Red Mud and Bio-Oil - Revision history

Yiannis Pontikes at 11:30, 29 December 2013

2013-12-29T11:30:49Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:30, 29 December 2013
Line 62:		Line 62:
	==External Links==		==External Links==
	* [http://www.chembio.uoguelph.ca/schlaf/ Schlaf lab homepage]		* [http://www.chembio.uoguelph.ca/schlaf/ Schlaf lab homepage]
	* [http://www.redmud.org/~~home.html~~ Red Mud Project]		* [http://www.redmud.org/ Red Mud Project]

Rasmus: formatting change

2011-02-17T14:07:05Z

formatting change

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:07, 17 February 2011
Line 11:		Line 11:
	'''''Apparently, Prof. Schlaf wants this technology to be open source, non-patentable !!!''''' Hats off to the man, this is what the world needs. Here is an email he sent to many collaborators and other interested parties:		'''''Apparently, Prof. Schlaf wants this technology to be open source, non-patentable !!!''''' Hats off to the man, this is what the world needs. Here is an email he sent to many collaborators and other interested parties:

	~~----~~		<pre>

	Original Message-----		Original Message-----
	From: Marcel Schlaf [mailto: ... uoguelph.ca]		From: Marcel Schlaf [mailto: ... uoguelph.ca]
Line 56:		Line 55:

	Marcel Schlaf, Dipl.-Chem., Ph.D.		Marcel Schlaf, Dipl.-Chem., Ph.D.
			</pre>

	==Other uses of Red Mud, not related to bio-oil upgrading==		==Other uses of Red Mud, not related to bio-oil upgrading==

Rasmus at 23:57, 16 February 2011

2011-02-16T23:57:47Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:57, 16 February 2011
Line 2:		Line 2:
	{{Category=Biofuel}}		{{Category=Biofuel}}

	[[File:Redmud_Ireland.jpg\|~~500px~~\|thumb\|right\|Part of the Aughinish (Ireland) aluminium plant. The waste material is known as ~~red mud~~ and is a by-product of the bauxite processing. It is extremely alkaline and toxic to many plants. Further information can be found [http://www.fli.ie/downloads/Mining%20Industry.pdf here].]]		[[File:Redmud_Ireland.jpg\|450px\|thumb\|right\|Part of the Aughinish (Ireland) aluminium plant. The waste material is known as Red Mud and is a by-product of the bauxite processing. It is extremely alkaline and toxic to many plants. Further information can be found [http://www.fli.ie/downloads/Mining%20Industry.pdf here].]]
	==Red Mud==		==Red Mud==
	[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_mud Red ~~mud~~] is a by-product/waste that derives from the alumina producing industries (during the Bayer process for alumina production). It is composed of a mixture of solid and metallic oxide-bearing impurities, and presents one of the aluminium industry's most important disposal problems. The red color is caused by the iron oxides, which can make up to 60 percent of the mass of ~~the red mud~~. In addition to iron, the other dominant particles include silica, unleached residual aluminium, and titanium oxide. Red ~~mud~~ cannot be disposed of easily. Based on an Australian report, "the inventory was 2.7Bt at 2007, growing at a rate of 119 Mt per year". In most countries where ~~red mud~~ is produced, it is pumped into holding ponds. Red ~~mud~~ presents a problem as it takes up land area and can neither be built on nor farmed, even when dry. It is estimated that around 1.5 tons of red mud will be ~~made from~~ 1 ton of alumina. In October of 2010, [http://www.treehugger.com/files/2010/10/hungary-toxic-industrial-sludge-covers-villages-photos.php a huge reservoir of ~~red mud~~ collapsed in western Hungary], flooding three villages and killing several people.		[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_mud Red Mud] is a by-product/waste that derives from the alumina producing industries (during the Bayer process for alumina production). It is composed of a mixture of solid and metallic oxide-bearing impurities, and presents one of the aluminium industry's most important disposal problems. The red color is caused by the iron oxides, which can make up to 60 percent of the mass of Red Mud. In addition to iron, the other dominant particles include silica, unleached residual aluminium, and titanium oxide. Red Mud cannot be disposed of easily. Based on an Australian report, "the inventory was 2.7Bt at 2007, growing at a rate of 119 Mt per year". In most countries where Red Mud is produced, it is pumped into holding ponds. Red Mud presents a problem as it takes up land area and can neither be built on nor farmed, even when dry. It is estimated that around 1.5 tons of red mud will be generated for every 1 ton of alumina produced. In October of 2010, [http://www.treehugger.com/files/2010/10/hungary-toxic-industrial-sludge-covers-villages-photos.php a huge reservoir of Red Mud collapsed in western Hungary], flooding three villages and killing several people.

