Polylactic acid/Research Development - Revision history

Poli at 13:10, 18 April 2020

2020-04-18T13:10:08Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:10, 18 April 2020
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	=====Sources still to be summarized=====		=====Sources still to be summarized=====
			======2020 catalysts======
			https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10965-016-0976-7

			https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6539807/

			https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0960852410009508?via%3Dihub


			======Old======

	http://www.imm.ac.cn/journal/ccl/1208/120803-663-01061-p2.pdf		http://www.imm.ac.cn/journal/ccl/1208/120803-663-01061-p2.pdf

ChuckH: /* Bacillus coagulans */

2015-01-06T08:18:02Z

Bacillus coagulans

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:18, 6 January 2015
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	====Bacillus coagulans====		====Bacillus coagulans====
	Bacillus coagulans has been an organism of recent research focus due to its possible applications in biomass conversion. To further this work genome sequencing has been performed by American and Chinese research groups e.g. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3905273/ and draft sequences have been published http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome/?term=CP002472 http://genome.jgi~~-psf~~.~~org~~/~~bacco/bacco.home.html~~. There is a D-LA dehydrogenase gene present that functionally expresses in E coli, but there is no detectable endogenous activity most likely due to nonexpression. B. coagulans has been isolated a number of times from the environment based on lactic acid productivity and it is under intense study for application due to its thermotolerant growth and robustness. Bacillus coagulans thermophilic nature not only removes the necessity of a sterilization of feedstock, but it overlaps with fungal lignocellulases optimal temperature and pH giving possibility to using low value lignocellulose agricultural byproducts. Bacillus coagulans is related to a well studied organism Bacillus subtilis and its molecular biology is being characterized. Plasmid transformation using electroporation has been described and vector sequences for a B coagulans/ E coli plasmid.		Bacillus coagulans has been an organism of recent research focus due to its possible applications in biomass conversion. To further this work genome sequencing has been performed by American and Chinese research groups e.g. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3905273/ and draft sequences have been published http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome/?term=CP002472 [http://genome.jgi.doe.gov/?core=genome&query=Bacillus%20coagulans&searchType=Keyword&showAll=false&showGroups=true&externallySequenced=true&sortBy=displayNameStr&showRestricted=true&showOnlyPublished=false&showSuperseded=true&sortOrder=asc&rawQuery=false&showFungalOnly=false&programName=all&programYear=all&superkingdom=--any--&scientificProgram=--any--&productName=--any--&start=0&rows=50 JGI]. There is a D-LA dehydrogenase gene present that functionally expresses in E coli, but there is no detectable endogenous activity most likely due to nonexpression. B. coagulans has been isolated a number of times from the environment based on lactic acid productivity and it is under intense study for application due to its thermotolerant growth and robustness. Bacillus coagulans thermophilic nature not only removes the necessity of a sterilization of feedstock, but it overlaps with fungal lignocellulases optimal temperature and pH giving possibility to using low value lignocellulose agricultural byproducts. Bacillus coagulans is related to a well studied organism Bacillus subtilis and its molecular biology is being characterized. Plasmid transformation using electroporation has been described and vector sequences for a B coagulans/ E coli plasmid.

	http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3165500/pdf/zjb4563.pdf		http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3165500/pdf/zjb4563.pdf

ChuckH: /* Bacillus coagulans */

2015-01-06T08:11:55Z

Bacillus coagulans

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:11, 6 January 2015
Line 69:		Line 69:

	====Bacillus coagulans====		====Bacillus coagulans====
	Bacillus coagulans has been an organism of recent research focus due to its possible applications in biomass conversion. To further this work genome sequencing has been performed by American and Chinese research groups and draft sequences have been published http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome/?term=CP002472 http://genome.jgi-psf.org/bacco/bacco.home.html. There is a D-LA dehydrogenase gene present that functionally expresses in E coli, but there is no detectable endogenous activity most likely due to nonexpression. B. coagulans has been isolated a number of times from the environment based on lactic acid productivity and it is under intense study for application due to its thermotolerant growth and robustness. Bacillus coagulans thermophilic nature not only removes the necessity of a sterilization of feedstock, but it overlaps with fungal lignocellulases optimal temperature and pH giving possibility to using low value lignocellulose agricultural byproducts. Bacillus coagulans is related to a well studied organism Bacillus subtilis and its molecular biology is being characterized. Plasmid transformation using electroporation has been described and vector sequences for a B coagulans/ E coli plasmid.		Bacillus coagulans has been an organism of recent research focus due to its possible applications in biomass conversion. To further this work genome sequencing has been performed by American and Chinese research groups e.g. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3905273/ and draft sequences have been published http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome/?term=CP002472 http://genome.jgi-psf.org/bacco/bacco.home.html. There is a D-LA dehydrogenase gene present that functionally expresses in E coli, but there is no detectable endogenous activity most likely due to nonexpression. B. coagulans has been isolated a number of times from the environment based on lactic acid productivity and it is under intense study for application due to its thermotolerant growth and robustness. Bacillus coagulans thermophilic nature not only removes the necessity of a sterilization of feedstock, but it overlaps with fungal lignocellulases optimal temperature and pH giving possibility to using low value lignocellulose agricultural byproducts. Bacillus coagulans is related to a well studied organism Bacillus subtilis and its molecular biology is being characterized. Plasmid transformation using electroporation has been described and vector sequences for a B coagulans/ E coli plasmid.

