Slavery

Slavery as an Involuntary Relationship

1. There are 400,000 slaves in the USA according to Wikipedia, and 40 million worldwide [1]

Kinds

Chattel or Property Slavery

• The person is considered property by the perpetrators

Forced Labor

• Person not considered property, but threatened under threat of violence or other threats

Forced Marridge

• Can be considered a form of sex slavery, and domestic slavery

Other lesser, yet still important forms, typically on the societal level

• Voluntary Slavery*

1. Wage slavery may be considered voluntary
2. "Some criticize wage slavery on strictly contractual grounds, e.g. David Ellerman and Carole Pateman, arguing that the employment contract is a legal fiction in that it treats human beings juridically as mere tools or inputs by abdicating responsibility and self-determination, which the critics argue are inalienable. As Ellerman points out, "[t]he employee is legally transformed from being a co-responsible partner to being only an input supplier sharing no legal responsibility for either the input liabilities [costs] or the produced outputs [revenue, profits] of the employer's business."[91] Such contracts are inherently invalid "since the person remain[s] a de facto fully capacitated adult person with only the contractual role of a non-person" as it is impossible to physically transfer self-determination.[92] As Pateman argues:

OSE Case

• OSE promotes entrepreneurship as the route of true self-determination
• Labor relationships other than social enterprise are at risk of loss of self-determination
• Tools such as open source product development, open source microfactories, and automated open source Manufacturing Execution Systems provide clear and scalable solutions to right livelihood