Basics

A system for Energy Storage using two or more methods
The main advantages are Disimilar Redundancy and Synergistic Effects such as a high peak power, low density system, pared with a high density, low peak power method
- Enabling the use of less of a more expensive system is another aspect

Potential Routes

Supercapacitor + Lithium Iron Phosphate Battery or Sodium Ion Battery
- Could enable rapid use of some power without putting all that load as quickly on the batteries
Supercapacitor + Flow Battery
- Supercapacitor for short term/itermittent, Flow Battery for “low and slow” energy use/long term storage

Scaled up Small/Mobile Designs
Supercapacitor and/or Battery (potentially even less SWP efficient chemistries due to the less stringent requirements for stationary use (such as Lead Acid Batteries , Nickel-Iron Batteries , Molten Metal Batteries , etc) + LARGE Flow Battery
- Large Fluid Tanks (such as IBC Totes , Rotomolded Tanks , or large Atmospheric Storage Tanks ) would allow for massive storage capacities to smooth out impacts of Weather/Seasonality of some renewables such as Solar
Aforementioned Supercapacitor and/or Battery + P2X
- This could be:
  - Power-to-Fuels and a more conventional Genset (such as the Hydrogen Plots, but also Methane / Methanol or various Precision Fermentation derived fuels (Re EForFuel ) )
  - Power-to-Heat / Power-to-Cooling for HVAC
Smaller Scale Container Based (Rather than Salt Dome or other Geologic Formation based Storage) Compressed Air Energy Storage / Liquified Air Energy Storage (or equivalents using a pure gas)

Somewhat outside of OSE’s realm for now, but may be of use in some applications that use lots of Process Heating such as Biomass Drying , Large Scale Kitchens/Bakeries, or Metalworks etc
Mainly though these technologies:
- Power-to-Heat / Power-to-Heat-to-Power (In terms of units making high grade heat using Resistive Heating Elements / Heat Pumps and Sensible Heat Storage in Graphite or Firebrick blocks etc
- Large P2X / Reversible Fuel Cells / Electrolyzer or other Electrochemistry systems thoroughly integrated with a large Biorefinery or Agricultural Operation
- Large P2X or CAES / LAES systems integrated into Pipelines / Massive Tank Farms / Truck Loading Rack Pipeline-Road/Rail Depots, or Injection Wells into formations such as Salt Domes or old fossil fuel formations etc
Pared with the type of “power plant for the factory” using all sorts of other equipment ( Emergency Backup Generators , Turbogenerators , Large Combined Cycle Gas Turbine / Combined Cycle Fuel Cell power plants etc
Integration with W2E and MRFs could allow for a sort of Circular Economy Industrial Park
Integration with large scale Pumped Hydroelectricity
Thermal Energy Storage of the “cold” side via Ground Freezing of Sanitary Landfill or Bulk Graphite Carbon Sequestration Landfills is another potential source, or of the “Hot” side of similar large thermal mass landfills is another potential route