wt% at 15 bar equilibrium hydrogen pressure and 25 °C signifying that this activated carbon prepared using biomass Palimera sprout can be used for catalyst support material for enhancing the hydrogen uptake capacity by spill over mechanism."

	===Napkin Math===		====Napkin Math====
	====Givens Used====		=====Givens Used=====
	*[[Activated Carbon]] has a density of ~2000-2100 kg/m3?		*[[Activated Carbon]] has a density of ~2000-2100 kg/m3?
	**Using 2000kg/m^3 for math		**Using 2000kg/m^3 for math
	**And The Paper Said Activated Carbon has an uptake capacity of ∼1.06 wt% at 15 bar		**And The Paper Said Activated Carbon has an uptake capacity of ∼1.06 wt% at 15 bar

	==== [[User:Eric]] 's math attempt ====		===== [[User:Eric]] 's math attempt =====
	*So a 1L tank or so should have ~0.001m^3 internal volume		*So a 1L tank or so should have ~0.001m^3 internal volume
	*And 1000L would have ~m^3 internal volume		*And 1000L would have ~m^3 internal volume
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	* '''So a 1 Liter Tank with Activated Carbon at 15 bar holds 2 grams, or 44.8 Ambient Liters of H2 Gas? '''		* '''So a 1 Liter Tank with Activated Carbon at 15 bar holds 2 grams, or 44.8 Ambient Liters of H2 Gas? '''

	====Comparison of this method to UHP====		=====Comparison of this method to UHP=====
	*0.264172 L = 1 USG		*0.264172 L = 1 USG
	*3.78541 L = 1 USG		*3.78541 L = 1 USG
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	* [[User:Eric]] lost in conversion maths hell; '''HELP NEEDED'''		* [[User:Eric]] lost in conversion maths hell; '''HELP NEEDED'''

	==Metal Oxide Frameworks==		===Metal Oxide Frameworks===
			*Re [[Metal-Oxide Frameworks]]
	*Metal oxides as well		*Metal oxides as well
	*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OXAf7MsuPjI Not certain if this was a MOF, but it used pelletized [[Electrospinning \| Electrospun]] sorbents that were [[Pneumatic Conveyance \| Pneumatically Conveyed]] into a tank in a similar manner to a liquid fuel pump]		*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OXAf7MsuPjI Not certain if this was a MOF, but it used pelletized [[Electrospinning \| Electrospun]] sorbents that were [[Pneumatic Conveyance \| Pneumatically Conveyed]] into a tank in a similar manner to a liquid fuel pump]
	**Company may be defunct, need to look into this		**Company may be defunct, need to look into this

	=Cryogenic Liquid Storage=		==Cryogenic Liquid Storage==
	*Ultra High Density		*Ultra High Density
	*Can be done using a Dewar, a pure hydrogen gas source, and a cheap cryocooler		*Can be done using a Dewar, a pure hydrogen gas source, and a cheap cryocooler
	*A diy cryocooler could possibly be made to reduce costs further		*A diy cryocooler could possibly be made to reduce costs further

	=Storage as a Synthesized Fuel=		==Storage as a Synthesized Fuel==
	*Convert to [[Methane]] by the [[Sabatier Reaction]]		*Convert to [[Methane]] by the [[Sabatier Reaction]]
	*That can be compressed/liquified as is, or it could be further converted into other fuels:		*That can be compressed/liquified as is, or it could be further converted into other fuels:
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	***Novel Use for [[Kerosine]] / [[SAF]] , [[Lubricating Oils]] , and [[LPG]] would be of interest		***Novel Use for [[Kerosine]] / [[SAF]] , [[Lubricating Oils]] , and [[LPG]] would be of interest

	=Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers (LOHCs)=		==Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers (LOHCs)==
	*[[Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers]]		*Re [[Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers]]
			*Essentially a liquid that adsorbs Hydrogen, but releases it under moderate heat
			**Thus it can be pumped into a tank like a fuel, have something akin to a [[Silicone Heating Pad]] warm it a bit when gas is needed, then pump it out/swap it at a [[Fueling Station]] where it is Collected and/or “Recharged”