	==Red Mud and Bio-Oil==		==Red Mud and Bio-Oil==
	While searching for a way to produce higher-grade heating fuel from agricultural and forestry biomass, [http://www.uoguelph.ca/news/2010/10/red_mud_can_hel.html U of Guelph chemist Marcel Schlaf discovered a technique] that might make good use of red mud in the processing of [[Pyrolysis_Oil\|bio-oil]]. The high acidity of bio-oil makes it unstable, corrosive and very difficult to store. [http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ef101154d Tests by Schlaf and post-doc Elham Karimi] were successful in lowering the acid level of the organic liquid and producing higher-grade oil. The same process changes red mud itself into a neutral magnetic material that is no longer caustic and toxic but that could be used as a building material.		While searching for a way to produce higher-grade heating fuel from agricultural and forestry biomass, [http://www.uoguelph.ca/news/2010/10/red_mud_can_hel.html U of Guelph chemist Marcel Schlaf discovered a technique] that might make good use of red mud in the processing of [[Pyrolysis_Oil\|bio-oil]]. The high acidity of bio-oil makes it unstable, corrosive and very difficult to store. [http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ef101154d Tests by Schlaf and post-doc Elham Karimi] were successful in lowering the acid level of the organic liquid and producing higher-grade oil. The same process changes red mud itself into a neutral magnetic material that is no longer caustic and toxic but that could be used as a building material.

	'''Apparently, Prof. Schlaf wants this technology to be open source, non-patentable !''' Hats off to the man, this is what the world needs. Here is an email he sent to many collaborators and other interested parties:		'''''Apparently, Prof. Schlaf wants this technology to be open source, non-patentable !!!''''' Hats off to the man, this is what the world needs. Here is an email he sent to many collaborators and other interested parties:

	----		----
Line 58:		Line 58:


	==Other uses, not related to bio-oil upgrading==		==Other uses of Red Mud, not related to bio-oil upgrading==
	In India, ~~red mud~~ is produced at a rate of about 4 MT/yr and is disposed as a slurry having a solid concentration in the range of 10-30%, pH in the range of 13 and high ionic strength and contains silica, aluminum, iron, calcium, titanium, as well as an array of minor constituents, namely: Na, K, Cr, V, Ni, Ba, Cu, Mn,Pb, Zn etc. Uses: make building bricks and tiles, lightweight structural blocks, roofing sheets, as an additive to concrete, paint, wood substitute, glass, ceramic flyash/redmud polymer door shutters, furniture, flooring and panelling work, electrical switch boxes and insulating sheets etc. (ex. by making [http://www.bmtpc.org/building/redmud.htm red mud jute fibre polymer composites (RFPC)])		In India, Red Mud is produced at a rate of about 4 MT/yr and is disposed as a slurry having a solid concentration in the range of 10-30%, pH in the range of 13 and high ionic strength and contains silica, aluminum, iron, calcium, titanium, as well as an array of minor constituents, namely: Na, K, Cr, V, Ni, Ba, Cu, Mn, Pb, Zn etc. Uses: make building bricks and tiles, lightweight structural blocks, roofing sheets, as an additive to concrete, paint, wood substitute, glass, ceramic flyash/redmud polymer door shutters, furniture, flooring and panelling work, electrical switch boxes and insulating sheets etc. (ex. by making [http://www.bmtpc.org/building/redmud.htm red mud jute fibre polymer composites (RFPC)])