	http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3165500/pdf/zjb4563.pdf		http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3165500/pdf/zjb4563.pdf
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	=====Engineering Thermotolerant Biocatalysts for Biomass Conversion to Products=====		=====Engineering Thermotolerant Biocatalysts for Biomass Conversion to Products=====
	[http://www.osti.gov/bridge/servlets/purl/979455-cpKL66/979455.pdf Engineering Thermotolerant Biocatalysts for Biomass Conversion to Products] a technical report by K. T. Shanmugam, L. O. Ingram & J. A. Maupin-Furlow describes progress on characterizing B coagulans metabolism.		[http://www.osti.gov/bridge/servlets/purl/979455-cpKL66/979455.pdf Engineering Thermotolerant Biocatalysts for Biomass Conversion to Products] a technical report by K. T. Shanmugam, L. O. Ingram & J. A. Maupin-Furlow describes progress on characterizing B coagulans metabolism.


	====Bacillus genetic transformation====		====Bacillus genetic transformation====

Poli: /* Process intensiﬁcation in lactic acid production by three stage membrane integrated hybrid reactor system */

2013-05-08T12:30:32Z

Process intensiﬁcation in lactic acid production by three stage membrane integrated hybrid reactor system

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:30, 8 May 2013
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	=====Process intensiﬁcation in lactic acid production by three stage membrane integrated hybrid reactor system=====		=====Process intensiﬁcation in lactic acid production by three stage membrane integrated hybrid reactor system=====
	[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0255270112002516# Process intensiﬁcation in lactic acid production by three stage membrane integrated hybrid reactor system] describes lactic acid fermention without alkali addition by the constant removal broth and separation through microfiltration and two stage nanofiltration. Innovative use of size /salt selective membranes to separate lactic acid from the fermentation broth utilizes pressure and crossflow filtration to with microfiltration and two stage nanofiltration (NF-1 and NF-2 membranes manufactured by Sepro) to produce high quality (96%) grade lacic acid. The author claims significant gains can be made in productivity and utilized a highly available feedstock of sugar cane water. The physical formulas of crossflow filtration and economic impact of widespread implementation are proposed. Membrane filtration shown to be less energy demanding ~~ina~~ addition to not producing significant waste. ~~Avoidig~~ the phase changes present in the current industrial salting out method leads to membranes significant energetic and capital cost reductions. L(+)-homolactic acid lactobacilli dulbreike is used as a biocatalyst ~~and~~ achieved high yields and is available from ATCC. The fermentation broth must be sterilized before fermenation and is maintained at 40 C. Procedural techniques also are presented including: a 15 hour lag phase before ~~fermenation~~ broth is started through filtration, and gradual increase in up to ~16 kg/cm2 pressure driving the polishing NF-1 step over the first 12 hours as a means to reject undissociated lactate while allowing lactic acid passage. The nanofiltration stage with NF-2 membranes is conducted at 13 k/cm2. The authors convincingly argue this process intensification can be conducted on a small scale, possibly even based on solar power.		[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0255270112002516# Process intensiﬁcation in lactic acid production by three stage membrane integrated hybrid reactor system] describes lactic acid fermention without alkali addition by the constant removal broth and separation through microfiltration and two stage nanofiltration. Innovative use of size /salt selective membranes to separate lactic acid from the fermentation broth utilizes pressure and crossflow filtration to with microfiltration and two stage nanofiltration (NF-1 and NF-2 membranes manufactured by Sepro) to produce high quality (96%) grade lacic acid. The author claims significant gains can be made in productivity and utilized a highly available feedstock of sugar cane water. The physical formulas of crossflow filtration and economic impact of widespread implementation are proposed. Membrane filtration is shown to be less energy demanding in addition to not producing significant waste. Avoiding the phase changes present in the current industrial salting out method leads to membranes significant energetic and capital cost reductions. L(+)-homolactic acid lactobacilli dulbreike is used as a biocatalyst, achieved high yields, and is available from ATCC. The fermentation broth must be sterilized before fermenation and is maintained at 40 C. Procedural techniques also are presented including: a 15 hour lag phase before fermentation broth is started through filtration, and gradual increase in up to ~16 kg/cm2 pressure driving the polishing NF-1 step over the first 12 hours as a means to reject undissociated lactate while allowing lactic acid passage. The nanofiltration stage with NF-2 membranes is conducted at 13 k/cm2. The authors convincingly argue this process intensification can be conducted on a small scale, possibly even based on solar power.


