Basics

The Removal of Salt and other Minerals from Saltwater / Brine , typically Seawater although there are other options such as Reclaimed Water , Produced Water , and Saline Wellwater

Methods + Quick Reference Data

Flash distillation - 21 kWhr heat + 4kWhr mech per cubic meter. [1]. With heat pumps that makes it 11kWhrelectric total per cubic meter.

Solar Desalination
Reverse Osmosis
Seawater Greenhouse
Soil Desalination (Essentially "Terraforming" Areas with high Soil Salinity into better soil)
Mineral Extraction from Seawater (Rather than disposing of the Desalination Brine via dumping it back into the ocean in diffusers, or storing it in an Injection Well , it can either be crystallized / dried out, or can even be processed as Chloralkali Process etc)