	==External Links==		==External Links==
	* [http://www.chembio.uoguelph.ca/schlaf/ Schlaf lab homepage]		* [http://www.chembio.uoguelph.ca/schlaf/ Schlaf lab homepage]
	* [http://www.redmud.org/home.html Red Mud Project]		* [http://www.redmud.org/home.html Red Mud Project]

Rasmus at 19:04, 16 February 2011

2011-02-16T19:04:11Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:04, 16 February 2011
Line 3:		Line 3:

	[[File:Redmud_Ireland.jpg\|500px\|thumb\|right\|Part of the Aughinish (Ireland) aluminium plant. The waste material is known as red mud and is a by-product of the bauxite processing. It is extremely alkaline and toxic to many plants. Further information can be found [http://www.fli.ie/downloads/Mining%20Industry.pdf here].]]		[[File:Redmud_Ireland.jpg\|500px\|thumb\|right\|Part of the Aughinish (Ireland) aluminium plant. The waste material is known as red mud and is a by-product of the bauxite processing. It is extremely alkaline and toxic to many plants. Further information can be found [http://www.fli.ie/downloads/Mining%20Industry.pdf here].]]
	==Red Mud ~~and Bio-Oil~~==		==Red Mud==
	[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_mud Red mud] is a by-product/waste that derives from the alumina producing industries (during the Bayer process for alumina production). It is composed of a mixture of solid and metallic oxide-bearing impurities, and presents one of the aluminium industry's most important disposal problems. The red color is caused by the iron oxides, which can make up to 60 percent of the mass of the red mud. In addition to iron, the other dominant particles include silica, unleached residual aluminium, and titanium oxide. Red mud cannot be disposed of easily. Based on an Australian report, "the inventory was 2.7Bt at 2007, growing at a rate of 119 Mt per year". In most countries where red mud is produced, it is pumped into holding ponds. Red mud presents a problem as it takes up land area and can neither be built on nor farmed, even when dry. It is estimated that around 1.5 tons of red mud will be made from 1 ton of alumina. In October of 2010, [http://www.treehugger.com/files/2010/10/hungary-toxic-industrial-sludge-covers-villages-photos.php a huge reservoir of red mud collapsed in western Hungary], flooding three villages and killing several people.		[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_mud Red mud] is a by-product/waste that derives from the alumina producing industries (during the Bayer process for alumina production). It is composed of a mixture of solid and metallic oxide-bearing impurities, and presents one of the aluminium industry's most important disposal problems. The red color is caused by the iron oxides, which can make up to 60 percent of the mass of the red mud. In addition to iron, the other dominant particles include silica, unleached residual aluminium, and titanium oxide. Red mud cannot be disposed of easily. Based on an Australian report, "the inventory was 2.7Bt at 2007, growing at a rate of 119 Mt per year". In most countries where red mud is produced, it is pumped into holding ponds. Red mud presents a problem as it takes up land area and can neither be built on nor farmed, even when dry. It is estimated that around 1.5 tons of red mud will be made from 1 ton of alumina. In October of 2010, [http://www.treehugger.com/files/2010/10/hungary-toxic-industrial-sludge-covers-villages-photos.php a huge reservoir of red mud collapsed in western Hungary], flooding three villages and killing several people.