	=====Process intensification in lactic acid production: A review of membrane based processes=====		=====Process intensification in lactic acid production: A review of membrane based processes=====

Poli: /* Fermentable sugars by chemical hydrolysis of biomass */

2013-03-09T16:03:35Z

Fermentable sugars by chemical hydrolysis of biomass

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:03, 9 March 2013
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	=====Fermentable sugars by chemical hydrolysis of biomass=====		=====Fermentable sugars by chemical hydrolysis of biomass=====
	[http://www.pnas.org/content/107/10/4516.full Fermentable sugars by chemical hydrolysis of biomass] (2010) by Joseph B. Binder and Ronald T. Raines utilized an ionic liquid, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (Emim)Cl, with an acid catalyst, HCl and H2SO4 to demonstrate efficient hexose and pentose release from cellulose and lignocellulose biomass. The process is further improved through the slow addition of water to drive the reaction toward glucose formation over degradation products despite the hydrophobicity of cellulose. With the addition of water being ~~delayed until 2 hours~~ the glucose yields were increased to 90%. The resulting conversion product was used as a feedstock for ~~laboratory~~ E coli and performed equitably with an insignificant trend towards better performance by the hydrolysate under low oxyygen conditions. The authors speculate on better performing biocatalysts that utilize pentoses, such as ~~Pichia, -or~~ Bacillus coagulans.		[http://www.pnas.org/content/107/10/4516.full Fermentable sugars by chemical hydrolysis of biomass] (2010) by Joseph B. Binder and Ronald T. Raines utilized an ionic liquid, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (Emim)Cl, with an acid catalyst, HCl and H2SO4 to demonstrate efficient hexose and pentose release from cellulose and lignocellulose biomass. The process is further improved through the slow addition of water to drive the reaction toward glucose formation over degradation products despite the hydrophobicity of cellulose. The corn stover was first treated with Emim before addition of HCl and water. With the addition of water being gradually increased to 43% over 1 hour the glucose yields were increased to 90%. The hydrolysate was run over an ion-exchange column and the resulting conversion product was used as a feedstock for E coli and yeast and performed equitably with an insignificant trend towards better performance by the hydrolysate under low oxyygen conditions. The major cost of the process is in the column chromatography step. The authors speculate on better performing biocatalysts that utilize pentoses (such as Bacillus coagulans).

	=====A Study of the Acid-Catalyzed Hydrolysis of Cellulose Dissolved in Ionic Liquids and the Factors Influencing the Dehydration of Glucose and the Formation of Humins=====		=====A Study of the Acid-Catalyzed Hydrolysis of Cellulose Dissolved in Ionic Liquids and the Factors Influencing the Dehydration of Glucose and the Formation of Humins=====

Poli: /* Fermentable sugars by chemical hydrolysis of biomass */

2013-03-09T15:46:28Z

Fermentable sugars by chemical hydrolysis of biomass

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:46, 9 March 2013
Line 46:		Line 46:

	=====Fermentable sugars by chemical hydrolysis of biomass=====		=====Fermentable sugars by chemical hydrolysis of biomass=====
	[http://www.pnas.org/content/107/10/4516.full Fermentable sugars by chemical hydrolysis of biomass] (2010) by Joseph B. Binder and Ronald T. Raines utilized an ionic liquid, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (Emim)Cl, with a acid catalyst, HCl and H2SO4 to demonstrate efficient hexose and pentose release from cellulose and lignocellulose biomass. The process is further improved through the slow addition of water to drive the reaction toward glucose formation over degradation products despite the hydrophobicity of cellulose..		[http://www.pnas.org/content/107/10/4516.full Fermentable sugars by chemical hydrolysis of biomass] (2010) by Joseph B. Binder and Ronald T. Raines utilized an ionic liquid, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (Emim)Cl, with an acid catalyst, HCl and H2SO4 to demonstrate efficient hexose and pentose release from cellulose and lignocellulose biomass. The process is further improved through the slow addition of water to drive the reaction toward glucose formation over degradation products despite the hydrophobicity of cellulose. With the addition of water being delayed until 2 hours the glucose yields were increased to 90%. The resulting conversion product was used as a feedstock for laboratory E coli and performed equitably with an insignificant trend towards better performance by the hydrolysate under low oxyygen conditions. The authors speculate on better performing biocatalysts that utilize pentoses, such as Pichia, -or Bacillus coagulans.

