Nickel-Iron Battery

Sticking points and contributions imminently needed

We need to obtain the documents with the titles below. If you can obtain these in some way, please do so without delay.

Then these can be legally shared by e.g. zippyshare.com with other developers who ask for a copy under the fair use doctrine.

We basically want all papers that mention nickel iron specifically and most of the others that relate to battery electrodes made from nickel oxyhydroxide(very frequently referred to as only "hydroxide" in the context of NiMH especially), and metallic iron and/or iron oxides. The electrode ones may not mention "nickel iron" per se because e.g. a good iron electrode can also be used in several other battery chemistries.

-To produce a battery that is economical, relatively easy to make, and which works to satisfaction (~0.2C, equal to or greater than 60% round trip efficiency) and has long cycle life, with efficient use of prototyping time, we need this information. I volunteer to read them all and come up with a plan for the next prototype(s) but do not have access. -Gregor

Most important:

citations Assessment of performance characteristics of the nickel---iron cell Original Research Article Journal of Power Sources, Volume 27, Issue 4, October 1989, Pages 311-321 V.S. Muralidharan, M. Ramakrishnan, G. Paruthimal Kalaignan, K. Gopalakrishnan, K.I. Vasu

SECONDARY BATTERIES - NICKEL SYSTEMS | Nickel–Iron Encyclopedia of Electrochemical Power Sources, 2009, Pages 522-527 A.K. Shukla, B. Hariprakash

SECONDARY BATTERIES - NICKEL SYSTEMS | Electrodes: Nickel Encyclopedia of Electrochemical Power Sources, 2009, Pages 404-411 A.K. Shukla, B. Hariprakash

SECONDARY BATTERIES - NICKEL SYSTEMS | Electrodes: Iron Encyclopedia of Electrochemical Power Sources, 2009, Pages 418-423 A.K. Shukla, B. Hariprakash

The nickel/iron battery Original Research Article Journal of Power Sources, Volume 35, Issue 1, June 1991, Pages 21-35 C. Chakkaravarthy, P. Periasamy, S. Jegannathan, K. I. Vasu

Developmental studies on porous iron electrodes for the nickel---iron cell Original Research Article Journal of Power Sources, Volume 32, Issue 4, October-December 1990, Pages 341-351 N. Jayalakshmi, V. S. Muralidharan

A nickel-iron battery with roll-compacted iron electrodes Journal of Power Sources, Volume 56, Issue 2, August 1995, Pages 209-212 M. K. Ravikumar, T. S. Balasubramanian, A. K. Shukla

6V, 60Ah nickel-iron battery. Periasamy, P | Ramesh Babu, B | Jegannathan, S | Muralidharan, S | Chakkravarthy, C | Vasu, K I Bulletin of Electrochemistry. Vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 263-265. 1990

The electrochemical generation of ferrate at pressed iron powder electrode: comparison with a foil electrode Original Research Article Electrochimica Acta, Volume 48, Issue 10, 30 April 2003, Pages 1435-1442 Mathieu De Koninck, Daniel Bélanger

Nickel--Iron Battery Development in CECRI. (Abstract Only) ,Periasamy, P | Babu, B R | Jegannathan, S Trans. SAEST. Vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 6.19. July-Sept. 1989