			==Red Mud and Bio-Oil==
	While searching for a way to produce higher-grade heating fuel from agricultural and forestry biomass, [http://www.uoguelph.ca/news/2010/10/red_mud_can_hel.html U of Guelph chemist Marcel Schlaf discovered a technique] that might make good use of red mud in the processing of [[Pyrolysis_Oil\|bio-oil]]. The high acidity of bio-oil makes it unstable, corrosive and very difficult to store. [http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ef101154d Tests by Schlaf and post-doc Elham Karimi] were successful in lowering the acid level of the organic liquid and producing higher-grade oil. The same process changes red mud itself into a neutral magnetic material that is no longer caustic and toxic but that could be used as a building material.		While searching for a way to produce higher-grade heating fuel from agricultural and forestry biomass, [http://www.uoguelph.ca/news/2010/10/red_mud_can_hel.html U of Guelph chemist Marcel Schlaf discovered a technique] that might make good use of red mud in the processing of [[Pyrolysis_Oil\|bio-oil]]. The high acidity of bio-oil makes it unstable, corrosive and very difficult to store. [http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ef101154d Tests by Schlaf and post-doc Elham Karimi] were successful in lowering the acid level of the organic liquid and producing higher-grade oil. The same process changes red mud itself into a neutral magnetic material that is no longer caustic and toxic but that could be used as a building material.

	~~==Open Source==~~
	'''Apparently, Prof. Schlaf wants this technology to be open source, non-patentable !''' Hats off to the man, this is what the world needs. Here is an email he sent to many collaborators and other interested parties:		'''Apparently, Prof. Schlaf wants this technology to be open source, non-patentable !''' Hats off to the man, this is what the world needs. Here is an email he sent to many collaborators and other interested parties:

			----

	Original Message-----		Original Message-----

Rasmus: inserted email, made new section

2011-02-16T19:01:16Z

inserted email, made new section

@@ Line 6: / Line 6: @@
 [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_mud Red mud] is a by-product/waste that derives from the alumina producing industries (during the Bayer process for alumina production). It is composed of a mixture of solid and metallic oxide-bearing impurities, and presents one of the aluminium industry's most important disposal problems. The red color is caused by the iron oxides, which can make up to 60 percent of the mass of the red mud. In addition to iron, the other dominant particles include silica, unleached residual aluminium, and titanium oxide. Red mud cannot be disposed of easily. Based on an Australian report, "the inventory was 2.7Bt at 2007, growing at a rate of 119 Mt per year". In most countries where red mud is produced, it is pumped into holding ponds. Red mud presents a problem as it takes up land area and can neither be built on nor farmed, even when dry. It is estimated that around 1.5 tons of red mud will be made from 1 ton of alumina. In October of 2010, [http://www.treehugger.com/files/2010/10/hungary-toxic-industrial-sludge-covers-villages-photos.php a huge reservoir of red mud collapsed in western Hungary], flooding three villages and killing several people.
-While searching for a way to produce higher-grade heating fuel from agricultural and forestry biomass, [http://www.uoguelph.ca/news/2010/10/red_mud_can_hel.html U of Guelph chemist Marcel Schlaf discovered a technique] that might make good use of red mud in the processing of [[Pyrolysis_Oil|bio-oil]]. The high acidity of bio-oil makes it unstable, corrosive and very difficult to store. [http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ef101154d Tests by Schlaf and post-doc Elham Karimi] were successful in lowering the acid level of the organic liquid and producing higher-grade oil. The same process changes red mud itself into a neutral magnetic material that is no longer caustic and toxic but that could be used as a building material. '''Apparently, Prof. Schlaf wants this technology to be open source, non-patentable.'''
+While searching for a way to produce higher-grade heating fuel from agricultural and forestry biomass, [http://www.uoguelph.ca/news/2010/10/red_mud_can_hel.html U of Guelph chemist Marcel Schlaf discovered a technique] that might make good use of red mud in the processing of [[Pyrolysis_Oil|bio-oil]]. The high acidity of bio-oil makes it unstable, corrosive and very difficult to store. [http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ef101154d Tests by Schlaf and post-doc Elham Karimi] were successful in lowering the acid level of the organic liquid and producing higher-grade oil. The same process changes red mud itself into a neutral magnetic material that is no longer caustic and toxic but that could be used as a building material.
 ==Other uses, not related to bio-oil upgrading==

