Clock Speed

Transistor Size

• 3D transistors invented in 2011 to continue Moore's Law - [1]
• Top speeds around 4GHZ and 9 GHZ with liquid gas cooling - [2] - thisi is old - with 22 nm feature sized
• Current in 2016 was 14 nm transistor size. [3]. 7 nm appears to be limit for silicon, where quantum tunneling starts happening. [4]
• 10 nm in 2017 - [5]
• 7 nm in 2018, in new iPhone for example - [6]
• 5 nm - early 2018, risk production begun by Taiwan Semiconductor - [7]
• 1 nm carbon nanotub transistor was made - [8]
• Limit is one atom - [9]. Can work at room temp. Size is 0.1 to 0.5 nm - [10]

Multicore

• Multicore concept - less powerful processors, but multiples of them. They thus use less energy, but have higher combined speed.

• But: with multi cores - programs have to be written a different way to take advantage of multiple cores. This means that only specialized programs gain the benefit of multicores.
• Many applications do not realize yet large speedup factors: parallelizing algorithms and software is a major on-going research area. - [11]

• Thus, computer speed is a question of software now more than hardware. Software to take advantage of multiple cores. As we saw in FreeCAD, little of FreeCAD takes advantage of multiple cores.
• Thus the central question for performance becomes: How do you program to use multicores? Multicore Programming 101.

Summary

Summary: Imagine a 'Global Brain' where all computing power is tapped like a network to make complex calculations really fast. That happens now with the internet, but with nodes that do individual tasks, not shared tasks. You can figuratively say that computing is shared, but not in the specific way of executing a single program. Multithreading is dividing a single program to run on multiple computers or cores - whereas the internet today is primarily based on servers - or single computers doling out computing power to many devices.

For OSE, right now multithreading is relevant only to doing high speed CAD or video processing. These are the only current OSE functions that are blocked by computer speed. Other applications to core OSE functions will likely emerge.

The MES system will use multi-threading features for different processes kicked of by the master process. For example, if the master supervisory control sees that an order is not complete, it will spin off the production process which will run in a separate thread. it will then see if there are any pending move goods requests, input from human operators of picking or moving goods, or input from bar code scanners. if there are, it will kick of the localization processor which will instruct robots or people to move things or handle other such tasks.