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| =Overview= | | =Overview= |
| Aluminum extraction from clay - we are not talking about energy intensive smelting (requires fuel consumption on the order of 1 gallon of fuel oil for 1 kg of metal) with bauxite as aluminum ore, but a thermal and chemical process based on clay- not bauxite. Aluminum is not smelted, but leached out with hydrochloric acid: http://www.freepatentsonline.com/4388280.html. This is remarkable news to anyone interested in a better world - formerly strategic metals can be made anywhere. I need not emphasize the ranges of use of aluminum.
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| Kaolin clay is composed of aluminum and silicon (Si2Al2O5(OH)4). Reduction of Kaolin would then result in an aluminum/silicon alloy. In practice, carbides (usually SiC) resist further reduction except at very high temperatures (2050°C). Thus, the smelted product is likely some aluminum-rich alloy with various highly refractory simple and complex carbides.
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| Parent material is reduced ''carbothermically'', that is, it is reduced in the presence of carbon and the absence of oxygen at high temperatures. The carbon is oxidized to produce carbon mon- and di-oxide and the metal oxides are reduced.
| | =See Also= |
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| The paper [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V2S-4PF0X6V-1&_user=521384&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000059563&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=521384&md5=beeacd8e14dee1a7cb0059b6bb739790 carbothermal reduction of alumina] by m.halmann (at) weizmann.ac.il describes the carbothermic reduction of alumina rich material in an atmosphere of methane gas at high temperatures. Internal copy of this paper: [[File:halman.pdf]]
| | {{GVCS_List}} |
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| Such temperatures could be produced with a point focusing solar collector (see [[Metal Refining]] for more)
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| Page 66 in this online book talks about a plant in the Ukraine that smelts kaolin into an aluminum/silicon alloy: [http://books.google.com/books?id=XlmAKOjvnrgC&pg=PA66&lpg=PA66&dq=reduction+kaolin+aluminum&source=web&ots=2vF1okG5iX&sig=oh_J4JdI6XQDxZ68-j2i-b767Tw&hl=en#PPA65,M1 The Handbook of Aluminum] by George E Totten, D Scott MacKenzie
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| At temperatures below 2000°C, I assume aluminum metal may be separated from silicon carbide (SiC).
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| <div id="lowtempelectrolytic"></div>
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| Low-temperature electrolytic refining ''(speculative)'': Conventional aluminum refining is a lot like electroplating; since the aluminum is above H2 in the electrochemical series, water can't be used as an electrolyte and high temperature molten salts are used instead. Recent developments in Ionic Liquids ([http://www.rsc.org/Education/EiC/issues/2005_Jan/salty.asp IL]) and Deep Eutectic Solvents ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_eutectic_solvent DES]) have shown that they can be used for aluminum electroplating ([http://www.ionmet.eu/fileadmin/ionmet/training/20090324_Munich/2_Ryder_Al.pdf Ionmet], [http://www.jproeng.com/qikan/manage/wenzhang/208139.pdf Yu et al]). Perhaps AlCl3 could be extracted from clay by hydrochloric acid leaching (as cited above), redissolved in an IL per the electroplating process, and electrolyzed to plate out aluminum and release Cl for regeneration of the HCl.
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| =Collaboration=
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| ==Review of Project Status==
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| ==Aluminum - Current Work==
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| [[Metal_Refining]]
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| == Aluminum - Developments Needed==
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| === Aluminum - General===
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| ==links==
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| all about aluminium:
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| http://sam.davyson.com/as/physics/aluminium/siteus/index.html
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| how aluminum is made
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| http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_gx5205/is_1997/ai_n19124810/
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| &
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| http://www.rocksandminerals.com/aluminum/process.htm
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| &
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| http://science.howstuffworks.com/aluminum3.htm
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| aluminum recycling and processing for sustainability
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| http://books.google.at/books?id=t-Jg-i0XlpcC&pg=PA197&lpg=PA197&dq=intitle:aluminum+production+clays+-patent&source=bl&ots=dyGaESjSJu&sig=uhSUFo2Bc9UYzCGMKFII7OmpqF8&hl=de&ei=Cr9hSt79O5qOnAONxKz4Dw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3
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| environmental chemistry of aluminum
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| http://books.google.at/books?id=lNxltQeVP9UC&pg=PA253&lpg=PA253&dq=intitle:aluminum+production+clays+-patent&source=bl&ots=7Akaax7fNZ&sig=Q6v9n37jOf_FEDAjaN4aaqpSJZY&hl=de&ei=Cr9hSt79O5qOnAONxKz4Dw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6
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| environmental guidelines for aluminum manufactoring
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| http://www.miga.org/documents/AluminumManufacturing.pdf
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| &
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| http://www.ifc.org/ifcext/enviro.nsf/AttachmentsByTitle/gui_alummfg_WB/$FILE/alum_PPAH.pdf
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| (world bank and investment guarantee agency)
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| pollution prevention in manufactoring aluminunm
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| http://www.p2pays.org/ref/21/20400.htm
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| why aluminum smelting is not good
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| http://planet.wwu.edu/archives/2006/articles/fall/popping-the-top.php
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| national environmental health report on aluminium
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| http://enhealth.nphp.gov.au/council/pubs/pdf/alumin.pdf
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| Handbook of corrosion engeneering
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| http://www.scribd.com/doc/9402306/Handbook-of-Corrosion-Engineering-
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| extraction of aluminum
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| http://www.tms.org/pubs/Books/4062.chapter2.pdf
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| the evolution of the world aluminum industry
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| http://books.google.at/books?hl=de&lr=&id=1NS2ja36QckC&oi=fnd&pg=PA39&dq=aluminum+production+from+clays&ots=dQn5uYR_vZ&sig=Afp24-4CYgPIkWPhM0UjSF-4iXw
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| aluminum alloy castings
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| http://books.google.at/books?id=JM0u1vwrS5UC&pg=PA21&lpg=PA21&dq=intitle:aluminum+production+clays+-patent&source=bl&ots=VwQAbCkL-o&sig=vMXAQovuSJOIYroY8VfQJYFfKE4&hl=de&ei=Cr9hSt79O5qOnAONxKz4Dw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9
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| article: hydrolysis products of solution and exchangeable aluminum in acidic soil
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| http://scholar.google.at/scholar?q=info:VxZNUwsol1IJ:scholar.google.com/&output=viewport&pg=1&hl=de
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| === Aluminum - Specific===
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| ==== Aluminum - Background Debriefing====
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| ==== Aluminum - Information Work====
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| ==== Aluminum - Hardware Work====
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| ==Related Links==
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| == Aluminum - Sign-in==
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