Conor at 15:31, 16 February 2011

2011-02-16T15:31:07Z

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 [[File:Redmud_Ireland.jpg|500px|thumb|right|Part of the Aughinish (Ireland) aluminium plant. The waste material is known as red mud and is a by-product of the bauxite processing. It is extremely alkaline and toxic to many plants. Further information can be found [http://www.fli.ie/downloads/Mining%20Industry.pdf here].]]
 ==Red Mud and Bio-Oil==
@@ Line 10: / Line 13: @@
 ==External Links==
 * [http://www.chembio.uoguelph.ca/schlaf/ Schlaf lab homepage]
 * [http://www.redmud.org/home.html Red Mud Project]

Rasmus: minor edits incl. links

2011-02-16T14:55:29Z

minor edits incl. links

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:55, 16 February 2011
Line 1:		Line 1:
	[[File:Redmud_Ireland.jpg\|500px\|thumb\|right\|Part of the Aughinish aluminium plant. The waste material is known as red mud and is a by-product of the bauxite processing. It is extremely alkaline and toxic to many plants. Further information can be found [http://www.fli.ie/downloads/Mining%20Industry.pdf here].]]		[[File:Redmud_Ireland.jpg\|500px\|thumb\|right\|Part of the Aughinish (Ireland) aluminium plant. The waste material is known as red mud and is a by-product of the bauxite processing. It is extremely alkaline and toxic to many plants. Further information can be found [http://www.fli.ie/downloads/Mining%20Industry.pdf here].]]
	==Red Mud and Bio-Oil==		==Red Mud and Bio-Oil==
	[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_mud Red mud] is a by-product/waste that derives from the alumina producing industries (during the Bayer process for alumina production). It is composed of a mixture of solid and metallic oxide-bearing impurities, and presents one of the aluminium industry's most important disposal problems. The red color is caused by the iron oxides, which can make up to 60 percent of the mass of the red mud. In addition to iron, the other dominant particles include silica, unleached residual aluminium, and titanium oxide. Red mud cannot be disposed of easily. In most countries where red mud is produced, it is pumped into holding ponds. Red mud presents a problem as it takes up land area and can neither be built on nor farmed, even when dry. It is estimated that around 1.5 tons of red mud will be made from 1 ton of alumina. In October of 2010, [http://www.treehugger.com/files/2010/10/hungary-toxic-industrial-sludge-covers-villages-photos.php a huge reservoir of red mud collapsed in western Hungary], flooding three villages and killing several people.		[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_mud Red mud] is a by-product/waste that derives from the alumina producing industries (during the Bayer process for alumina production). It is composed of a mixture of solid and metallic oxide-bearing impurities, and presents one of the aluminium industry's most important disposal problems. The red color is caused by the iron oxides, which can make up to 60 percent of the mass of the red mud. In addition to iron, the other dominant particles include silica, unleached residual aluminium, and titanium oxide. Red mud cannot be disposed of easily. Based on an Australian report, "the inventory was 2.7Bt at 2007, growing at a rate of 119 Mt per year". In most countries where red mud is produced, it is pumped into holding ponds. Red mud presents a problem as it takes up land area and can neither be built on nor farmed, even when dry. It is estimated that around 1.5 tons of red mud will be made from 1 ton of alumina. In October of 2010, [http://www.treehugger.com/files/2010/10/hungary-toxic-industrial-sludge-covers-villages-photos.php a huge reservoir of red mud collapsed in western Hungary], flooding three villages and killing several people.