	=====A Study of the Acid-Catalyzed Hydrolysis of Cellulose Dissolved in Ionic Liquids and the Factors Influencing the Dehydration of Glucose and the Formation of Humins=====		=====A Study of the Acid-Catalyzed Hydrolysis of Cellulose Dissolved in Ionic Liquids and the Factors Influencing the Dehydration of Glucose and the Formation of Humins=====

Poli: /* Interspecific Transformation in Bacillus */

2013-03-09T15:16:08Z

Interspecific Transformation in Bacillus

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:16, 9 March 2013
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	=====Interspecific Transformation in Bacillus=====		=====Interspecific Transformation in Bacillus=====
	[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC278154/pdf/jbacter00454-0221.pdf Interspecific Transformation in Bacillus]		[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC278154/pdf/jbacter00454-0221.pdf Interspecific Transformation in Bacillus]
	by Julius Marmur, Edna Seaman, ~~and~~ James Levine		by Julius Marmur, Edna Seaman, James Levine

	Plasmid maintenance often requires continuous application of a selection pressure or else the unnecessary plasmid is jettisoned or lost during replication. Further research is needed into methods of genomic integration through homologous recombination/ strand break repair integration or protoplast transfer. Alternatively, genetic mutants with interruptions to necessary nutrient pathways can be obtained and the reintroduction of nutrient genes reintroduced as a marker.		Plasmid maintenance often requires continuous application of a selection pressure or else the unnecessary plasmid is jettisoned or lost during replication. Further research is needed into methods of genomic integration through homologous recombination/ strand break repair integration or protoplast transfer. Alternatively, genetic mutants with interruptions to necessary nutrient pathways can be obtained and the reintroduction of nutrient genes reintroduced as a marker.

Poli: /* Interspecific Transformation in Bacillus */

2013-03-09T15:15:44Z

Interspecific Transformation in Bacillus

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:15, 9 March 2013
Line 92:		Line 92:
	=====Interspecific Transformation in Bacillus=====		=====Interspecific Transformation in Bacillus=====
	[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC278154/pdf/jbacter00454-0221.pdf Interspecific Transformation in Bacillus]		[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC278154/pdf/jbacter00454-0221.pdf Interspecific Transformation in Bacillus]
	by Julius Marmur, Edna Seaman, ~~AND~~ James Levine		by Julius Marmur, Edna Seaman, and James Levine

	Plasmid maintenance often requires continuous application of a selection pressure or else the unnecessary plasmid is jettisoned or lost during replication. Further research is needed into methods of genomic integration through homologous recombination/ strand break repair integration or protoplast transfer. Alternatively, genetic mutants with interruptions to necessary nutrient pathways can be obtained and the reintroduction of nutrient genes reintroduced as a marker.		Plasmid maintenance often requires continuous application of a selection pressure or else the unnecessary plasmid is jettisoned or lost during replication. Further research is needed into methods of genomic integration through homologous recombination/ strand break repair integration or protoplast transfer. Alternatively, genetic mutants with interruptions to necessary nutrient pathways can be obtained and the reintroduction of nutrient genes reintroduced as a marker.

Poli: /* Catalytical conversion of carbohydrates in subcritical water: A new chemical process for lactic acid production */

2013-03-02T15:36:42Z

Catalytical conversion of carbohydrates in subcritical water: A new chemical process for lactic acid production