	=Risks=		=Risks=

Eric: Added some more information

2025-10-05T05:00:39Z

Added some more information

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:00, 5 October 2025
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	=Storage as a Synthesized Fuel=		=Storage as a Synthesized Fuel=
	* Convert to Methane by the [~~https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabatier_reaction~~ Sabatier Reaction]		*Convert to [[Methane]] by the [[Sabatier Reaction]]
	* That can be compressed/liquified as is or it could be further converted into other fuels:		*That can be compressed/liquified as is, or it could be further converted into other fuels:
	** Methanol can be made from ~~methane~~ via the following process [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_to_liquids#Methane_to_methanol_process Listed Here]		**[[Methanol]] can be made from [[Methane]] via the following process [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_to_liquids#Methane_to_methanol_process Listed Here]
	** Dimethyl Ether can be made from Methanol [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethyl_ether#Production This Details How]		**[[Dimethyl Ether]] can be made from [[Methanol]][https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethyl_ether#Production This Details How]
	** Dimethyl Ether Can be Catalytically Converted to Hydrocarbons such as Gasoline [~~https:~~//~~en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syngas_to_gasoline_plus This Details How~~]		**[[Dimethyl Ether]] Can be Catalytically Converted to Hydrocarbons such as [[Gasoline]] or [[Diesel]] etc
	* Hydrogen + Carbon Monoxide can be directly converted to hydrocarbons via the [~~https:~~//~~en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fischer–Tropsch_process~~ Fischer Tropsch ~~Process~~]		***Re [[Gas-to-Liquids]] / [[Methanol to Olefins]] / [[Sustainable Aviation Fuel]] etc
			*[[Hydrogen]] + [[Carbon Monoxide]] can be directly converted to a mix of hydrocarbons via the [[Fischer-Tropsch Process]
			**This can be tuned for various uses
			***By Default it Produces a [[Light Crude Oil]] (Granted ‘’’Citation Needed’’’ )
			***It can be tuned for Gasoline/Diesel such as the Aforementioned [[Syngas]] -> [[Methanol]] -> [[DME]] -> Gasoline/Diesel Processes, however it can also be tuned for [[Paraffin Wax]] (Re [[Fischer-Tropsch Wax]]
			***Novel Use for [[Kerosine]] / [[SAF]] , [[Lubricating Oils]] , and [[LPG]] would be of interest

	=Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers (LOHCs)=		=Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers (LOHCs)=

Eric: Added some more information

2021-05-12T03:20:58Z

Added some more information

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:20, 12 May 2021
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	** Dimethyl Ether Can be Catalytically Converted to Hydrocarbons such as Gasoline [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syngas_to_gasoline_plus This Details How]		** Dimethyl Ether Can be Catalytically Converted to Hydrocarbons such as Gasoline [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syngas_to_gasoline_plus This Details How]
	* Hydrogen + Carbon Monoxide can be directly converted to hydrocarbons via the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fischer–Tropsch_process Fischer Tropsch Process]		* Hydrogen + Carbon Monoxide can be directly converted to hydrocarbons via the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fischer–Tropsch_process Fischer Tropsch Process]

			=Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers (LOHCs)=
			*[[Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers]]

	=Risks=		=Risks=

Eric: Minor Text Formating Fix

2021-05-10T01:57:16Z

Minor Text Formating Fix

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:57, 10 May 2021
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	==Metal Oxide Frameworks==		==Metal Oxide Frameworks==
	*Metal oxides as well		*Metal oxides as well
	*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OXAf7MsuPjI Not certain if this was a MOF, but it used pelletized [[Electrospinning \| Electrospun]] sorbents that were [[Pneumatic Conveyance \| Pneumatically Conveyed]] into a tank in a similar manner to a liquid fuel pump		*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OXAf7MsuPjI Not certain if this was a MOF, but it used pelletized [[Electrospinning \| Electrospun]] sorbents that were [[Pneumatic Conveyance \| Pneumatically Conveyed]] into a tank in a similar manner to a liquid fuel pump]
	**Company may be defunct, need to look into this		**Company may be defunct, need to look into this

