Embodied Energy of Machining

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In steel, it is 250 J/mm3.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212827116313750

This means we can machine a cubic centimeter for about 1/10 kWhr of energy. To machine a kilogram (120 cc) f steel requires 12kWhr. This is about twice that of the embodied energy of steel production with regular recycled content (6kWhr).