	While searching for a way to produce higher-grade heating fuel from agricultural and forestry biomass, [http://www.uoguelph.ca/news/2010/10/red_mud_can_hel.html U of Guelph chemist Marcel Schlaf discovered a technique] that might make good use of red mud in the processing of [[Pyrolysis_Oil\|bio-oil]]. The high acidity of bio-oil makes it unstable, corrosive and very difficult to store. [http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ef101154d Tests by Schlaf and post-doc Elham Karimi] were successful in lowering the acid level of the organic liquid and producing higher-grade oil. The same process changes red mud itself into a neutral magnetic material that is no longer caustic and toxic but that could be used as a building material. '''Apparently, Prof. Schlaf wants this technology to be open source, non-patentable.'''		While searching for a way to produce higher-grade heating fuel from agricultural and forestry biomass, [http://www.uoguelph.ca/news/2010/10/red_mud_can_hel.html U of Guelph chemist Marcel Schlaf discovered a technique] that might make good use of red mud in the processing of [[Pyrolysis_Oil\|bio-oil]]. The high acidity of bio-oil makes it unstable, corrosive and very difficult to store. [http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ef101154d Tests by Schlaf and post-doc Elham Karimi] were successful in lowering the acid level of the organic liquid and producing higher-grade oil. The same process changes red mud itself into a neutral magnetic material that is no longer caustic and toxic but that could be used as a building material. '''Apparently, Prof. Schlaf wants this technology to be open source, non-patentable.'''

	==Other uses, not related to bio-oil upgrading==		==Other uses, not related to bio-oil upgrading==
	In India, red mud is produced at a rate of about 4 MT/yr and is disposed as a slurry having a solid concentration in the range of 10-30%, pH in the range of 13 and high ionic strength and contains silica, aluminum, iron, calcium, titanium, as well as an array of minor constituents, namely: Na, K, Cr, V,Ni, Ba, Cu, Mn,Pb, Zn etc. ~~and can be used to~~ make ~~Building Bricks~~ and ~~Tiles Lightweight~~ structural blocks, ~~Roofing~~ sheets, as an ~~Additive~~ to ~~Concrete~~,~~Paint~~, wood ~~Substitute~~, ~~Glass Ceramic Flyash~~/ ~~Redmud Polymer Door Shutters~~, ~~Furniture~~, flooring and panelling work, electrical switch boxes and insulating sheets etc. (ex. by making ~~Red Mud Jute Fibre Polymer Composites~~ (RFPC))		In India, red mud is produced at a rate of about 4 MT/yr and is disposed as a slurry having a solid concentration in the range of 10-30%, pH in the range of 13 and high ionic strength and contains silica, aluminum, iron, calcium, titanium, as well as an array of minor constituents, namely: Na, K, Cr, V, Ni, Ba, Cu, Mn,Pb, Zn etc. Uses: make building bricks and tiles, lightweight structural blocks, roofing sheets, as an additive to concrete, paint, wood substitute, glass, ceramic flyash/redmud polymer door shutters, furniture, flooring and panelling work, electrical switch boxes and insulating sheets etc. (ex. by making [http://www.bmtpc.org/building/redmud.htm red mud jute fibre polymer composites (RFPC)])

	==External Links==		==External Links==
	*		* [http://www.chembio.uoguelph.ca/schlaf/ Schlaf lab homepage]
			* [http://www.redmud.org/home.html Red Mud Project]

	[[Category:Metalworks]]		[[Category:Metalworks]]

Rasmus: categorized

2011-02-16T13:57:10Z

categorized

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:57, 16 February 2011
Line 10:		Line 10:
	==External Links==		==External Links==
	*		*

			[[Category:Metalworks]]
			[[Category:Materials]]
			[[Category:Energy]]
			[[Category:Biofuel]]