Alkaline Ni--Fe battery development is undertaken in CECRI under the sponsorship of the Defence Ministry (India). Dry powder sintering technique using the concerned metal powder is followed to fabricate porous Fe negatives and Ni positives. With carbonyl-nickel powder as the starting material, porous Ni positive plates (17.4 x 13.8 x 0.2 cm) were prepared by sintering in hydrogen atmosphere to get the Ni matrix of porosity 8-85%, followed by impregnation of nickel hydroxide into the pores of the Ni matrix. Porous Fe electrode was fabricated from electrolytic Fe powder by sintering in H atmosphere and activation of the sintered porous Fe plate (17.4 x 13.8 x 0.15 cm). A 6 V, 60 A/h Ni/Fe battery consisting of five individual cells in series is assembled with five positives and six negatives in each cell. The electrolyte is 30% KOH solution containing 50 g/l of LiOH. The separator is woven nylon fabric. The 6 V, 60 A/h Ni/Fe battery is charged at the 2 h (C/2) rate and discharged at different rates ranging from 1 h (C) to 5 h (C/5) rate to realise the A/h capacity in each case. In addition to carrying out life cycle test on the battery, self-discharge and effect of temperature on the output have been carried out. Special features of the Ni/Fe battery developed in CECRI are: high charging efficiency (80%), approx 50% capacity output at 0 deg C, high rate of charge and discharge and deep discharge up to 90-95%, without affecting the battery.--AA

Less important but still highly desirable:

C. A. Caldas, M. C. Lopes, I. A. Carlos, The role of FeS and (NH4)2CO3 additives on the pressed type Fe electrode, Journal of Power Sources, Volume 74, Issue 1, 15 July 1998, Pages 108-112, ISSN 0378-7753, DOI: 10.1016/S0378-7753(98)00039-1. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378775398000391) Keywords: Ni-Fe batteries; Porous electrodes; Passivation; Iron sulfide; Ammonium carbonate

Electrochemical characteristics of iron carbide as an active material in alkaline batteries Original Research Article Journal of Power Sources, Volume 160, Issue 2, 6 October 2006, Pages 1431-1435 Kiyoshi Ujimine, Atsushi Tsutsumi

Passivation of iron in alkaline carbonate solutions Original Research Article Journal of Power Sources, Volume 35, Issue 2, July 1991, Pages 131-142 M. Jayalakshmi, V.S. Muralidharan

Temperature limitations of primary and secondary alkaline battery electrodes Journal of Power Sources, Volume 11, Issues 3-4, March-April 1984, Pages 243-244 SRI International 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, CA 94025 (U.S.A.)

Performance characterization of sintered iron electrodes in nickel/iron alkaline batteries Original Research Article Journal of Power Sources, Volume 62, Issue 1, September 1996, Pages 9-14 P. Periasamy, B. Ramesh Babu, S. Venkatakrishna Iyer

Rechargeable alkaline iron electrodes Original Research Article Journal of Power Sources, Volume 34, Issue 3, April 1991, Pages 269-285 K. Vijayamohanan, T.S. Balasubramanian, A.K. Shukla

Nickel-based rechargeable batteries Original Research Article Journal of Power Sources, Volume 100, Issues 1-2, 30 November 2001, Pages 125-148 A. K. Shukla, S. Venugopalan, B. Hariprakash

On the key importance of homogeneity in the electrochemical performance of industrial positive active materials in nickel batteries Original Research Article Journal of Power Sources, Volume 134, Issue 2, 12 August 2004, Pages 298-307 M. Casas-Cabanas, J. C. Hernández, V. Gil, M. L. Soria, M. R. Palacín

Iron/carbon-black composite nanoparticles as an iron electrode material in a paste type rechargeable alkaline battery Original Research Article Journal of Power Sources, Volume 195, Issue 8, 15 April 2010, Pages 2399-2404 Chen-Yu Kao, Kan-Sen Chou

Electrochemical behaviour of Teflon-bonded iron oxide electrodes in alkaline solutions Original Research Article Journal of Power Sources, Volume 63, Issue 1, November 1996, Pages 79-85 P. Periasamy, B. Ramesh Babu, S. Venkatakrishna Iyer

Research, development, and demonstration of a nickel/ iron battery for electric vehicle propulsion Journal of Power Sources, Volume 11, Issues 3-4, March-April 1984, Pages 315-316 Westinghouse Advanced Energy Systems Division P.O. Box 10864, Pittsburgh, PA 15236 (U.S.A.) There are several artivels with the same title, too.