Eric: Added some more information

2021-05-10T01:56:50Z

Added some more information

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:56, 10 May 2021
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	==Metal Oxide Frameworks==		==Metal Oxide Frameworks==
	*Metal oxides as well		*Metal oxides as well
			*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OXAf7MsuPjI Not certain if this was a MOF, but it used pelletized [[Electrospinning \| Electrospun]] sorbents that were [[Pneumatic Conveyance \| Pneumatically Conveyed]] into a tank in a similar manner to a liquid fuel pump
			**Company may be defunct, need to look into this

	=Cryogenic Liquid Storage=		=Cryogenic Liquid Storage=

Eric: Added some more information

2020-09-12T22:10:38Z

Added some more information

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:10, 12 September 2020
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	*Low, medium, and high pressure storage options - [https://pureenergycentre.com/hydrogen-storage/]		*Low, medium, and high pressure storage options - [https://pureenergycentre.com/hydrogen-storage/]
	*Pictures of storage tanks - [https://www.google.com/search?q=hydrogen+storage+tanks&client=ubuntu&hs=h8e&tbm=isch&source=lnms&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjllc2L3KHYAhUqxoMKHay7CkkQ_AUI5gEoAQ&biw=1376&bih=788#imgrc=J0pfT75ID0DIDM:]		*Pictures of storage tanks - [https://www.google.com/search?q=hydrogen+storage+tanks&client=ubuntu&hs=h8e&tbm=isch&source=lnms&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjllc2L3KHYAhUqxoMKHay7CkkQ_AUI5gEoAQ&biw=1376&bih=788#imgrc=J0pfT75ID0DIDM:]
			*[https://www.mahytec.com/en/products/compressed-hydrogen-storage/ Mahytec Storage]

	=Sorbent/Lattice Based Storage Methods=		=Sorbent/Lattice Based Storage Methods=

Marcin: /* Cost */

2020-08-12T20:08:25Z

Cost

@@ Line 8: / Line 8: @@
 *Thus the storage cost is $90 (tank alone, no plumbing) per kWh_e at these costs. Double pressure to 700 and add 100% for plumbing and cost is at $90 for this storage, 4x less than Lithium Ion batteries, and equivalent to [[Saturated Water]] thermal storage.
 *'''These are critical numbers to understand to transcend resource conflicts'''
 =Sorbent/Lattice Based Storage Methods=

Marcin: /* High Pressure Hydrogen Storage */

2020-08-12T20:08:14Z

High Pressure Hydrogen Storage

@@ Line 42: / Line 42: @@
 ==Metal Oxide Frameworks==
 *Metal oxides as well
 =Cryogenic Liquid Storage=

Marcin: /* Cost */

2020-08-12T20:07:26Z

Cost

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:07, 12 August 2020
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	*Optimal conversion of fuel to electricity is 14 kWh_e/gal. See [[Fuel Consumption]].		*Optimal conversion of fuel to electricity is 14 kWh_e/gal. See [[Fuel Consumption]].
	*Thus the storage cost is $90 (tank alone, no plumbing) per kWh_e at these costs. Double pressure to 700 and add 100% for plumbing and cost is at $90 for this storage, 4x less than Lithium Ion batteries, and equivalent to [[Saturated Water]] thermal storage.		*Thus the storage cost is $90 (tank alone, no plumbing) per kWh_e at these costs. Double pressure to 700 and add 100% for plumbing and cost is at $90 for this storage, 4x less than Lithium Ion batteries, and equivalent to [[Saturated Water]] thermal storage.
	*These are critical numbers to understand to transcend resource conflicts		*'''These are critical numbers to understand to transcend resource conflicts'''

	=Sorbent/Lattice Based Storage Methods=		=Sorbent/Lattice Based Storage Methods=