Rasmus: inserted pic

2011-02-16T13:51:46Z

inserted pic

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:51, 16 February 2011
Line 1:		Line 1:
			[[File:Redmud_Ireland.jpg\|500px\|thumb\|right\|Part of the Aughinish aluminium plant. The waste material is known as red mud and is a by-product of the bauxite processing. It is extremely alkaline and toxic to many plants. Further information can be found [http://www.fli.ie/downloads/Mining%20Industry.pdf here].]]
	==Red Mud and Bio-Oil==		==Red Mud and Bio-Oil==
	[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_mud Red mud] is a by-product/waste that derives from the alumina producing industries (during the Bayer process for alumina production). It is composed of a mixture of solid and metallic oxide-bearing impurities, and presents one of the aluminium industry's most important disposal problems. The red color is caused by the iron oxides, which can make up to 60 percent of the mass of the red mud. In addition to iron, the other dominant particles include silica, unleached residual aluminium, and titanium oxide. Red mud cannot be disposed of easily. In most countries where red mud is produced, it is pumped into holding ponds. Red mud presents a problem as it takes up land area and can neither be built on nor farmed, even when dry. It is estimated that around 1.5 tons of red mud will be made from 1 ton of alumina. In October of 2010, [http://www.treehugger.com/files/2010/10/hungary-toxic-industrial-sludge-covers-villages-photos.php a huge reservoir of red mud collapsed in western Hungary], flooding three villages and killing several people.		[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_mud Red mud] is a by-product/waste that derives from the alumina producing industries (during the Bayer process for alumina production). It is composed of a mixture of solid and metallic oxide-bearing impurities, and presents one of the aluminium industry's most important disposal problems. The red color is caused by the iron oxides, which can make up to 60 percent of the mass of the red mud. In addition to iron, the other dominant particles include silica, unleached residual aluminium, and titanium oxide. Red mud cannot be disposed of easily. In most countries where red mud is produced, it is pumped into holding ponds. Red mud presents a problem as it takes up land area and can neither be built on nor farmed, even when dry. It is estimated that around 1.5 tons of red mud will be made from 1 ton of alumina. In October of 2010, [http://www.treehugger.com/files/2010/10/hungary-toxic-industrial-sludge-covers-villages-photos.php a huge reservoir of red mud collapsed in western Hungary], flooding three villages and killing several people.
Line 4:		Line 5:
	While searching for a way to produce higher-grade heating fuel from agricultural and forestry biomass, [http://www.uoguelph.ca/news/2010/10/red_mud_can_hel.html U of Guelph chemist Marcel Schlaf discovered a technique] that might make good use of red mud in the processing of [[Pyrolysis_Oil\|bio-oil]]. The high acidity of bio-oil makes it unstable, corrosive and very difficult to store. [http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ef101154d Tests by Schlaf and post-doc Elham Karimi] were successful in lowering the acid level of the organic liquid and producing higher-grade oil. The same process changes red mud itself into a neutral magnetic material that is no longer caustic and toxic but that could be used as a building material. '''Apparently, Prof. Schlaf wants this technology to be open source, non-patentable.'''		While searching for a way to produce higher-grade heating fuel from agricultural and forestry biomass, [http://www.uoguelph.ca/news/2010/10/red_mud_can_hel.html U of Guelph chemist Marcel Schlaf discovered a technique] that might make good use of red mud in the processing of [[Pyrolysis_Oil\|bio-oil]]. The high acidity of bio-oil makes it unstable, corrosive and very difficult to store. [http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ef101154d Tests by Schlaf and post-doc Elham Karimi] were successful in lowering the acid level of the organic liquid and producing higher-grade oil. The same process changes red mud itself into a neutral magnetic material that is no longer caustic and toxic but that could be used as a building material. '''Apparently, Prof. Schlaf wants this technology to be open source, non-patentable.'''