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:36, 2 March 2013
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	=====Catalytical conversion of carbohydrates in subcritical water: A new chemical process for lactic acid production=====		=====Catalytical conversion of carbohydrates in subcritical water: A new chemical process for lactic acid production=====
	[http://144.206.159.178/FT/616/601140/12505447.pdf Catalytical conversion of carbohydrates in subcritical water: A new		[http://144.206.159.178/FT/616/601140/12505447.pdf Catalytical conversion of carbohydrates in subcritical water: A new
	chemical process for lactic acid production] investigates the effects of different salts on the conversion of hexose and triose under subcritical aqueous conditions with a focus on lactic acid production. Fructose is found to be superior to glucose with a conversion of 48%, while trioses had higher conversion rates, the highest being dihydroxyacetone with 86% (g g−1) conversion. Catalysts tested include Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II)and Zn(II), with Zn(II) being superior and utilized as ZnSO4. Temperature, and residence time were altered in a range from 200 to 360 C and residence times from 3 to 180 s, and pressure was kept constant at 25 MPa. The experimental setup used two stainless steel reactors (tube 1: i.d. 1.0 mm, length 700 mm, volume 0.55 cm3; tube 2: i.d. 3.0 mm, length 700 mm, volume 4.95 cm3), with temperature control from a heat block and with flux being controlled by an upstream HPLC pumping in substrate. Downstream of the reactor is a heat exchanger to dissipate heat, spill valve to relieve pressure, and three way valve to direct the process stream to waste or product containers.		chemical process for lactic acid production] investigates the effects of different salts on the conversion of hexose and triose under subcritical aqueous conditions with a focus on lactic acid production. Fructose is found to be superior to glucose with a conversion of 48%, while trioses had higher conversion rates, the highest being dihydroxyacetone with 86% (g g−1) conversion. Catalysts tested include Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II)and Zn(II), with Zn(II) being superior and utilized as ZnSO4. Temperature, and residence time were altered in a range from 200 to 360 C and residence times from 3 to 180 s, and pressure was kept constant at 25 MPa. The experimental setup used two stainless steel reactors (tube 1: i.d. 1.0 mm, length 700 mm, volume 0.55 cm3; tube 2: i.d. 3.0 mm, length 700 mm, volume 4.95 cm3), with temperature control from a heat block and with flux being controlled by an upstream HPLC pumping in substrate. Downstream of the reactor is a heat exchanger to dissipate heat, spill valve to relieve pressure, and three way valve to direct the process stream to waste or product containers. Conversion, yield and selectivity, are calculated. Fructose can be completely degraded within 2 min at 260 C over ZnSO4 catalyst and the time further decreased with an increase in temperature, with 300 C completing conversion within 20 s. Furthermore selectivity increases from ~35% to 48% when temperature is increased from 260 C to 300 C.

	==Feedstocks==		==Feedstocks==

Poli: /* Catalytical conversion of carbohydrates in subcritical water: A new chemical process for lactic acid production */

2013-03-02T15:23:34Z

Catalytical conversion of carbohydrates in subcritical water: A new chemical process for lactic acid production

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:23, 2 March 2013
Line 34:		Line 34:
	=====Catalytical conversion of carbohydrates in subcritical water: A new chemical process for lactic acid production=====		=====Catalytical conversion of carbohydrates in subcritical water: A new chemical process for lactic acid production=====
	[http://144.206.159.178/FT/616/601140/12505447.pdf Catalytical conversion of carbohydrates in subcritical water: A new		[http://144.206.159.178/FT/616/601140/12505447.pdf Catalytical conversion of carbohydrates in subcritical water: A new
	chemical process for lactic acid production] investigates the effects of different salts on the conversion of hexose and triose under subcritical aqueous conditions with a focus on lactic acid production. Fructose is found to be superior to glucose with a conversion of 48%, while trioses had higher conversion rates, the highest being dihydroxyacetone with 86% (g g−1) conversion. Catalysts tested include Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II)and Zn(II), with Zn(II) being superior and utilized as ZnSO4. Temperature, and residence time were altered in a range from 200 to 360 C and residence times from 3 to 180 s, and pressure was kept constant at 25 MPa.		chemical process for lactic acid production] investigates the effects of different salts on the conversion of hexose and triose under subcritical aqueous conditions with a focus on lactic acid production. Fructose is found to be superior to glucose with a conversion of 48%, while trioses had higher conversion rates, the highest being dihydroxyacetone with 86% (g g−1) conversion. Catalysts tested include Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II)and Zn(II), with Zn(II) being superior and utilized as ZnSO4. Temperature, and residence time were altered in a range from 200 to 360 C and residence times from 3 to 180 s, and pressure was kept constant at 25 MPa. The experimental setup used two stainless steel reactors (tube 1: i.d. 1.0 mm, length 700 mm, volume 0.55 cm3; tube 2: i.d. 3.0 mm, length 700 mm, volume 4.95 cm3), with temperature control from a heat block and with flux being controlled by an upstream HPLC pumping in substrate. Downstream of the reactor is a heat exchanger to dissipate heat, spill valve to relieve pressure, and three way valve to direct the process stream to waste or product containers.

	==Feedstocks==		==Feedstocks==