Role of activation on the performance of the iron negative electrode in nickel/iron cells Journal of Power Sources, Volume 39, Issue 1, 1992, Pages 113-119 M. Jayalakshmi, B. Nathira Begum, V.R. Chidambaram, R. Sabapathi, V.S. Muralidharan

Research, development, and demonstration of nickel-iron batteries for electric-vehicle propulsion. Annual report for 1981 Yeki http://www.osti.gov/energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=6850452 Creator/Author Broglio, E.P. Publication Date 1982 Mar 01 OSTI Identifier OSTI ID: 6850452; Legacy ID: DE82021266 Report Number(s) ANL/OEPM-81-13 DOE Contract Number W-31-109-ENG-38 Other Number(s) Other: ON: DE82021266 Resource Type Technical Report Research Org Eagle-Picher Industries, Inc., Joplin, MO (USA) Subject 33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS; 25 ENERGY STORAGE; ELECTRIC-POWERED VEHICLES; IRON-NICKEL BATTERIES; DEMONSTRATION PROGRAMS; PERFORMANCE; COST; EXPERIMENTAL DATA; FABRICATION; PERFORMANCE TESTING; SERVICE LIFE; DATA; ELECTRIC BATTERIES; ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS; INFORMATION; METAL-METAL OXIDE BATTERIES; NUMERICAL DATA; TESTING; VEHICLES Description/Abstract The objective of this program is to develop a nickel-iron battery system suitable for use in the propulsio...

Alexander A. Kamnev, Boris B. Ezhov, Electrocatalysis of anodic oxygen evolution at the nickel hydroxide electrode by ferric hydroxo species in alkaline electrolytes, Electrochimica Acta, Volume 37, Issue 4, 1992, Pages 607-613, ISSN 0013-4686, DOI: 10.1016/0013-4686(92)80061-P. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/001346869280061P) Keywords: nickel hydroxide electrode; anodic oxygen evolution; ferric hydroxo complexes; alkaline electrolytes; electrocatalysis.

Westinghouse nickel-iron battery performance, 1981 Yeki Creator/Author Rosey, R. Publication Date 1981 Jan 01 OSTI Identifier OSTI ID: 6394222; Legacy ID: DE83008901 Report Number(s) CONF-811010-9 DOE Contract Number W-31-109-ENG-38 Other Number(s) Other: ON: DE83008901 Resource Type Conference/Event Specific Type Technical Report Resource Relation 6. electric vehicle council symposium, Baltimore, MD, USA, 21 Oct 1981; Other Information: Portions are illegible in microfiche products Research Org Westinghouse Electric Corp., Pittsburgh, PA (USA). Advanced Energy Systems Div. Subject 33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS; 25 ENERGY STORAGE; ELECTRIC-POWERED VEHICLES; IRON-NICKEL BATTERIES; LIFE-CYCLE COST; PERFORMANCE; CAPACITY; DESIGN; ELECTRODES; ENERGY DENSITY; COST; ELECTRIC BATTERIES; ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS; METAL-METAL OXIDE BATTERIES; VEHICLES Description/Abstract An advanced nickel-iron battery system is currently being developed by Westinghouse for energy storage applications which include on and off road electric vehicles, emergency standby power systems and deep water submersibles. The thrust of a present development program, sponsored by the Department of Energy under the Electric/Hybrid Vehicle Act, is to demonstrate battery system performance characteristics in an electric vehicle to achieve a 100 mile range on the SAE J227a D cycle. The 1981 nickel-iron battery performance objectives established by Westinghouse required to meet this range are: 54 wh/kg gravimetric energy density; 120 wh/l volumetric energy density; and 150 w/kg peak power density. Additional requirements are > 60% charge efficiency, selling price of $80/kWh, and 1000 cycles life to provide a system with acceptable operating life cycle cost. Demonstrated results for electrodes, cells, and batteries will be presented. These include charge/discharge voltage profiles, thermal effects on performance, power characteristics, cyclic stability, and vehicular mission profiles. The design and operating features of the battery system will also be reviewed.

There are some less important ones on the research page.