	==~~Possible Uses~~==		==Other uses, not related to bio-oil upgrading==
	In India, red mud is produced at a rate of about 4 MT/yr and is disposed as a slurry having a solid concentration in the range of 10-30%, pH in the range of 13 and high ionic strength and contains silica, aluminum, iron, calcium, titanium, as well as an array of minor constituents, namely: Na, K, Cr, V,Ni, Ba, Cu, Mn,Pb, Zn etc. and can be used to make Building Bricks and Tiles Lightweight structural blocks, Roofing sheets, as an Additive to Concrete,Paint, wood Substitute, Glass Ceramic Flyash/ Redmud Polymer Door Shutters, Furniture, flooring and panelling work, electrical switch boxes and insulating sheets etc. (ex. by making Red Mud Jute Fibre Polymer Composites (RFPC))		In India, red mud is produced at a rate of about 4 MT/yr and is disposed as a slurry having a solid concentration in the range of 10-30%, pH in the range of 13 and high ionic strength and contains silica, aluminum, iron, calcium, titanium, as well as an array of minor constituents, namely: Na, K, Cr, V,Ni, Ba, Cu, Mn,Pb, Zn etc. and can be used to make Building Bricks and Tiles Lightweight structural blocks, Roofing sheets, as an Additive to Concrete,Paint, wood Substitute, Glass Ceramic Flyash/ Redmud Polymer Door Shutters, Furniture, flooring and panelling work, electrical switch boxes and insulating sheets etc. (ex. by making Red Mud Jute Fibre Polymer Composites (RFPC))

	==External Links==		==External Links==
	*		*

Rasmus: most of this was moved from the metal refining page

2011-02-16T13:42:58Z

most of this was moved from the metal refining page

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==Red Mud and Bio-Oil==
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_mud Red mud] is a by-product/waste that derives from the alumina producing industries (during the Bayer process for alumina production). It is composed of a mixture of solid and metallic oxide-bearing impurities, and presents one of the aluminium industry's most important disposal problems. The red color is caused by the iron oxides, which can make up to 60 percent of the mass of the red mud. In addition to iron, the other dominant particles include silica, unleached residual aluminium, and titanium oxide. Red mud cannot be disposed of easily. In most countries where red mud is produced, it is pumped into holding ponds. Red mud presents a problem as it takes up land area and can neither be built on nor farmed, even when dry. It is estimated that around 1.5 tons of red mud will be made from 1 ton of alumina. In October of 2010, [http://www.treehugger.com/files/2010/10/hungary-toxic-industrial-sludge-covers-villages-photos.php a huge reservoir of red mud collapsed in western Hungary], flooding three villages and killing several people.

While searching for a way to produce higher-grade heating fuel from agricultural and forestry biomass, [http://www.uoguelph.ca/news/2010/10/red_mud_can_hel.html U of Guelph chemist Marcel Schlaf discovered a technique] that might make good use of red mud in the processing of [[Pyrolysis_Oil|bio-oil]]. The high acidity of bio-oil makes it unstable, corrosive and very difficult to store. [http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ef101154d Tests by Schlaf and post-doc Elham Karimi] were successful in lowering the acid level of the organic liquid and producing higher-grade oil. The same process changes red mud itself into a neutral magnetic material that is no longer caustic and toxic but that could be used as a building material. '''Apparently, Prof. Schlaf wants this technology to be open source, non-patentable.'''

==Possible Uses==
In India, red mud is produced at a rate of about *4 MT/yr* and is disposed as a slurry having a solid concentration in the range of 10-30%, pH in the range of 13 and high ionic strength and contains silica, aluminum, iron, calcium, titanium, as well as an array of minor constituents, namely: Na, K, Cr, V,Ni, Ba, Cu, Mn,Pb, Zn etc. and can be used to make Building Bricks and Tiles Lightweight structural blocks, Roofing sheets, as an Additive to Concrete,Paint, wood Substitute, Glass Ceramic Flyash/ Redmud Polymer Door Shutters, Furniture, flooring and panelling work, electrical switch boxes and insulating sheets etc. (ex. by making Red Mud Jute Fibre Polymer Composites (RFPC))

==External Links==
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